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Rethinking Early Childhood Education
by Ann PeloIt shows how educators can nurture empathy, ecological consciousness, curiosity, collaboration, and activism in young children. It invites readers to rethink early childhood education, reminding them that it is inseparable from social justice and ecological education. An outstanding resource for childcare providers, early-grade teachers, and teacher education and staff development programs.
Rethinking Energy Security in Asia: A Non-Traditional View of Human Security
by Mely Caballero-Anthony Youngho Chang Nur Azha PutraTraditional notions of security are premised on the primacy of state security. In relation to energy security, traditional policy thinking has focused on ensuring supply without much emphasis on socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Non-traditional security (NTS) scholars argue that threats to human security have become increasingly prominent since the end of the Cold War, and that it is thus critical to adopt a holistic and multidisciplinary approach in addressing rising energy needs. This volume represents the perspectives of scholars from across Asia, looking at diverse aspects of energy security through a non-traditional security lens. The issues covered include environmental and socioeconomic impacts, the role of the market, the role of civil society, energy sustainability and policy trends in the ASEAN region.
Rethinking Environmental Management in the Pacific Rim (Routledge Revivals)
by Amrita Daniere Lois. M TakahashiThis title was first published in 2002. Environmental degradation resulting from rapid industrialization has become a serious issue for the governments of Southeast Asia. This volume focuses on three interrelated factors in environmental management in Bangkok and other rapidly developing urban areas along the Pacific Rim: government policy and enforcement, non-governmental organization intervention, and community participation.
Rethinking Geographical Explorations in Extreme Environments: From the Arctic to the Mountaintops (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Studies)
by Marco Armiero Roberta Biasillo Stefano MorosiniFocusing on extreme environments, from Umberto Nobile’s expedition to the Arctic to the commercialization of Mt Everest, this volume examines global environmental margins, how they are conceived and how perceptions have changed. Mountaintops and Arctic environments are the settings of social encounters, political strategies, individual enterprises, geopolitical tensions, decolonial practises, and scientific experiments. Concentrating on mountaineering and Arctic exploration between 1880 – 1960, contributors to this volume show how environmental marginalisation has been discursively implemented and materially generated by foreign and local actors. It examines to what extent the status and identity of extreme environments has changed during modern times, moving them from periphery to the centre and discarding their marginality. The first section looks at ways in which societies have framed remoteness, through the lens of commercialization, colonialism, knowledge production and sport, while the second examines the reverse transfer, focusing on how extreme nature has influenced societies, through international network creation, political consensus and identity building. This collection enriches the historical understanding of exploration by adopting a critical approach and offering multidimensional and multi-gaze reconstructions. This book is essential reading for students and scholars interested in environmental history, geography, colonial studies and the environmental humanities.
Rethinking Geopolitics
by Geróid Ó Tuathail Simon DalbyRethinking Geopolitics argues that the concept of geopolitics needs to be conceptualised anew as the twenty-first century approaches. Challenging conventional geopolitical assumptions, contributors explore: * theories of post-modern geopolitics * historical formulations of states and cold wars * the geopolitics of the Holocaust * the gendered dimension of Kurdish insurgency * the cold war world * political cartoons concerning Bosnia * Time magazine representations of the Persian Gulf * the Zapatistas and the Chiapas revolt * the new cyber politics * conflict simulations in the US military * the emergence of a new geopolitics of global security. Exploring how popular cultural assumptions about geography and politics constitute the discourses of contemporary violence and political economy, Rethinking Geopolitics shows that we must rethink the struggle for knowledge, space and power.
Rethinking Greenland and the Arctic in the Era of Climate Change: New Northern Horizons (The Earthscan Science in Society Series)
by Frank SejersenThis ground-breaking book investigates how Arctic indigenous communities deal with the challenges of climate change and how they strive to develop self-determination. Adopting an anthropological focus on Greenland’s vision to boost extractive industries and transform society, the book examines how indigenous communities engage with climate change and development discourses. It applies a critical and comparative approach, integrating both local perspectives and adaptation research from Canada and Greenland to make the case for recasting the way the Arctic and Inuit are approached conceptually and politically. The emphasis on indigenous peoples as future-makers and right-holders paves the way for a new understanding of the concept of indigenous knowledge and a more sensitive appreciation of predicaments and dynamics in the Arctic. This book will be of interest to post-graduate students and researchers in environmental studies, development studies and area studies.
