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Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology
by Barry Smith Andrew D. Spear Robert ArpIn the era of "big data," science is increasingly information driven, and the potential for computers to store, manage, and integrate massive amounts of data has given rise to such new disciplinary fields as biomedical informatics. Applied ontology offers a strategy for the organization of scientific information in computer-tractable form, drawing on concepts not only from computer and information science but also from linguistics, logic, and philosophy. This book provides an introduction to the field of applied ontology that is of particular relevance to biomedicine, covering theoretical components of ontologies, best practices for ontology design, and examples of biomedical ontologies in use.After defining an ontology as a representation of the types of entities in a given domain, the book distinguishes between different kinds of ontologies and taxonomies, and shows how applied ontology draws on more traditional ideas from metaphysics. It presents the core features of the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), now used by over one hundred ontology projects around the world, and offers examples of domain ontologies that utilize BFO. The book also describes Web Ontology Language (OWL), a common framework for Semantic Web technologies. Throughout, the book provides concrete recommendations for the design and construction of domain ontologies.
Building on Air
by Stokes, Raymond G. and Banken, Ralf Raymond G. Stokes Ralf BankenThe industrial gases industry originated in 1886, when a London-based company began producing high-purity oxygen. Initially, purified oxygen was a solution in search of a problem, but demand for it soared early in the twentieth century with the emergence of welding technology. By then, dramatic technological improvements in air separation and purification had emerged, as had most key firms dominating the industry today. Building on air in the decades that followed, the firms expanded their product range and geographical reach to create applications that were essential to every manufacturing process in the modern world, from semiconductor production to oil refining, waste water treatment, and steel-making. This is the first scholarly history of this vital but invisible industry from its origins to the present. Based on unparalleled access to company and public archives, the book explores business and technological development, industrial evolution, and the industry's local roots and international and global reach.
Building Materials, Health and Indoor Air Quality: Volume 2
by Tom WoolleyIn Building Materials, Health and Indoor Air Quality: Volume 2 Tom Woolley uses new research to continue to advocate for limiting the use of hazardous materials in construction and raise awareness of the links between pollutants found in building materials, poor indoor air quality and health problems. Chapters in this volume reinforce previous arguments and present new ones covering: Further evidence of the health impacts of hazardous emissions from materials Hazardous materials to be avoided and why Fire and smoke toxicity – the Lakanal House and Grenfell Tower legacy Sub-standard retrofits leading to damp and mould in previously sound houses A critical review of recent reports from UK Government and others on air quality and health problems including policy changes on flame retardants Growing evidence of cancer risks and the failure of cancer research organisations to address these issues A critical review of recent climate change and zero carbon policies and a discussion on whether extreme energy efficiency is a good thing This book asks some important and, for some, uncomfortable questions, but in doing so it brings to light important areas for research and provides much needed guidance for architects, engineers, construction professionals, students and researchers on hazardous materials and how to reduce their use and design and build healthier buildings for all occupants.
Building Materials for Sustainable and Ecological Environment
by Varenyam Achal Chee Seong ChinThis book uses theories, hypotheses, policies, practical insights and case studies to introduce and elucidate green building materials for sustainable construction. Cement is the most widely used building material in construction; however, it is not sustainable, being responsible for 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions and consuming huge quantities of energy. In order to limit the ecological damage, sustainable building materials are needed. Ecosystems are a source of important lessons and models for transitioning the built environment onto a sustainable path that opens options for sustainable building material in construction. The book provides a guide for readers seeking knowledge on sustainable building materials with the potential to lower environmental impact by reducing CO2 emission throughout the building’s lifecycle. The book is motivated by recent rapid advances in sustainable building materials production, including green building materials made of industrial by-products and recycled wastes, earth materials, plant-based materials, microbial-based materials or supplementary cementitious materials, to reduce the environmental impacts of traditional building materials. Discussing the development and applications of various sustainable building materials, including related case studies, and addressing the environmental issue with a holistic and systematic approach that creates an ecology of construction for sustainability in infrastructures, it offers promising solutions to achieve renewable and sustainable building materials for the future.
