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Enlightenment Links: Theories of Mind and Media in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Stanford Text Technologies)
by Collin JenningsIn this ambitious work, Collin Jennings applies computational methods to eighteenth-century fiction, history, and poetry to reveal the nonlinear courses of reading they produce. Hallmark genres of the British Enlightenment, such as the novel and the stadial history, are typically viewed as narratives of linear progress, emerging from Britain's imperial growth and scientific advancement. Jennings foregrounds Enlightenment links: the paratextual devices, including cross-references, footnotes, and epigraphs, that make words work differently by pointing the reader to places inside and outside the text. Writers and printers combined text and paratext to produce nonlinear paths of reading and polysemous forms of reference that resist simple, causal structures of experience or theories of mind. Alexander Pope, Adam Smith, Ann Radcliffe, and other writers developed genres that operate diagrammatically, with different points of entry and varied relationships between the language and format of books. Revealing the eighteenth-century genealogy of the digital hyperlinks of today, Enlightenment Links argues that emergent print genres combined language and links to bring forward the associative, circular, and multi-sequential ways in which literature makes language work.
Corporeal Readings of Cuban Literature and Art: The Body, the Inhuman, and Ecological Thinking
by Christina M. GarcíaTracing corporeality and materiality across Cuban texts and images of the twentieth century This volume looks at Cuban literature and art that challenge traditional assumptions about the body. Examining how writers and artists have depicted racial, gender, and species differences throughout the past century, Christina García identifies historical continuities in the way they have emphasized the shared materiality of bodies. García shows how these works interact with ecologies of the human and nonhuman across diverse media, time periods, and ideologies. García examines corporeality in a variety of works, including the poetry of Nicolás Guillén and experimental writings of Severo Sarduy; transspecies drawings, paintings, and sculptures by Roberto Fabelo; Tomás Gutiérrez Alea’s popular queer film Fresa y chocolate; and contemporary narrative fictions by Ena Lucía Portela, Antonio José Ponte, and Ahmel Echevarría. Using the lenses of new materialism, critical race studies, critical animal studies, queer studies, and poststructuralism, García engages with Cuban cultural production at the intersection of diverse social issues. In this book, García explores how certain artistic practices focus on portraying ecological relationships instead of recognizable subjects or shared identity. Corporeal Readings of Cuban Literature and Art demonstrates that through their attention to the connections that different kinds of bodies share, Cuban creators have long undermined rules of classification and unification, reimagining community as shared vulnerability and difference. Publication of this work made possible by a Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Discourse Analysis: A Resource Book for Students (Routledge English Language Introductions)
by Rodney H. JonesRoutledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students. Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, and commentaries.Revised and updated throughout, the new edition of Discourse Analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the major approaches to and methodological tools used in discourse analysis. This textbook: introduces both traditional perspectives on the analysis of texts and talk as well as more recent approaches that address technologically mediated and multimodal discourse incorporates practical examples using real data, now revised to include more diverse examples from a wider range of countries includes a revised final section to highlight recent research with case studies showcasing examples of how scholars used the principles illustrated in the book is accompanied by online support material with additional student activities, summaries, explanations, and useful links Other features of the new edition include updated references and a wider range of material from social media that includes TikTok and other more recently popular platforms. Written by an experienced teacher and author, this accessible textbook is essential reading for all students of English language and linguistics.
And Then? And Then? What Else?: A Writer's Life
by Daniel Handler Lemony SnicketYou never love a book the way you love a book when you are ten. Writing as Lemony Snicket, Daniel Handler has led several generations of young readers into that special and curious space of being hopelessly lost, and joyfully finding yourself, in the essential strangeness of literature. The wondrous and perilous journey of the Baudelaire orphans sprung from the author’s own path, from his childhood discovery of Baudelaire’s poetry through the countless peculiarities of his pursuit of a literary life—abject failure and startling success, breakthrough and breakdown, concordance and controversy—lit along the way by the books and culture he loved best. At once a personal memoir and a literary exploration, a how-to book and a critical inquiry, a sequence of stories and a series of events, And Then? And Then? What Else? is a book not just for anyone curious about the creator of Lemony Snicket, but for anyone who loved books when they were a child, and still loves them now.