Rethinking Growth
by Walter Baets Erna OldenboomShould we rethink growth? Is the abundance of the western world still ethical? Growth, social responsibility and sustainable development are indeed deeply entangled. This book aims to provide the reader with a transversal, holistic view on these issues, and a real understanding of corporate growth, along withaits possible alternatives.
Rethinking Heritage in Precarious Times: Coloniality, Climate Change, and Covid-19
by Nick ShepherdRethinking Heritage in Precarious Times sets a fresh agenda for Heritage Studies by reflecting upon the unprecedented nature of the contemporary moment. In doing so, the volume also calls into question established ideas, ways of working, and understandings of the future. Presenting contributions by leading figures in the field of Heritage Studies, Indigenous scholars, and scholars from across the global north and global south, the volume engages with the most pressing issues of today: coloniality, the climate emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, structural racism, growing social and economic inequality, and the ongoing struggle for dignity and restitution.Considering the impact of climate change, chapters re-imagine museums for climate action, explore the notion of a world heritage for the Anthropocene, and reflect on heritage and posthumanism. Drawing inspiration from the global demonstrations against racism, police violence and authoritarianism, chapters explore the notion of a people’s heritage, draw on local and Indigenous conceptualizations to lay out a notion of heritage in the service of social justice and restitution, and detail the precariousness of universities and heritage institutions in the global south. Analysing the ongoing impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, chapters also explore the changing nature of life under lockdown, describe its effects on theories of urbanity, and reflect on emergent Covidsocialities and heritage-in-the-making. Rethinking Heritage in Precarious Times argues that we need the deep-time perspective that Heritage Studies offers, as well as its sense of transgenerational conversations andaccountabilities, in order to respond to these many challenges—and to craft open,creative, and inclusive futures. It will be essential reading for academics and studentsengaged in the study of heritage, anthropology, memory, history, and geography.
Rethinking Illicit Economies in Opium and Cocaine: Policy Responses to Drug Crops in the Global South (Routledge Critical Development Studies)
by Eric D. GutierrezThis book investigates the cross-border trade in illicit drug crops in the global south. It exposes an important paradox: despite all the dangers and negative consequences of these criminal networks, in many cases, they also provide marginalised and excluded communities with important private sources of protection, investment, and employment. This book reconstructs and compares socioeconomic contexts, criminal careers, and changes in farmgate prices of illicit coca and opium poppy crops in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Colombia, and Bolivia. It investigates the politics of strange bedfellows; informal bankers-without-suits providing cross-border financial services to the undocumented and the unbanked; the criminals without borders; and the mystery of illicit crop prices. The book challenges commonly held assumptions and casts new light on how relationships of conflict and accommodation are arranged and re-arranged in fluid, ever-changing contexts, producing often paradoxical outcomes. It then suggests policy reforms and alternative approaches to drug policy, development aid, and peacebuilding work. Researchers and students across development, peacebuilding, illicit economies, and conflict studies will find this book an important source of original research and analysis. It will also be useful for politicians, commentators and public officials considering what to do differently in tackling illicit drug economies.
Rethinking Innovation: Alternative Approaches for People and Planet
by Richard Owen Sarah Hartley Katie LedinghamInnovation is changing. Traditionally viewed as a tool for financial return and market growth, there is mounting pressure to rethink and reframe the theory and practice of innovation for the pressing sustainability and inequality challenges of our era. This textbook provides students with a research-informed dive into the emerging space of innovation for systems/transformative change. Combining real-world case studies with interdisciplinary theory, it shows how and why innovation for urgent global challenges requires a systems-based approach. Relevant for students and instructors of business and management, particularly innovation studies, development studies and related fields, this book is the first to provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and research-informed overview of alternative approaches to innovation focused on systemic change.