Building Materials: Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards
by Kathleen Hess-KosaThe construction industry is bombarded with ever-changing building materials—components of which are more and more difficult, if not impossible, to identify. Building material emissions have been implicated as a major source of indoor air pollution, and toxic gases, often unidentified, are generated in building fires. Building Materials: Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards undertakes the task of identifying building materials emission and combustion health hazards. This practical guide introduces the complex world of polymers commonly used in building materials along with plasticizers and additives that are not regulated by OSHA. It also explores the topic of building materials as they relate to function and their emissions/combustion products along with thermal decomposition and combustion products as they relate to fire first responders. Engaging environmental professionals, construction management firms, architects, first respondents, and students, this valuable reference delivers a comprehensive spectrum of knowledge needed to face the challenges of managing building materials in the twenty-first century. Awareness is the first line of defense!
Building Marble Runs (Fun STEM Challenges)
by Marne VenturaWhat does it take to make a marble run? Gather some supplies and try it out for yourself! Discover tips and ideas on how to build the best marble run around!
Building Life-cycle Management. Information Systems and Technologies: Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #231)
by Alexander Ginzburg Kashevarova GalinaThis book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of information systems and construction engineering, as presented by researchers and engineers at the International Scientific Conference Building Life-cycle Management. Information Systems and Technologies, held in Moscow, Russia on November 26, 2021. It covers highly diverse topics, including Information modeling technologies in building life-cycle management, Mathematical models and methods for building life-cycle management, Management of organizational processes in construction. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations in the construction industry.
Building Knowledge for Geohazard Assessment and Management in the Caucasus and other Orogenic Regions (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)
by Fabio Luca Bonali Federico Pasquaré Mariotto Nino TsereteliThis volume is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the state of art of research related to geo-related hazards in the Caucasus and other orogenic regions; it is also devoted to shedding light on a broad array of geological phenomena as well as discussing innovative tools and strategies for geohazard assessment. Additional emphasis is placed on preventive and mitigation measures, which might be helpful in tackling seismic, volcanic and landslide risks affecting major lifelines and infrastructures. The innovative, multidisciplinary methodologies illustrated in this volume may be successfully applied to other orogenic regions across the globe. The book features major scientific contributions from experts working on different Earth Science topics, such as seismology, structural geology, applied geology and volcanology. Its chapters describe a wide gamut of cutting-edge research methodologies and are thus intended to be read and shared by the worldwide Earth Science community. In particular, the readers will have a chance to gain a thorough knowledge of a number of key geological features that can be observed across both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus. Moreover, the volume provides a thorough description of the techniques employed to assess seismic hazard in major cities - such as microzonation - and an overview of the efforts taken to monitor and prevent seismic and landslide hazard posed to vital energy infrastructures in the Caucasus region.
Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (BIPVS)
by Andrés Julián Aristizábal Cardona Carlos Arturo Páez Chica Daniel Hernán Ospina BarragánThis book discusses building-integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV) and provides solutions for solving problems related to designing, sizing and monitoring a BIPV that has been used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights or facades. The book begins by introducing the basics to readers interested in learning about this technology and then outlines in an accessible way, a practical development plan for the installation and monitoring of these systems in residential, industrial, and commercial buildings. Chapters discuss the needs of installing, designing, and sizing and provide a financial analysis for a successful implementation of a BIPV system. This book is a useful tool for renewable energy designers, energy contractors, architects, government institutions, and those in the academic community who are interested in seamlessly integrating solar panels into the construction phase of new building projects or retrofitted into existing buildings.
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Trentino Alto Adige
by Laura Maturi Jennifer AdamiThis book describes exemplary selected projects carried out in the Trentino-Alto Adige region (Italy) exploring numerous building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) systems (i.e. modules, construction system, energy systems). It presents 18 case studies analyzing three aspects of PV integration: aesthetic, energy and technology, with information on decision-making, design process and lessons learnt given for each, along with several pictures, including of general system and architectural details. Based on interviews with architects and engineers, experts from façade/glass manufacturers, energy consultants, BIPV experts, PV installers, electricians, private and public building owners and real estate companies, the book provides a source of inspiration and technical knowledge for architects and engineers towards an increased use of PV in architecture.
Building Institutions for Resilience: Combatting Climate Change (Sustainable Development Goals Series)
by Andrew Simmons Andree-Ann SimmonsThis volume uses a case study approach to present data on the relevance and effectiveness of the strategic actions implemented by NGOs, IGOs and governments at national, regional, and international scales, drawing lessons and recommendations to enhance the capacity of governments and institutions to deliver on climate change adaptation and sustainable development initiatives. The authors provide insights to policymakers, community leaders, students and researchers working on climate change adaptation and resilience-building practices and strategies in vulnerable communities, including small island developing states and post-conflict states, focusing on innovative management practices and institutional capacity building. The cases presented here provide insights into how institutions can strengthen local, national, and regional capacities to adapt to climate change and other calamities.