Writing in Red: Literature and Revolution Across Turkey and the Soviet Union (Modernist Latitudes)
by Nergis ErtürkThe republic of Turkey and the Soviet Union both emerged from the wreckage of empires surrounding World War I, and pathways of literary exchange soon opened between the two revolutionary states. Even as the Turkish government pursued a friendly relationship with the USSR, it began to persecute communist writers. Whether going through official channels or fleeing repression, many Turkish writers traveled to the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s, publishing original work, editing prominent literary journals, and translating both Russian classics and Soviet literature into Turkish.Writing in Red traces the literary and exilic itineraries of Turkish communist and former communist writers, examining revolutionary aesthetics and politics across Turkey and the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s through the 1960s. Nergis Ertürk considers a wide range of texts—spanning genres such as erotic comedy, historical fiction and film, and socialist realist novels and theater—by writers including Nâzim Hikmet, Vâlâ Nureddin, Nizamettin Nazif, Suat Derviş, and Abidin Dino. She argues that these works belong simultaneously to modern Turkish literature, a transnational Soviet republic of letters, and the global literary archive of world revolution, alongside those of other writers who made the “magic pilgrimage” to Moscow. Exploring how Turkish communist writers on the run produced a remarkable transnational literature of dissent, Writing in Red offers a new account of global revolutionary literary culture.
Assessment for Language Teaching (Elements in Language Teaching)
by null Aek Phakiti null Constant LeungThis Element reviews the key foundational concepts, beliefs, and practices underpinning approaches to assessment in English Language Teaching. Exploring major concepts and practices through educational, social, and ethical perspectives, it offers theoretically informed and close-to-practice descriptions and up-to-date explanations of the affordances and limitations of different assessment approaches related to language teaching. This Element presents a cohesive and pragmatic framework that allows teachers to efficiently implement tests and assessments in their contexts.
Your Story Matters: A Surprisingly Practical Guide to Writing
by Richard ScrimgerA hilarious how-to on creative writing that makes the writing process fun for aspiring middle-school authors. For fans of Writing Radar by Jack Gantos.Interested in writing but don't know how to get started?Love reading and want to know more about how stories are created?Like ridiculous tales about troublesome sisters, peanut butter and steamrollers?Look no further!Esteemed writer Richard Scrimger is here to answer all your burning questions about writing: whether about plot, character, structure, story hooks or commas. (Actually, don't ask him about commas, it's not that kind of book.)Using clever (so he thinks) analogies, (sort of) brilliant examples and funny (well . . .) anecdotes, he will give you (truly) useful tools to start you on your way as a writer. And if that's not enough, comic illustrations by D. McFadzean are the pepperoni on the writing pizza! (That will make sense once you read the book.)So come, read this book and start your writing journey!
Planning Primary English: How to Design and Teach Brilliant Lessons
by Kirstie HewettEffective lesson planning is a crucial skill for all primary school teachers and is key to fostering engaging and focused learning. So how can new teachers ensure that their plans are motivating and impactful so that their students can make good progress? This book serves as a comprehensive roadmap for planning dynamic and effective English lessons and clearly explains key principles and concepts that underpin effective teaching in all aspects of the primary English curriculum. Covering a wide range of topics, this book discusses how to plan compelling lessons on teaching phonics, comprehension, grammar, spoken language and more, as well as adaptive teaching for an inclusive classroom. It identifies the key decisions new teachers, who are planning their own lessons for the first time, must consider to execute well-structured lessons and suggests how these can be tailored to meet the needs of all learners. Whether you′re on a university-based path (PGCE, BEd, BA with QTS) or exploring school-based routes (School Direct, SCITT, Teach First), or an Early Career Teacher, this book is essential reading to transforming lesson planning from a challenge into a creative and effective teaching tool. Kirstie Hewett is a senior lecturer in primary English at the University of Chichester.