Rethinking Input-Output Analysis: A Spatial Perspective (SpringerBriefs in Regional Science)
by Jan OosterhavenThis book highlights the social, economic and environmental importance of the mutual relations between industries in the same and in different regions and nations, and demonstrates how to model these relations using regional, interregional and international input-output (IO) models. It enables readers familiar with standard matrix algebra to extend these basic IO models with endogenous household expenditures, to employ supply-use tables (SUTs) that explicitly distinguish the products used and sold by industry, and to use Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) that detail the generation, redistribution and spending of income. In addition to the standard demand-driven IO quantity model and its accompanying cost-push IO price model, the book also discusses the economic assumptions and usefulness of the supply-driven IO quantity model and its accompanying revenue-pull IO price model. The final chapters highlight three main applications of the IO model: (1) economic impact analysis of negative supply shocks as caused by, for example, natural disasters, (2) linkages, key sector and cluster analysis, (3) structural decomposition analysis, especially of regional, interregional and international growth, and demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of these IO applications. This book appeals to economists and planners as well as scholars of regional and spatial science.
Rethinking Input-Output Analysis: A Spatial Perspective (Advances in Spatial Science)
by Jan OosterhavenThis textbook helps students to understand the social, economic, and environmental importance of the mutual relations between industries in the same and in different regions and nations and demonstrates how to model these relations using regional, interregional, and international input-output (IO) models. It enables readers to extend these basic IO models with endogenous household expenditures, to employ supply-use tables (SUTs) that explicitly distinguish the products used and sold by industry, and to use social accounting matrices (SAMs) that detail the generation, redistribution and spending of income. In addition to the standard demand-driven IO quantity model and its accompanying cost-push IO price model, the book also discusses the economic assumptions and usefulness of the supply-driven IO quantity model and its accompanying revenue-pull IO price model. The final chapters highlight three main applications of the IO model: (1) economic impact analysis of negative supply shocks as caused by, for example, natural disasters, (2) linkages, key sector, and cluster analysis, (3) structural decomposition analysis, especially of regional, interregional, and international growth, and demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of these IO applications. Written for graduate students of regional and spatial science as well as for economists and planners, this book provides a better understanding of the foundations, the power, the applicability and the limitations of input-output analysis. The second, completely revised edition expands on updating IO tables, modelling the disaster reconstruction phase, and includes an appendix on the necessary matrix algebra.
Rethinking International Skilled Migration (Regions and Cities)
by Micheline Van Riemsdijk Qingfang WangIn today’s global knowledge economy, competition for the best and brightest workers has intensified. Highly skilled workers are an asset to companies, knowledge institutions, cities, and regions as they contribute to knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth and development. Skilled migrants cross, and many times straddle, international borders to pursue professional opportunities. These spatial relocations provide opportunities and challenges for migrants and the cities and regions they inhabit. How have international skilled migratory flows been formed, sustained, and transformed over multiple spaces and scales? How have these processes affected cities and regions? And how have multiple stakeholders responded to these processes? The contributors to this book bring together perspectives from economic, social, urban, and population geography in order to address these questions from a myriad of angles. Empirical case studies from different regions illuminate the multiscaled processes of international skilled migration. In particular, the contributions rethink skilled migration theories and provide insights into: the experiences of highly skilled labor migrants and international students; issues related to transnational activities and return migration; and policy implications for both immigrant source and destination countries. It also charts a future research agenda for international skilled migration research. Rethinking International Skilled Migration provides a comparative perspective on the experiences of skilled migrants across the local, regional, national, and/or global scale, paying particular attention to spatial and place-based dimensions of international skilled migration. It will be of interest to scholars and professionals in international migration, regional and national development policymakers, international businesses, and NGOs.
Rethinking Invasion Ecologies from the Environmental Humanities: Rethinking Invasion Ecologies From The Environmental Humanities (Routledge Environmental Humanities)
by Iain McCalman Jodi FrawleyResearch from a humanist perspective has much to offer in interrogating the social and cultural ramifications of invasion ecologies. The impossibility of securing national boundaries against accidental transfer and the unpredictable climatic changes of our time have introduced new dimensions and hazards to this old issue. Written by a team of international scholars, this book allows us to rethink the impact on national, regional or local ecologies of the deliberate or accidental introduction of foreign species, plant and animal. Modern environmental approaches that treat nature with naïve realism or mobilize it as a moral absolute, unaware or unwilling to accept that it is informed by specific cultural and temporal values, are doomed to fail. Instead, this book shows that we need to understand the complex interactions of ecologies and societies in the past, present and future over the Anthropocene, in order to address problems of the global environmental crisis. It demonstrates how humanistic methods and disciplines can be used to bring fresh clarity and perspective on this long vexed aspect of environmental thought and practice. <P><P>Students and researchers in environmental studies, invasion ecology, conservation biology, environmental ethics, environmental history and environmental policy will welcome this major contribution to environmental humanities.