Building Industries at Sea - ‘Blue Growth’ and the New Maritime Economy
by Kate Johnson Gordon Dalton Ian MastersThroughout the world there is evidence of mounting interest in marine resources and new maritime industries to create jobs, economic growth and to help in the provision of energy and food security. Expanding populations, insecurity of traditional sources of supply and the effects of climate change add urgency to a perceived need to address and overcome the serious challenges of working in the maritime environment. Four promising areas of activity for ‘Blue Growth’ have been identified at European Union policy level including Aquaculture; Renewable Energy (offshore wind, wave and tide); Seabed Mining; and Blue Biotechnology. Work has started to raise the technological and investment readiness levels (TRLs and IRLs) of these prospective industries drawing on the experience of established maritime industries such as Offshore Oil and Gas; Shipping; Fisheries and Tourism. An accord has to be struck between policy makers and regulators on the one hand, anxious to direct research and business incentives in effective and efficient directions, and developers, investors and businesses on the other, anxious to reduce the risks of such potentially profitable but innovative investments.The EU H2020 MARIBE (Marine Investment for the Blue Economy) funded project was designed to identify the key technical and non-technical challenges facing maritime industries and to place them into the social and economic context of the coastal and ocean economy. MARIBE went on to examine with companies, real projects for the combination of marine industry sectors into multi-use platforms (MUPs). The purpose of this book is to publish the detailed analysis of each prospective and established maritime business sector. Sector experts working to a common template explain what these industries are, how they work, their prospects to create wealth and employment, and where they currently stand in terms of innovation, trends and their lifecycle. The book goes on to describe progress with the changing regulatory and planning regimes in the European Sea Basins including the Caribbean where there are significant European interests. The book includes:• Experienced chapter authors from a truly multidisciplinary team of sector specialisms• First extensive study to compare and contrast traditional Blue Economy with Blue Growth• Complementary to EU and National policies for multi-use of maritime space
Building Hawaii’s Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium
by Charles W. WessnerResponding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U. S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sectoral focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium explains the study of selected state and regional programs in order to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. This report reviews selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy also reviews efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to better understand program goals, challenges, and accomplishments.
Building Habitats on the Moon: Engineering Approaches to Lunar Settlements (Springer Praxis Books)
by Haym BenaroyaDesigning a habitat for the lunar surface? You will need to know more than structural engineering. There are the effects of meteoroids, radiation, and low gravity. Then there are the psychological and psychosocial aspects of living in close quarters, in a dangerous environment, far away from home. All these must be considered when the habitat is sized, materials specified, and structure designed. This book provides an overview of various concepts for lunar habitats and structural designs and characterizes the lunar environment - the technical and the nontechnical. The designs take into consideration psychological comfort, structural strength against seismic and thermal activity, as well as internal pressurization and 1/6 g. Also discussed are micrometeoroid modeling, risk and redundancy as well as probability and reliability, with an introduction to analytical tools that can be useful in modeling uncertainties.
Building Global Resilience in the Aftermath of Sustainable Development: Planet, People and Politics (Palgrave Studies in Environmental Policy and Regulation)
by Richard PagettThis book explains why the concept of sustainable development needs to be consigned to history. Using examples from around the world, Richard Pagett illustrates how so-called sustainable development has simply been a cul-de-sac, condemning millions to continuing extreme poverty. Building Global Resilience in the Aftermath of Sustainable Development highlights the futility of current governance systems in meeting modern day global challenges. It also explains the changes that are necessary for a more just and equitable economic societal model, with planetary limits at its core, to further the resilience of communities and society at large. These changes are crucial to confronting the existential threats posed by climate change, resource depletion and overpopulation. This book will be of particular interest to practitioners of environmental management and to anyone concerned for the future of the planet.
