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Ice Cream Man: How Augustus Jackson Made a Sweet Treat Better
by Glenda Armand Kim FreemanDiscover the inspiring story of Augustus Jackson, an African American entrepreneur who is known as "the father of ice cream," in this beautifully illustrated picture-book biography.Augustus Jackson was born in 1808 in Philadelphia. While most African Americans were enslaved at that time, in Pennsylvania, slavery was against the law. But while Augustus and his family were free, they were poor, and they depended on their garden and their chickens for food. Augustus enjoyed helping his mom prepare meals for their family. He dreamed of becoming a professional cook, and when his mom suggested he may be able to make meals for the president one day, Augustus didn&’t waste any time in making that dream a reality. In 1820, when he was only twelve years old, he set off for Washington, DC. He applied to work in the White House, where the head cook offered him a job as a kitchen helper. After five years of working hard, Augustus, or Gus, was promoted to cook. He went on to serve presidents James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson.During his time at the White House, Augustus became an expert at making a popular egg-based dessert. He soon made an eggless version—known to us today as ice cream—and left the White House determined to make and sell the frozen treat to everyone, not just the wealthy. Gus headed back home to Philadelphia, and in 1830, he opened his very own ice cream parlor. He devised a way to keep the ice cream frozen so that it could be shipped and sold to other businesses. Gus also began adding rock salt to the ice that he used to make his ice cream, which made the mixture freeze more quickly. This allowed him to speed up his production process. He created more ice cream with new flavors, and soon he was shipping product via train to places like New York City, which was 100 miles away. Gus&’s dream had come true, and better yet, he had brought smiles to many faces.Shining a light on a little-known visionary, this inspiring picture-book biography includes an afterword, a list of sources, and an easy-to-follow recipe so readers can make their own delicious ice cream!
The Ice Diet
by Peta BeeSuper-charge your body's calorie-burning powers to change the way you look and feel forever.Based on cutting-edge scientific research, The Ice Diet reveals natural ways to beat weight gain by firing up your body's metabolism to fight flab.Health and diet expert Peta Bee has devised a unique six-week plan in three easy-to-follow stages that focus on your diet, fitness and lifestyle. It's the secret Hollywood celebrities have known for some time - cool temperatures in your diet and lifestyle unleash your body's fat-fighting ability to give you the body nature always intended you to have.- Understand the difference between good and bad body fat- Eat supercool foods- Discover how spices can accelerate slimming- Transform your exercise routine to maximize weight lossPeta's delicious meal plans will excite your taste buds and fuel your body to burn excess calories. The Ice Dietis the ultimate fast-track to weight loss, providing dramatic and life-changing results.
Ice Queen
by Suzanne BlaylockDrawn together by an accident of time and circumstance, a disparate group of women all hide behind masks of cool deception, but when their paths cross, the ice soon melts in a furnace of passion. This erotic novel explores the myth of the female icon and the truth is not often what it seems.
The Ice Whisperers
by Helenka Stachera'An epic icy adventure with a warming tale of sisterhood at its heart' - Maria Kuzniar'Every way I look at it, I love this book from the crystalline brilliance of its surface to its tender, glowing heart' - Zillah Bethell A chilling magical adventure about two sisters born 40,000 years apart, perfect for fans of The House With Chicken Legs and The Wild Way Home. When Bela's mother dies, she is summoned to deepest Siberia to stay with an uncle she's never met. Exploring his strange scientific workshop, she uncovers a secret she was never meant to find - a doorway that opens to an icy land, frozen in time and full of legends come to life.But this frozen land is in danger, and it's up to Bela to find a way to save it. To succeed, she must join forces with the impossible: a long-lost sister she never knew she had, born 40,000 years before . . .