Rethinking Law and Development: The Chinese experience
by Guanghua YuThis book is the result of the collective effort of some of the foremost experts and scholars of Chinese law, Asian law, and Chinese economics and carefully examines the relationship between law and China’s economic development. Serious inquiries and candid opinions of the contributors have made for stimulating discussion and debate in many controversial areas. This book is likely to result in further research into factors affecting China’s economic development, political change, and China’s interaction with the international community. The book explores the development of the Chinese legal system from both China’s historical perspective, taking into account the specific political and socioeconomic factors that are shaping Chinese law, and from a comparative perspective exploring the interaction between China and the rest of the world. The book brings together key international scholars of Chinese law and economics including Hualing Fu, Roda Mushkat, Randall Peerenboom, Zhigang Tao and Frank Upham. The first part of the book focuses on the linkages between the formal law and China’s economic development, looking at Chinese courts, economic institutions and firm behaviour as well as contract enforcement and property rights. Part two deals with issues of law, human rights, and social justice as they relate to economic and human development. Taken as a whole, the book offers a unique discourse on the interaction between law and economic and human development in China.
Rethinking Leadership: A Critique of Contemporary Theories
by Annabel BeerelThis book provides a detailed review of the key leadership theories and skills required during times of crises and radical uncertainty, how these can be developed, and how they can be applied in practice. Written over the course of the 2020 pandemic, the book highlights the immense lack of leadership competencies required for effective leadership in times of radical uncertainty and provides in-depth insights into the capacities and skills that should be part of all leadership development. The latest leadership theories, as well as existing key styles, including mindful leadership, the neuroscience of leadership, and transpersonal and adaptive leadership, are discussed and critiqued along with their potential contribution to developing effective leaders. Each chapter concludes with a convenient executive summary and questions that can be used for teaching purposes and class discussion. This is a comprehensive book about the interdisciplinary and multifaceted requirements of leadership and how to attain those capacities to develop effective leaders. It will be valuable for advanced undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses as a foundational resource on leadership theory and its application in practice.
Rethinking Leadership for a Green World
by Andrew TaylorFirst James Lovelock, and recently Prince William and David Attenborough believe that we have reached a tipping point in the process of climate change. Whether they are right or not, it is certainly true that the impact of humankind upon the ecology of the earth has reached a point where real changes in human behaviour are required. If managers are to be enablers of planetary survival then we need to develop a new approach to risk, which explicitly includes ecological limits upon economic behaviour. This implies a fundamental reorientation of their role in allocating resources to minimise risk and maximise reward. This book brings together some of the brightest contemporary thinkers on leadership, complexity and sustainability to consider the big ideas that we will need to make the changes required, and to outline the major themes that can inform a new approach to constructing a green world. It looks at how to ensure that local models of sustainability are able to flourish in the context of global networks and presents specific case studies of markets and organisations that offer insights into the development integrated solutions and the leadership lessons we can learn. Combining both theory and practice, this book serves to guide business managers and provides deeper insight and critical perspectives on some of the key issues facing leaders moving towards the green economy. It also provides useful supplementary reading for students in business and environmental studies.
Rethinking Map Literacy (SpringerBriefs in Geography)
by H. L. Vacher Ming Xie Steven ReaderThis book provides two conceptual frameworks for further investigation of map literacy and fills in a gap in map literacy studies, addressing the distinction between reference maps and thematic maps and the varying uses of quantitative map literacy (QML) within and between the two. The text offers two conceptual frameworks and uses specific map examples to explore this variability in map reading skills and knowledge, with the goal of informing educational pedagogy and practices within geography and related disciplines. The book will appeal to cartographers and geographers as a new perspective on a tool of communication they have long employed in their disciplines, and will also appeal to those involved in the educational pedagogy of information and data literacy as a way to conceptualize the development of curricula and teaching materials in the increasingly important arena of the interplay between quantitative data and map-based graphics. The first framework discussed is based on a three-set Venn model, and addresses the content and relationships of three “literacies” – map literacy, quantitative literacy and background information. As part of this framework, the field of QML is introduced, conceptualized, and defined as the knowledge (concepts, skills and facts) required to accurately read, use, interpret and understand the quantitative information embedded in geographic backgrounds. The second framework is of a compositional triangle based on (1) the ratio of reference to thematic map purpose and (2) the level of generalization and/or distortion within maps. In combination, these two parameters allow for any type of map to be located within the triangle as a prelude to considering the type and level of quantitative literacy that comes into play during map reading. Based on the two frameworks mentioned above, the pedagogical tool of “word problems” is applied to “map literacy” in an innovative way to explore the variability of map reading skills and knowledge based on specific map examples.