Building Enterprise IoT Applications
by Chandrasekar VuppalapatiMcKinsey Global Institute predicts Internet of Things (IoT) could generate up to $11.1 trillion a year in economic value by 2025. Gartner Research Company expects 20 billion inter-connected devices by 2020 and, as per Gartner, the IoT will have a significant impact on the economy by transforming many enterprises into digital businesses and facilitating new business models, improving efficiency and increasing employee and customer engagement. It’s clear from above and our research that the IoT is a game changer and will have huge positive impact in foreseeable future. In order to harvest the benefits of IoT revolution, the traditional software development paradigms must be fully upgraded. The mission of our book, is to prepare current and future software engineering teams with the skills and tools to fully utilize IoT capabilities. The book introduces essential IoT concepts from the perspectives of full-scale software development with the emphasis on creating niche blue ocean products. It also: Outlines a fundamental full stack architecture for IoT Describes various development technologies in each IoT layer Explains IoT solution development from Product management perspective Extensively covers security and applicable threat models as part of IoT stack The book provides details of several IoT reference architectures with emphasis on data integration, edge analytics, cluster architectures and closed loop responses.
Building Engineering Facing the Challenges of the 21st Century: Holistic Study from the Perspectives of Materials, Construction, Energy and Sustainability (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #345)
by David Bienvenido-Huertas Joaquín Durán-ÁlvarezBuilding engineering is a complex and constantly evolving branch. The needs of the XXI century society cause a constant change in construction industry due to the need to achieve sustainable and ecological buildings. This affects all levels and phases of this engineering. Given this circumstance, numerous researchers turn their efforts to find optimal solutions for building engineering. For this reason, in this book a holistic analysis of building engineering is carried out from the perspectives that have a greater weight for sustainability objectives. The book is divided into 6 sections: (i) Building materials, which deals with research related to the most innovative and sustainable building materials; (ii) Design and construction, which deals with existing methodologies and advances in design and construction in construction sector; (iii) Building repair and maintenance, which deals with building repair, maintenance and upkeep techniques; (iv) Energy efficiency, which analyses the latest research on the energy efficiency of buildings and their behaviour in the face of climate change; (v) Sustainability, which analyses the establishment of measures to achieve a more sustainable built environment; and (vi) construction management, which compiles the latest studies in the field of Project manager. The 38 chapters of the book together constitute an advance for the topic of building engineering. The aspects covered in the book are of great interest to various sectors, such as researchers, engineers, architects, legislators and interested parties.
Building Energy Simulation: A Workbook Using DesignBuilder™
by Aviruch Bhatia Jyotirmay Mathur Surekha Tetali Vishal GargThis book describes various components and systems of a building and their effect on energy consumption, with the help of an energy simulation tool. The book explains simulation input parameters, along with how to do analysis of the simulation output. With minimal use of mathematical equations, the basics of building physics and energy simulation are explained using words, illustrative examples, charts, tables, and figures.
Building Energy Simulation: A Workbook Using DesignBuilder™
by Vishal Garg Jyotirmay Mathur Aviruch BhatiaThe second edition of Building Energy Simulation includes studies of various components and systems of buildings and their effect on energy consumption, with the help of DesignBuilderTM, a front-end for the EnergyPlus simulation engine, supported by examples and exercises. The book employs a "learning by doing" methodology. It explains simulation-input parameters and how-to-do analysis of the simulation output, in the process explaining building physics and energy simulation. Divided into three sections, it covers the fundamentals of energy simulation followed by advanced topics in energy simulation and simulation for compliance with building codes and detailed case studies for comprehensive building energy simulation. Features: Focuses on learning building energy simulation while being interactive through examples and exercises. Explains the building physics and the science behind the energy performance of buildings. Encourages an integrated design approach by explaining the interactions between various building systems and their effect on energy performance of building. Discusses a how-to model for building energy code compliance including three projects to practice whole building simulation. Provides hands-on training of building energy simulation tools: DesignBuilder™ and EnergyPlus. Building Energy Simulation is intended for students and researchers in building energy courses, energy simulation professionals, and architects.
Building Dependable Distributed Systems
by Wenbing ZhaoThis book covers the most essential techniques for designing and building dependable distributed systems. Instead of covering a broad range of research works for each dependability strategy, the book focuses only a selected few (usually the most seminal works, the most practical approaches, or the first publication of each approach) are included and explained in depth, usually with a comprehensive set of examples. The goal is to dissect each technique thoroughly so that readers who are not familiar with dependable distributed computing can actually grasp the technique after studying the book.The book contains eight chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic concepts and terminologies of dependable distributed computing, and also provide an overview of the primary means for achieving dependability. The second chapter describes in detail the checkpointing and logging mechanisms, which are the most commonly used means to achieve limited degree of fault tolerance. Such mechanisms also serve as the foundation for more sophisticated dependability solutions. Chapter three covers the works on recovery-oriented computing, which focus on the practical techniques that reduce the fault detection and recovery times for Internet-based applications. Chapter four outlines the replication techniques for data and service fault tolerance. This chapter also pays particular attention to optimistic replication and the CAP theorem. Chapter five explains a few seminal works on group communication systems. Chapter six introduces the distributed consensus problem and covers a number of Paxos family algorithms in depth. Chapter seven introduces the Byzantine generals problem and its latest solutions, including the seminal Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm and a number of its derivatives. The final chapter covers the latest research results on application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance, which is an important step forward towards practical use of Byzantine fault tolerance techniques.