Icebound: Shipwrecked at the Edge of the World
by Andrea PitzerIn the bestselling tradition of Hampton Sides&’s In the Kingdom of Ice, a &“gripping adventure tale&” (The Boston Globe) recounting Dutch polar explorer William Barents&’ three harrowing Arctic expeditions—the last of which resulted in a relentlessly challenging year-long fight for survival.The human story has always been one of perseverance—often against remarkable odds. The most astonishing survival tale of all might be that of 16th-century Dutch explorer William Barents and his crew of sixteen, who ventured farther north than any Europeans before and, on their third polar exploration, lost their ship off the frozen coast of Nova Zembla to unforgiving ice. The men would spend the next year fighting off ravenous polar bears, gnawing hunger, and endless winter.In Icebound, Andrea Pitzer masterfully combines a gripping tale of survival with a sweeping history of the great Age of Exploration—a time of hope, adventure, and seemingly unlimited geographic frontiers. At the story&’s center is William Barents, one of the 16th century&’s greatest navigators whose larger-than-life ambitions and obsessive quest to chart a path through the deepest, most remote regions of the Arctic ended in both tragedy and glory. Journalist Pitzer did extensive research, learning how to use four-hundred-year-old navigation equipment, setting out on three Arctic expeditions to retrace Barents&’s steps, and visiting replicas of Barents&’s ship and cabin.&“A resonant meditation on human ingenuity, resilience, and hope&” (The New Yorker), Pitzer&’s reenactment of Barents&’s ill-fated journey shows us how the human body can function at twenty degrees below, the history of mutiny, the art of celestial navigation, and the intricacies of building shelters. But above all, it gives us a firsthand glimpse into the true nature of courage.
Icebreaker: A Novel (The Maple Hills Series #1)
by Hannah Grace#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER Over 1 million copies sold! A TikTok sensation! Sparks fly when a competitive figure skater and hockey team captain are forced to share a rink. Anastasia Allen has worked her entire life for a shot at Team USA. It looks like everything is going according to plan when she gets a full scholarship to the University of California, Maple Hills and lands a place on their competitive figure skating team. Nothing will stand in her way, not even the captain of the hockey team, Nate Hawkins. Nate&’s focus as team captain is on keeping his team on the ice. Which is tricky when a facilities mishap means they are forced to share a rink with the figure skating team—including Anastasia, who clearly can&’t stand him. But when Anastasia&’s skating partner faces an uncertain future, she may have to look to Nate to take her shot. Sparks fly, but Anastasia isn&’t worried…because she could never like a hockey player, right?
Icebreaker: A Novel (The\maple Hills Ser. #1)
by Hannah GraceCOMING IN SUMMER 2024, THE BRAND NEW HANNAH GRACE MAPLE HILL SERIES NOVEL - PRE-ORDER NOW! A TikTok sensation! Sparks fly when a competitive figure skater and hockey team captain are forced to share a rink. Anastasia Allen has worked her entire life for a shot at Team USA. It looks like everything is going according to plan when she gets a full scholarship to the University of California, Maple Hills and lands a place on their competitive figure skating team. Nothing will stand in her way, not even the captain of the hockey team, Nate Hawkins. Nate&’s focus as team captain is on keeping his team on the ice. Which is tricky when a facilities mishap means they are forced to share a rink with the figure skating team—including Anastasia, who clearly can&’t stand him. But when Anastasia&’s skating partner faces an uncertain future, she may have to look to Nate to take her shot. Sparks fly, but Anastasia isn&’t worried… because she could never like a hockey player, right?
Icebreaker: A Novel (The Maple Hills Series #1)
by Hannah GraceA top ten bestseller and beloved TikTok sensation, Icebreaker is a swoonworthy college romance about an ice skater and the hockey captain she hates as they&’re forced to share a rink. Anastasia Allen has worked her entire life for a shot at Team USA. She has a drive that few can match and, as she enters her third year on the Maple Hills ice skating team, everything is going according to plan. Nothing will stand in her way, not even the captain of the ice hockey team, Nate Hawkins. Nate&’s focus as team captain is on keeping his team on the ice. Which is tricky when a facilities mishap means they are forced to share a rink with the ice skating team – including Anastasia, who clearly can&’t stand him. But when her skating partner gets injured, Nate looks like her best option to advance in competition. Sparks fly, but Anastasia isn&’t worried. After all, she doesn&’t have time for a relationship … right?