Planning Primary English: How to Design and Teach Brilliant Lessons
by Kirstie HewettEffective lesson planning is a crucial skill for all primary school teachers and is key to fostering engaging and focused learning. So how can new teachers ensure that their plans are motivating and impactful so that their students can make good progress? This book serves as a comprehensive roadmap for planning dynamic and effective English lessons and clearly explains key principles and concepts that underpin effective teaching in all aspects of the primary English curriculum. Covering a wide range of topics, this book discusses how to plan compelling lessons on teaching phonics, comprehension, grammar, spoken language and more, as well as adaptive teaching for an inclusive classroom. It identifies the key decisions new teachers, who are planning their own lessons for the first time, must consider to execute well-structured lessons and suggests how these can be tailored to meet the needs of all learners. Whether you′re on a university-based path (PGCE, BEd, BA with QTS) or exploring school-based routes (School Direct, SCITT, Teach First), or an Early Career Teacher, this book is essential reading to transforming lesson planning from a challenge into a creative and effective teaching tool. Kirstie Hewett is a senior lecturer in primary English at the University of Chichester.
Narrative Inquiry Experience and Story in Qualitative Research: Experience And Story In Qualitative Research
by D. Jean Clandinin F. Michael Connelly"The literature on narrative inquiry has been, until now, widely scattered and theoretically incomplete. Clandinin and Connelly have created a major tour de force. This book is lucid, fluid, beautifully argued, and rich in examples. Students will find a wealth of arguments to support their research, and teaching faculty will find everything they need to teach narrative inquiry theory and methods."--Yvonna S. Lincoln, professor, Department of Educational Administration, Texas A+M University. Understanding experience as lived and told stories--also known as narrative inquiry--has gained popularity and credence in qualitative research. Unlike more traditional methods, narrative inquiry successfully captures personal and human dimensions that cannot be quantified into dry facts and numerical data. In this definitive guide, Jean Clandinin and Michael Connelly draw from more than twenty years of field experience to show how narrative inquiry can be used in educational and social science research. Tracing the origins of narrative inquiry in the social sciences, they offer new and practical ideas for conducting fieldwork, composing field notes, and conveying research results. Throughout the book, stories and examples reveal a wide range of narrative methods. Engaging and easy to read, Narrative Inquiry is a practical resource from experts who have long pioneered the use of narrative in qualitative research.
The Transpacific Flow: Creative Writing Programs in China (Asia Shorts)
by Jin FengWhat happens when a US cultural institution is imported to China, the purported chief rival of the United States in the twenty-first century? The first book-length account of university-based creative writing programs in China, this book reveals how Chinese intellectuals adapt American-style writing programs such as the Iowa Writers’ Workshop and the International Writing Program at Chinese universities to seek agency and literary innovation in the last two decades. The rise of creative writing programs in China explains broader issues of cultural production in an increasingly authoritarian and market-oriented postsocialist state. By telling a unique story of Chinese intellectuals’ interactions with an influential Western cultural institution, this book also shows how varied cultural and geopolitical priorities can rewrite the story of the global influence of the United States.
In and Out: Rights of Migrants in the European Space (UNIPA Springer Series)
by Francesco Lo Piccolo Annalisa Mangiaracina Giuseppe Paternostro Vincenzo TodaroThis book examines contemporary migratory movements, starting from the European zone, but with an extension to other territorial contexts as well, with research orientation that focuses on the account of the migratory experiences collected in the research activity of the different authors, according to a multidisciplinary dimension. Starting from these key topics, the authors articulated and further developed its reflections through its own experiences at the national and international level, taking root within the current scientific debate on migration. The interdisciplinary approach and the different and innovative ways of analysing in depth the thematic contents of the migration phenomenon have made it possible to identify some key research questions. The relative answers find space in the articulated and complex system of contributions that is developed within this book and in particular in the three thematic parts into which it is divided. The first one deals with the theme of migration confronted with issues related to the 'right to the city' and the 'right to housing'; the second one deals with issues related to human rights; finally, the third one focuses on the different narratives of migrants' life experiences and aspects related to the linguistic representation of the urban space.
The Storied Life: Christian Writing as Art and Worship
by Jared C. WilsonWhen writers write, they are getting in touch with the image of God in them. This is true in some way of all artistry, but writers especially create worlds, characters, histories, and transformation--all ex nihilo ("out of nothing").In The Storied Life, veteran author Jared C. Wilson explores the ins and outs of writers and writing, exploring the myriad ways the craft is more about transformation than simply communication. From decades of experience and with his signature wit, Wilson brings well-earned insight, autobiographical reflections, and meaningful meditations to the topic of writing as a way of life and as a way of worship, showing how the concept of Story--our personal stories and God's grand story of redemption--shapes fiction and non-fiction writers alike.Chapters focus on topics like:The liturgy of story.Writing as a spiritual act.Perseverance and endurance.Writing as a calling.Promotion, publishing, and platform.Whether you're a long-time writer or a beginning author, a daily journaler or an occasional dabbler, The Storied Life will help you improve your craft. It will lead you to think more deeply about the disciplines and dispositions needed to write for transformation.