Building Data Science Teams
by D. J. PatilAs data science evolves to become a business necessity, the importance of assembling a strong and innovative data teams grows. In this in-depth report, data scientist DJ Patil explains the skills, perspectives, tools and processes that position data science teams for success.
Building Construction and Technology (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #360)
by Vijayalaxmi J.This book highlights various aspects of building construction industry based on data from field studies. It discusses the challenges, methodologies, technological applications in building construction, technology, and management. The book presents new approaches to effective building construction and an understanding of the impact of applications of latest technologies. This book is aimed at researchers and professionals in civil engineering and building engineering management to assist in understanding the domain along with recent applications, the advantages, and practical limitations through real-life case studies. This book is useful for building engineers in understanding the effective use of technology, construction methods, and project delivery systems.
Building Common Interests in the Arctic Ocean with Global Inclusion: Volume 2 (Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability)
by Paul Arthur Berkman Alexander N. Vylegzhanin Oran R. Young David A. Balton Ole Rasmus ØvretveitThis book contains an inclusive compilation of perspectives about the Arctic Ocean with contributions that extend from Indigenous residents and early career scientists to Foreign Ministers, involving perspectives across the spectrum of subnational-national-international jurisdictions. The Arctic Ocean is being transformed with global climate warming into a seasonally ice-free sea, creating challenges as well as opportunities that operate short-to-long term, underscoring the necessity to make informed decisions across a continuum of urgencies from security to sustainability time scales. The Arctic Ocean offers a case study with lessons that are especially profound at this moment when humankind is exposed to a pandemic, awakening a common interest in survival across our globally-interconnected civilization unlike any period since the Second World War. This second volume in the Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability series reveals that building global inclusion involves common interests to address changes effectively “for the benefit of all on Earth across generations.”
Building Bridges at the Science-Stakeholder Interface: Towards Knowledge Exchange In Earth System Science (SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences)
by Gesche KrauseThis book covers the approaches, applied methods and central participatory processes at the science-stakeholder interfaces embedded in the development of the "Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP)". The latter is an initiative of the German Helmholtz Association, synthesizing the expertise of the eight Helmholtz research institutions focusing on Earth System Sciences. The contributions showcase the approach of the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) within the ESKP initiative. Central focus is placed on the question as to which knowledge transfer processes can be employed to foster meaningful approaches based on science-stakeholder dialogues, data products, and/or modelling. The authors suggest that the tools and approaches for enhancing the vital contributions of science to addressing societal challenges warrant further investigation and development.
Building Breakthroughs: On the Frontier of Medical Innovation
by Raju PrasadFrom mRNA vaccines to gene therapies, the next frontier of medical innovation is here.In Building Breakthroughs, Raju Prasad tells the story of important advancements in biotechnology and medical innovation from gene therapies to mRNA vaccines, providing historical context and examining cutting-edge research. Based on in-depth interviews with both the scientists who developed these discoveries and the patients who have benefited from them, Building Breakthroughs reveals the key players behind drug development and the inner workings of this essential business. Through stories of patients and their families, and of the researchers creating new treatments, Prasad reveals how cell therapies are advancing to treat childhood leukemia and a form of lymphoma, how a gene therapy was established to treat the rare disease spinal muscular atrophy type I, and potentially curative therapies that are being developed for sickle cell disease. By examining the clinical trial and regulatory paths each therapy took to reach approval, Prasad uncovers the building blocks of biotechnology innovation and the investments that must be made to catalyze the development of future breakthroughs. He also explores issues of scientific communication and misinformation, providing recommendations for improvements in the future.For those seeking to understand the vitally important processes that lead to new medicines and the surrounding ecosystem that is enabling the next generation of innovative medicines with the potential to transform patient outcomes, Building Breakthroughs is essential reading.