Ices and Ice Creams
by Agnes Marshall'One of the greatest culinary pioneers this country has ever seen' - Heston Blumenthal‘The aim of the properly constructed sweet is to convey to the palate the greatest possible amount of pleasure’ - AA. B. MarshallThis ultimate ice cream collection was first published in Victorian London by ice cream entrepreneur, Agnes B. Marshall.Its divine delights include thirst-quenching ice creams, sorbets, mousses and iced soufflés, such as:Burnt Almond Cream IceSorbet of PeachesMaraschino MousseChateaubriand BombePlombière of StrawberriesMuscovite of Oranges These simple recipes are fully updated and can be made as easily using traditional methods and a home freezer, or with modern appliances and an ice-cream maker.As Voltaire once said: ‘Ice cream is exquisite. What a pity it isn’t illegal’
Iconic Works of Art by Feminists and Gender Activists: Mistress-Pieces (Routledge Research in Gender and Art)
by Brenda SchmahmannIn this book, contributors identify and explore a range of iconic works – "Mistress-Pieces" – that have been made by feminists and gender activists since the 1970s. The first volume for which the defining of iconic feminist art is the raison d’être, its contributors interpret a "Mistress-Piece" as a work that has proved influential in a particular context because of its distinctiveness and relevance.Reinterpreting iconic art by Alice Neel, Hannah Wilke and Ana Mendieta, the authors also offer important insights about works that may be less well known – those by Natalia LL, Tanja Ostojić, Swoon, Clara Menéres, Diane Victor, Usha Seejarim, Ilse Fusková, Phaptawan Suwannakudt □and Tracey Moffatt, among others. While in some instances revealing cross influences between artists working in different frameworks, the publication simultaneously makes evident how social and political factors specific to particular countries had significant impact on the making and reception of art focused on gender.The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, visual studies and gender studies.
Iconotropy and Cult Images from the Ancient to Modern World (Routledge Research in Art and Religion)
by Jorge Tomás GarcíaThe book examines the process of symbolic and material alteration of religious images in antiquity, the middle ages and the modern period. The process by which the form and meaning of images are modified and adapted for a new context is defined by a large number of spiritual, religious, artistic, geographical or historical circumstances. This book provides a defined theoretical framework for these symbolic and material alterations based on the concept of iconotropy; that is, the way in which images change and/or alter their meaning. Iconotropy is a key concept in religious history, particularly for periods in which religious changes, often turbulent, took place. In addition, the iconotropic process of appropriating cult images brought with it changes in the materiality of those images. Numerous accounts from antiquity, the middle ages and the modern period detail how cult images were involved in such processes of misinterpretation, both symbolically and materially.The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, visual culture and religious history.
Icons of England
by Bill BrysonThis celebration of the English countryside does not only focus on the rolling green landscapes and magnificent monuments that set England apart from the rest of the world. Many of the contributors bring their own special touch, presenting a refreshingly eclectic variety of personal icons, from pub signs to seaside piers, from cattle grids to canal boats, and from village cricket to nimbies. First published as a lavish colour coffeetable book, this new expanded paperback edition has double the original number of contributions from many celebrities including Bill Bryson, Michael Palin, Eric Clapton, Bryan Ferry, Sebastian Faulks, Kate Adie, Kevin Spacey, Gavin Pretor-Pinney, Richard Mabey , Simon Jenkins, John Sergeant, Benjamin Zephaniah, Joan Bakewell, Antony Beevor, Libby Purves, Jonathan Dimbleby, and many more: and a new preface by HRH Prince Charles.
ICT for Engineering & Critical Infrastructures: Proceedings of the 3rd American University in the Emirates International Research Conference, AUEIRC'20—Dubai, UAE 2020 (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)
by Asma Salman Assem TharwatThis book—consisting of four parts—brings forth a comprehensive evaluation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) utilization in engineering and infrastructures. The field of engineering has consistently been a bastion of problem-solving and innovation. It has continuously aided humanity in conquering seemingly unsolvable obstacles by pushing the limits of human capability and ingenuity. In the modern age, modern computational methods and digital systems present themselves as the frontier of novel technological innovation, thus attaining the potential to considerably strengthen various engineering fields. Tackling essential topics such as the incorporation of informatics in infrastructure, cybersecurity, advanced networking techniques, and smart resource management, this book peers into the future of engineering, proving as an excellent resource for engineers, entrepreneurs, policymakers, network specialists, and finally, computer scientists.
ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection: 38th IFIP TC 11 International Conference, SEC 2023, Poznan, Poland, June 14–16, 2023, Revised Selected Papers (IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology #679)
by Norbert Meyer Anna Grocholewska-CzuryłoThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 38th IFIP TC 11 International Conference on Information Security and Privacy Protection, SEC 2023, held in Poznan, Poland, in June 2023. The 26 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 84 submissions. They focus on topics such as access control and authentication; applied cryptography; mobile security; side-channel attacks; trust management, digital forensics; industry networks security, etc.