Rethinking Maps: New Frontiers in Cartographic Theory (Routledge Studies in Human Geography)
by Martin Dodge Rob Kitchin Chris PerkinsMaps are changing. They have become important and fashionable once more. Rethinking Maps brings together leading researchers to explore how maps are being rethought, made and used, and what these changes mean for working cartographers, applied mapping research, and cartographic scholarship. It offers a contemporary assessment of the diverse forms that mapping now takes and, drawing upon a number of theoretic perspectives and disciplines, provides an insightful commentary on new ontological and epistemological thinking with respect to cartography. This book presents a diverse set of approaches to a wide range of map forms and activities in what is presently a rapidly changing field. It employs a multi-disciplinary approach to important contemporary mapping practices, with chapters written by leading theorists who have an international reputation for innovative thinking. Much of the new research around mapping is emerging as critical dialogue between practice and theory and this book has chapters focused on intersections with play, race and cinema. Other chapters discuss cartographic representation, sustainable mapping and visual geographies. It also considers how alternative models of map creation and use such as open-source mappings and map mash-up are being creatively explored by programmers, artists and activists. There is also an examination of the work of various ‘everyday mappers’ in diverse social and cultural contexts. This blend of conceptual chapters and theoretically directed case studies provides an excellent resource suited to a broad spectrum of researchers, advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in human geography, GIScience and cartography, visual anthropology, media studies, graphic design and computer graphics. Rethinking Maps is a necessary and significant text for all those studying or having an interest in cartography.
Rethinking Pathways to a Sustainable Built Environment (CIB)
by Cheng Siew Goh Heap-Yih ChongThis book aims to provide insights into rethinking pathways in the transition to sustainable built environments in the wake of the pandemic and COP26. It examines our abilities and capabilities to leverage resources to the best use for achieving the universal sustainable development goals. The goal is to identify fresh thinking to make the goals of sustainable built environment more achievable, particularly to align with the national and international targets set by COP26. The book will help address the need for mainstreaming sustainability into the core of decision making of buildings and infrastructure projects throughout the life cycle from planning, to design, construction and operation. This book consolidates a comprehensive body of knowledge of sustainable development that will equip industry professionals, educators, scholars, and students with knowledge and skills to deliver sustainability practice within the built environment. Through theoretical underpinning and presentation of best practices, the book offers solutions to advance the development of sustainability practices in the context of the built environment. The book covers the following content: Sharing of best practice and case studies Review of Sustainability Contemporary Practices in the Built Environment Innovative Net Zero/ Carbon neutral solutions and strategies Sustainable building assessment and certification systems Key Sustainability Deliverables in the Built Environment Social Transition towards Sustainability The book will be of value to interested scholars and practitioners who are involved in sustainable design and engineering practice within the built environment.
Rethinking Private Authority: Agents and Entrepreneurs in Global Environmental Governance
by Jessica F. GreenRethinking Private Authority examines the role of non-state actors in global environmental politics, arguing that a fuller understanding of their role requires a new way of conceptualizing private authority. Jessica Green identifies two distinct forms of private authority--one in which states delegate authority to private actors, and another in which entrepreneurial actors generate their own rules, persuading others to adopt them. Drawing on a wealth of empirical evidence spanning a century of environmental rule making, Green shows how the delegation of authority to private actors has played a small but consistent role in multilateral environmental agreements over the past fifty years, largely in the area of treaty implementation. This contrasts with entrepreneurial authority, where most private environmental rules have been created in the past two decades. Green traces how this dynamic and fast-growing form of private authority is becoming increasingly common in areas ranging from organic food to green building practices to sustainable tourism. She persuasively argues that the configuration of state preferences and the existing institutional landscape are paramount to explaining why private authority emerges and assumes the form that it does. In-depth cases on climate change provide evidence for her arguments. Groundbreaking in scope, Rethinking Private Authority demonstrates that authority in world politics is diffused across multiple levels and diverse actors, and it offers a more complete picture of how private actors are helping to shape our response to today's most pressing environmental problems.