Eurocentrism, Qurʾanic Translation and Decoloniality (Routledge Studies in Arabic Translation)
by Ahd OthmanEurocentrism, Qurʾanic Translation and Decoloniality contributes to the understanding of Eurocentrism in Translation Studies and engages with the concept through the lens of scholarship on Arabic and Qurʾan translation.This book calls for a deeper consideration of Eurocentrism as essential for several debates in the discipline, including its scientific character and future development. It claims that the angle of Arabic and Qurʾan translation is a valuable – and nearly unexploited – area where tensions in translation scholarship can play out in revealing ways. The book also draws connections between Eurocentrism, Qurʾan translation and decolonial thought in order to highlight ‘decoloniality’ as a useful framework for imagining a post-Eurocentric discipline.The book will appeal to scholars and postgraduate students and researchers interested in Translation Studies, particularly within the areas of Arabic, Qurʾanic, Islamic and religious translation.
Linguistic Archaeology: An Introduction and Methodological Guide
by Gerd CarlingLinguistic Archaeology provides students with an accessible introduction to the field of linguistic archaeology, both as theoretical framework and methodological toolkit, for understanding the conceptual foundations and practical considerations involved in reconstructing the prehistory of language.The book introduces the field’s expansion out of traditional approaches to focus more on the interplay of related disciplines and the reconstruction of human language beyond the written period. The opening chapter outlines key theories and charts their development from the nineteenth century through to today, drawing on work from computational historical linguistics, phylogenetics, and linguistic anthropology. Subsequent chapters build on theory to take a hands-on approach in mining empirical data in the process of reconstructing language prehistory, including references, links, and instructions to open access resources, and offering a step-by-step guide for employing the rich range of available methods in working with this data. Closing chapters situate theory and method in context against chronological and geographic perspectives and look ahead to future trajectories for continued progress in this emerging area of study.Offering a holistic entry point into linguistic archaeology, this innovative volume will be a helpful resource for students in historical linguistics, linguistic anthropology, language evolution, and cultural geography.
Investigating Unequal Englishes: Understanding, Researching and Analysing Inequalities of the Englishes of the World (Routledge Studies in World Englishes)
by Ruanni TupasRuanni Tupas presents rich insights into the inequalities of Englishes and the ways in which these inequalities shape and impact English and multilingual speakers from around the world.This edited volume gives a critical take on world Englishes, while showcasing for readers the various inequalities in treatment towards the people who speak English differently, as well as the injustice in that treatment. Research methodologies are explored, providing a glimpse into how data are collected and lending a more thorough look into each study and its conclusions. Chapters address the geopolitics of knowledge production in the teaching, learning and use of English, with strong representations from the peripheries of sociolinguistic studies of English. English is constructed as a language which enables socioeconomic mobility which is one factor that increases the importance of research into this issue, and this book enables researchers to widen their methods of research and apply them to their area of study.A valuable text for academic researchers, as well as postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, to better understand the linguistic, sociopolitical and epistemic inequality in English communication. It also provides readers with alternative perspectives on lingua-cultural pluralism to unpack social inequalities and hierarchies that exist today.
Celebrity Rhetoric and Sexual Misconduct Cases: Discursive Self-Cleaving (Routledge Focus on Communication Studies)
by Andrea McDonnellThis book considers the rhetorical strategies used by celebrities and their surrogates and attorneys when faced with claims of sexual misconduct.During the past five years, a series of public figures has claimed that their celebrity persona is distinct from their “real” self as a way of eluding allegations of sexual misconduct in the courthouse and in the court of public opinion. This book examines three case studies in which such claims were employed, namely Terry Bollea/Hulk Hogan, President Donald Trump/Reality Show Host Donald Trump, and R. Kelly/Robert Kelly, to assess the mediated and legal communicative strategies used and their potential implications. Using a technique which the author calls “discursive self-cleaving,” these stars strategically craft statements on social media, in the press, and in the courtroom to create a discourse that works to shift blame away from their behavior. The book also traces the relationship between these discursive approaches and the politics of sexual violence and domestic abuse during the early months of the #MeToo movement and beyond.Providing a richly detailed analysis of how this discourse functions and why jurors and members of the public find it convincing, this book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of communication studies, rhetoric, media, law, and popular culture studies.