The Idea in You: How to Find It, Build It, and Change Your Life
by Martin Amor Alex PellewTake your passion and make it happen with The Idea In You by Martin Amor and Alex PellewDo you have an idea in you? A hobby, a project, a product ... something that could change your life?The Idea in You is a bulletproof system for finding the right idea and shaping it in to a success - on your own terms.With advice from the people behind the likes of Pizza Pilgrims, Parkrun and Decoded, The Idea in You will show you what to expect, how to think and what to do when launching your own venture.Making your idea happen is possible - and it will be one of the most inspiring and energizing experiences of your life.What are you waiting for?'A wonderfully inspirational book that will help unleash your ideas on the world' Michael Acton Smith, creator of Moshi Monsters'Every great business starts with an idea . . . this book will help you find yours' Richard Reed, co-founder Innocent Drinks'It seems to me that many could-be creators simply lack support in their lives, someone genuine who listens to their ideas and pushes boundaries to make it all seem possible. Alex and Martin must recognize this, too, because their book is a generous offer of encouragement and spirit, a drum beat that stirred my creative confidence' Zach Klein, co-founder of Vimeo
The Idea of Decline in Western History
by Arthur HermanHistorian Arthur Herman traces the roots of declinism and shows how major thinkers, past and present, have contributed to its development as a coherent ideology of cultural pessimism.From Nazism to the Sixties counterculture, from Britain's Fabian socialists to America's multiculturalists, and from Dracula and Freud to Robert Bly and Madonna, this work examines the idea of decline in Western history and sets out to explain how the conviction of civilization's inevitable end has become a fixed part of the modern Western imagination. Through a series of biographical portraits spanning the 19th and 20th centuries, the author traces the roots of declinism and aims to show how major thinkers of the past and present, including Nietzsche, DuBois, Sartre, and Foucault, have contributed to its development as a coherent ideology of cultural pessimism.
An Idea Whose Time Has Come: Two Presidents, Two Parties, and the Battle for the Civil Rights Act of 1964
by Todd S. PurdumA top Washington journalist recounts the dramatic political battle to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the law that created modern America, on the fiftieth anniversary of its passageIt was a turbulent time in America—a time of sit-ins, freedom rides, a March on Washington and a governor standing in the schoolhouse door—when John F. Kennedy sent Congress a bill to bar racial discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations. Countless civil rights measures had died on Capitol Hill in the past. But this one was different because, as one influential senator put it, it was "an idea whose time has come."In a powerful narrative layered with revealing detail, Todd S. Purdum tells the story of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, recreating the legislative maneuvering and the larger-than-life characters who made its passage possible. From the Kennedy brothers to Lyndon Johnson, from Martin Luther King Jr. to Hubert Humphrey and Everett Dirksen, Purdum shows how these all-too-human figures managed, in just over a year, to create a bill that prompted the longest filibuster in the history of the U.S. Senate yet was ultimately adopted with overwhelming bipartisan support. He evokes the high purpose and low dealings that marked the creation of this monumental law, drawing on extensive archival research and dozens of new interviews that bring to life this signal achievement in American history.Often hailed as the most important law of the past century, the Civil Rights Act stands as a lesson for our own troubled times about what is possible when patience, bipartisanship, and decency rule the day.
Idealism after Existentialism: Encounters in Philosophy of Religion (Routledge Focus on Philosophy)
by N. N. TrakakisA century ago the dominant philosophical outlook was not some form of materialism or naturalism, but idealism. However, this way of thinking about reality fell out of favour in the Anglo-American analytic tradition as well as the Continental schools of the twentieth century.The aim of this book is to restage and reassess the encounter between idealism and contemporary philosophy. The idealist side will be represented by the great figures of the 19th-century post-Kantian tradition in Germany, from Fichte and Schelling to Hegel, followed by the towering Hegelians in Britain led by T. H. Green, F. H. Bradley and Bernard Bosanquet. Their twentieth-century adversaries will be represented by the secular existentialists, especially the famous French trio of Sartre, Beauvoir and Camus, who sought to follow Nietzsche in philosophizing in light of the death of God. And the arena of encounter will be the philosophy of religion—more specifically, questions relating to the nature and existence of God, death and the meaning of life, and the problem of evil. The book argues that the existentialist critique of idealism enables an innovative as well as a more critical and adventurous approach that is sorely needed in philosophy of religion today.Idealism after Existentialism will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in the history of ninteenth- and twentieth-century philosophy and philosophy of religion.