Rethinking Readiness: A Brief Guide to Twenty-First-Century Megadisasters
by Professor Jeffrey SchlegelmilchAs human society continues to develop, we have increased the risk of large-scale disasters. From health care to infrastructure to national security, systems designed to keep us safe have also heightened the potential for catastrophe. The constant pressure of climate change, geopolitical conflict, and our tendency to ignore what is hard to grasp exacerbates potential dangers. How can we prepare for and prevent the twenty-first-century disasters on the horizon?Rethinking Readiness offers an expert introduction to human-made threats and vulnerabilities, with a focus on opportunities to reimagine how we approach disaster preparedness. Jeff Schlegelmilch identifies and explores the most critical threats facing the world today, detailing the dangers of pandemics, climate change, infrastructure collapse, cyberattacks, and nuclear conflict. Drawing on the latest research from leading experts, he provides an accessible overview of the causes and potential effects of these looming megadisasters. The book highlights the potential for building resilient, adaptable, and sustainable systems so that we can be better prepared to respond to and recover from future crises. Thoroughly grounded in scientific and policy expertise, Rethinking Readiness is an essential guide to this century’s biggest challenges in disaster management.
Rethinking Resource Management: Justice, Sustainability and Indigenous Peoples
by Richard HowittThis book offers students and practitioners a sophisticated and convincing framework for rethinking the usual approaches to resource management. It uses case studies to argue that professional resource managers do not take responsibility for the social and environmental consequences of their decisions on the often vulnerable indigenous communities they affect. It also discusses the invisibility of indigenous people' values and knowledge within traditional resource management. It offers a new approach to social impact assessment methods which are more participatory and empowering. The book employs a range of case studies from Australia, North America and Norway.
Rethinking Socialist Space in the Twentieth Century (St Antony's Series)
by Marcus Colla Paul BettsThis edited collection explores the problem of space under socialist regimes in the twentieth century. Bringing together contributions from international scholars with expertise in the architectural, urban, social, and cultural history of twentieth-century socialism, the book includes examples from China, Africa, Mongolia, Eastern Europe and the USSR. The volume reflects on how developments in the field over the past two decades have altered our understanding of how such spaces were constructed (both literally and discursively), how they could become sites of contested meanings, and how they were perceived outside the socialist world. Moreover, the volume is concerned with how scholarly approaches associated with post-colonialism, global history, gender history, and the ‘temporal’ and ‘sensory’ turns have reconfigured our knowledge of, and approach to, the history of socialist space.
Rethinking Stormwater Management through Sustainable Urban Design (Urban Sustainability)
by Ali Cheshmehzangi Maycon Sedrez Andrew FlynnThis book provides a different narrative and approach to rethinking stormwater management through sustainable urban design. It delves into design interventions and innovative strategies that lead to solving context-specific issues of flooding, water scarcity, etc. Starting with an overarching introduction and discussion on stormwater management research, the book then primarily focuses on sustainable urban design practices, strategies, and policy guidelines. By summarising a selection of successful global case study examples, the book highlights how we should rethink stormwater management practices and policies from the design perspective. Through sustainable urban design suggestions, the book covers a wide range of conceptual examples to design and policy guidelines, as well as best practices that could be utilised for other contexts. The book is divided into two sections of: (1) architectural and urban design practices and interventions; and (2) policies and action plans. This collection helps researchers and scholars rethink stormwater management and consider innovative - and, more importantly, sustainable - design strategies that could help develop new paradigms and policies for water-related issues in cities and communities. This will interest multiple stakeholders, mainly urban policymakers, planners, urban designers, urban specialists, landscape architects, architects, and urban ecologists. It could be treated as a case study-based guide for governmental units dealing with water related issues in cities and urban areas.