Fast Politics: Propaganda in the Age of TikTok (The Language of Politics)
by Laura Pérez Rastrilla Pablo Sapag M. Armando Recio GarcíaThe goal of this book is to show the role of TikTok as a tool for political purposes. To this end, the authors analyse the messages posted on this social medium by political figures and institutions such as politicians and political parties, their impact on political landscapes, as well as the transformation of political communication techniques in order to suit the platform’s features. In the last two years, the exponential growth of TikTok has led an increasing number of politicians and institutions to incorporate it into their communication strategies. The platform displays some very different features from other social media that determine the way in which the content is presented. In addition, it manages to reach an audience that normally does not access or share political messages.Within this context, the volume pursues two main objectives. First, to examine how the communication techniques and the peculiarities of this social medium – where short videos with actors in informal attitudes prevail – affect the political message. A second objective is to analyse the influence of the messages distributed through TikTok that redefine political scenarios, and of the relationships of politicians and parties with voters. The core of the book comprises case studies that are organised into three parts, with nine chapters in all.The authors are scholars and practitioners of political communication, with diverse geographical representation, who approach the topics from a range of methodological perspectives. The first part addresses the state of the art and the influence of TikTok features on the way political communication is performed. The second part discusses the influence of TikTok on electoral scenarios and political culture in India, Bangladesh, the United States, and Ecuador. Finally, in the third part, TikTok is analysed as an instrument for promoting far right politicians and parties in Europe, as in the case of Matteo Salvini in Italy, and AfD in Germany and Vox in Spain.The volume is oriented to both scholars and communication professionals, such as journalists, communication consultants, and speechwriters, who want to become familiar with the platform, learn about its political impact, or wish to deepen their understanding of transformations in communication techniques and their adaptation to this growing social medium.
Poetry and Pedagogy in Higher Education: A Creative Approach to Teaching, Learning and Research
by Sam Illingworth Kirsten JackThis book invites us to consider the profound impact that poetry can have in shaping personal and professional development in a higher education setting. Suitable for educators, learners, and practitioners, it offers a transformative learning approach in using poetry for teaching, assessment, research, and reflection. The book includes diverse examples, case studies, and practical exercises, demonstrating poetry's application in personal and professional development in a higher education setting. Each chapter guides readers through these processes, empowering them to integrate poetry into their own teaching and learning practices in a way that is creative, inclusive, and impactful.
The Social Nature of Antibiotic Overprescription in China: Medical Conversations, Doctor–Patient Relationships, and Decision-Making (Routledge Studies in Language, Health and Culture)
by Nan Christine WangOffering a rarely seen glimpse into the realities of one of the biggest global public health crises in modern time, Wang’s book focuses on doctor–patient interactions in China to demonstrate the potential effects of health communication, doctor–patient relationship, and a matrix of social factors on overprescription of antibiotics.Based on a community-based survey, the book describes empirical findings regarding the high prevalence of non-prescribed antibiotics use for common colds among children in China. It covers the potential effects of overprescription on caregivers' attitudes and how physicians make prescribing decisions in medical consultations. Drawing from evidence in medical interaction data, readers are introduced to further empirical findings regarding the communicative behaviors that patient caregivers use to pressure for antibiotic prescriptions in real medical consultations. Following this, Wang reports findings regarding the communicative behaviors that physicians use to make treatment recommendations and caregivers use to launch treatment negotiations, leading to a discussion of the effect of the doctor–patient relationship on antibiotic overprescription. The book culminates in practice recommendations and provides teaching scenarios in which physicians successfully engage the caregivers into conversations to shape their expectations for antibiotic prescriptions in medical consultations.An important resource for scholars and students in health communication, linguistics, medical humanities, and medical sociology. Practitioners who are interested in understanding and improving clinical practices as well as policymakers aiming to combat antibiotic resistance will also find this book useful.