Ideas Man
by Shed SimoveLearn secrets for success and how to unlock your creativity with a book that contains tips on how to achieve anything you desire, and charts the extraordinary and hilarious real-life adventures of Britain's most inspirational IDEAS MAN.Sheridan 'Shed' Simove is a modern day creative genius. He lives and breathes ideas. Every day of his life dozens of new ideas spring from his astonishingly active mind. The ideas can relate to pretty much anything - TV shows, ranges of sweets, executive toys, greeting cards, money-making schemes - the list is endless. And if an idea hasn't been done before, then Shed is sure to attempt it...IDEAS MAN is the true story of this visionary maverick's amazing adventures. At breakneck speed, Shed describes how dozens of his ideas came to be, how they succeed or sometimes disastrously fail. Some of Shed's ideas include: a range of adult sweets called 'Clitoris Allsorts', a groundbreaking documentary that involved him going undercover as a 16-year-old schoolboy (when he was 30) and the launch of his own currency - the 'EGO'. IDEAS MAN is a unique book written by a completely extraordinary character. A hilarious and inspirational real-life tale of eccentricity and enthusiasm, it's perfect for anyone who's ever had a dream and wondered how to make it come true. Shed is living proof that you really can make it happen...
Identifizierung von Bakterien: Grundlagen sowie Stärken und Schwächen von klassischen und modernen Methoden (essentials)
by Patric U. Vogel Jennifer BorrelliIn diesem essential werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Identifizierung von Bakterien dargestellt. Zunächst werden allgemeine Eigenschaften von Bakterien (Zellaufbau, Form, Stoffwechsel) beschrieben. Im Anschluss werden Anzucht und Vereinzelung und der Einsatz von Selektivmedien erklärt. Nach einer Darstellung der Gramfärbung werden einige biochemische Tests inklusive der Standard-Methode API zur Identifizierung erläutert. Abschließend werden moderne Analysemethoden (Schnelltests, PCR, LAMP, Sequenzierung und MALDI-TOF MS) beschrieben sowie Stärken und Schwächen zusammengefasst.
Identity and Communicative Competence in Spanish for Specific Purposes: Critically Engaging the Community (Routledge Innovations in Spanish Language Teaching)
by Alexis A. Vollmer RiveraIdentity and Communicative Competence in Spanish for Specific Purposes analyzes the experiences of three Spanish for specific purposes (SSP) students, offering insight into the intersectionality of society, politics, identity, and linguistics in community-based settings.Analyses provide empirical evidence to a growing body of work about how experiential language learning (EX-LL) enhances student preparation to utilize target languages in professional services. Ethnographic portraits and discourse analysis also illustrate how EX-LL, such as internships, provides students with opportunities to position and protect their identities using linguistic and extralinguistic resources. Discussions are presented throughout the volume on how to implement EX-LL from a critical perspective that supports students while mutually benefiting community members. Harnessing community members’ stories to contextualise and illustrate the disparities U.S. Hispanic/Latinx communities face in accessing high-quality care and services, the volume proposes SSP as a form of advocacy to narrow this gap while simultaneously enhancing students’ skills in Spanish.Designed for graduate students, educators, researchers, and program developers in SSP, second language acquisition, heritage language pedagogy, and sociolinguistics, this volume will prompt the reader to (re)imagine how language learning traverses society, politics, and identity in community-based settings.
