In early 2020, a coronavirus pandemic swept the globe, ushering in unprecedented disruptions to the global economy. Both supply and demand were decimated by lockdowns and border closings, as well as reduced spending by fearful consumers. In response, governments around the world made equally unprecedented policy moves, spending trillions of dollars on fiscal stimulus measures to bridge the gap during the self-imposed shutdown. As the pandemic progressed, governments had to weigh the costs between loss of life due to opening up their economies and the economic devastation caused by delaying a reopening.