The Routledge Handbook of Latinx Life Writing (Routledge Literature Handbooks)
by Maria Joaquina VillaseñorThe Routledge Handbook of Latinx Life Writing provides an in‑depth introduction to Latinx life writing, taking a historical approach to the study of a variety of key Latinx life writers, genres, and thematic concerns. This volume includes chapters on fundamental genres of Latinx life writing including memoir, autobiography, oral history, testimonio, comics and graphic texts, poetry of protest, and theatre to more fully depict the breadth, dynamism, and vibrancy of Latinx life writing. Latinx people continuously engaged in the empowering act of telling their stories and narrating their lives, producing writing that at various times and in various ways expressed their joy, expressed their rage and anguish, and ultimately, asserted their subjectivity all the while indelibly contributing to the American literary landscape.
The Vocabulary Playbook: Learning Words That Matter, K-12
by Douglas Fisher Nancy FreyConcepts, conversation, collaboration—vocabulary instruction is so much more than lists of words. More is more when it comes to students’ vocabulary knowledge, and in The Vocabulary Playbook, educators in K-12 get ideas for transforming all children into curious, capable word learners. The key? Put away the word-list mindset, and embrace active modeling, peer work, and independent practice. Five modules offer direct instruction and effective routines that show how to: Select and teach only the most high-utility, transferable words that are ripe for discussion Use direct instruction to model word-solving in each content area Teach morphology in ways that invite students to apply understandings in reading, writing, talk, and listening Turn academic word-learning into a relevant experience with peer collaboration activities Create a culture of word consciousness by emphasizing concepts, modeling curiosity, and offering "low-risk" routines that make it okay to not yet know Intentional vocabulary instruction is critical in every grade, and in every content area. With The Vocabulary Playbook, your approach is now tactical, transparent, and fun. Whether you are an administrator executing a school-wide plan or a teacher eager for practical strategies, this is the book that will help students build academic success—word by word.
The Vocabulary Playbook: Learning Words That Matter, K-12
by Douglas Fisher Nancy FreyConcepts, conversation, collaboration—vocabulary instruction is so much more than lists of words. More is more when it comes to students’ vocabulary knowledge, and in The Vocabulary Playbook, educators in K-12 get ideas for transforming all children into curious, capable word learners. The key? Put away the word-list mindset, and embrace active modeling, peer work, and independent practice. Five modules offer direct instruction and effective routines that show how to: Select and teach only the most high-utility, transferable words that are ripe for discussion Use direct instruction to model word-solving in each content area Teach morphology in ways that invite students to apply understandings in reading, writing, talk, and listening Turn academic word-learning into a relevant experience with peer collaboration activities Create a culture of word consciousness by emphasizing concepts, modeling curiosity, and offering "low-risk" routines that make it okay to not yet know Intentional vocabulary instruction is critical in every grade, and in every content area. With The Vocabulary Playbook, your approach is now tactical, transparent, and fun. Whether you are an administrator executing a school-wide plan or a teacher eager for practical strategies, this is the book that will help students build academic success—word by word.
The New Academic: A Researcher's Guide to Writing and Presenting Content in a Modern World
by Simon ClewsWhat does it mean to be an academic in today's rapidly changing world?As a modern academic, you're expected to wear many hats. It's not enough to be outstanding in your chosen field. You also need to be able to connect with audiences, speak with wit and flair, write knock-out articles, attract media attention, and share it all with your huge social media following. But how do you do all of that?In The New Academic, Simon Clews offers a wealth of practical advice on how to write and speak in an entertaining, informative, and—above all else—accessible way. Aimed at researchers at all levels of experience, this book will set you up with the basics of writing and speaking for wide audiences, then teach you how to develop a public profile and gain traction online. In a rapidly changing world, The New Academic shows scholars how to be front and center in the public conversation, allowing more people to benefit from their knowledge and research.Funny, lively, and insightful, this is your hands-on guide for sharing your research with the world.
Building Vocabulary Skills, Fifth Edition
by Eliza Comodromos Paul LanganThis book introduces 300 essential words and word parts that are needed for general reading comprehension in high school and college.