Identity Attack Vectors: Strategically Designing and Implementing Identity Security, Second Edition
by Morey J. Haber Darran RollsToday, it’s easier for threat actors to simply log in versus hack in. As cyberattacks continue to increase in volume and sophistication, it’s not a matter of if, but when, your organization will have an incident. Threat actors target accounts, users, and their associated identities—whether human or machine, to initiate or progress their attack. Detecting and defending against these malicious activities should be the basis of all modern cybersecurity initiatives.This book details the risks associated with poor identity security hygiene, the techniques that external and internal threat actors leverage, and the operational best practices that organizations should adopt to protect against identity theft, account compromises, and to develop an effective identity and access security strategy. As a solution to these challenges, Identity Security has emerged as a cornerstone of modern Identity and Access Management (IAM) initiatives. Managing accounts, credentials, roles, entitlements, certifications, and attestation reporting for all identities is now a security and regulatory compliance requirement. In this book, you will discover how inadequate identity and privileged access controls can be exploited to compromise accounts and credentials within an organization. You will understand the modern identity threat landscape and learn how role-based identity assignments, entitlements, and auditing strategies can be used to mitigate the threats across an organization’s entire Identity Fabric. What You Will Learn Understand the concepts behind an identity and how its associated credentials and accounts can be leveraged as an attack vectorImplement an effective identity security strategy to manage identities and accounts based on roles and entitlements, including the most sensitive privileged accountsKnow the role that identity security controls play in the cyber kill chain and how privileges should be managed as a potential weak linkBuild upon industry standards and strategies such as Zero Trust to integrate key identity security technologies into a corporate ecosystemPlan for a successful identity and access security deployment; create an implementation scope and measurable risk reduction; design auditing, discovery, and regulatory reporting; and develop oversight based on real-world strategies to prevent identity attack vectors Who This Book Is For Management and implementers in IT operations, security, and auditing looking to understand and implement an Identity and Access Management (IAM) program and manage privileges in these environments
Identity Crisis
by Ben EltonWhy are we all so hostile? So quick to take offence? Truly we are living in the age of outrage. A series of apparently random murders draws amiable, old-school Detective Mick Matlock into a world of sex, politics, reality TV and a bewildering kaleidoscope of opposing identity groups. Lost in a blizzard of hashtags, his already complex investigation is further impeded by the fact that he simply doesn’t ‘get’ a single thing about anything anymore.Meanwhile, each day another public figure confesses to having ‘misspoken’ and prostrates themselves before the judgement of Twitter. Begging for forgiveness, assuring the public “that is not who I am”.But if nobody is who they are anymore - then who the f##k are we?Ben Elton returns with a blistering satire of the world as it fractures around us. Get ready for a roller-coaster thriller, where nothing - and no one - is off limits.
Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being
by George A. Akerlof Rachel E. KrantonHow identity influences the economic choices we makeIdentity Economics provides an important and compelling new way to understand human behavior, revealing how our identities—and not just economic incentives—influence our decisions. In 1995, economist Rachel Kranton wrote future Nobel Prize-winner George Akerlof a letter insisting that his most recent paper was wrong. Identity, she argued, was the missing element that would help to explain why people—facing the same economic circumstances—would make different choices. This was the beginning of a fourteen-year collaboration—and of Identity Economics.The authors explain how our conception of who we are and who we want to be may shape our economic lives more than any other factor, affecting how hard we work, and how we learn, spend, and save. Identity economics is a new way to understand people's decisions—at work, at school, and at home. With it, we can better appreciate why incentives like stock options work or don't; why some schools succeed and others don't; why some cities and towns don't invest in their futures—and much, much more.Identity Economics bridges a critical gap in the social sciences. It brings identity and norms to economics. People's notions of what is proper, and what is forbidden, and for whom, are fundamental to how hard they work, and how they learn, spend, and save. Thus people's identity—their conception of who they are, and of who they choose to be—may be the most important factor affecting their economic lives. And the limits placed by society on people's identity can also be crucial determinants of their economic well-being.
Identity in Post-Socialist Public Space: Urban Architecture in Kiev, Moscow, Berlin, and Warsaw (Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design)
by Bohdan Cherkes Józef HernikThis book is a comparative analysis of the architecture of central public spaces of capital cities in Central and Eastern Europe during the period of their authoritarian and post-authoritarian development. It demonstrates that national identity transformations cause structural changes in urban public spaces, and theorises identity and national identity within urban planning in order to explain the influence of historical, cultural, mental, social as well as ideological and political conditions on the processes of shaping and perceiving the architecture of public space. The book addresses the process of shaping and restructuring historic centres of European capital cities of Kiev, Moscow, Berlin, and Warsaw, which developed under authoritarian regime conditions throughout the 20th century and were characterised by ideological determinism and the influence of state ideology and politics on the architecture of public spaces. The book will be useful for urban planners, architects, land management specialists, art historians, political scientists, and readers interested in the theory and history of cities, the fundamentals of urban planning and architecture, and the planning of cities and public spaces.