- Table View
- List View
Emotions and Architecture: Forging Mediterranean Cities Between the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time (Routledge Research in Architectural History)
by Francesca Lembo Fazio Valentina TomassettiEmotions and Architecture: Forging Mediterranean Cities Between the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time explores architecture as a medium to arouse or conceal emotions, to build consensus through shared values, or to reconnect the urban community to its alleged ancestry. The chapters in this edited collection outline how architectonic symbols, images, and structures were codified – and sometimes recast – to match or to arouse emotions awakened by wars, political dominance, pandemic challenges, and religion. As signs of spiritual and political power, these elements were embraced and modulated locally, providing an endorsement to authorities and rituals for the community. This volume provides an overview of the phenomenon across the Italian region, stressing the transnationality of selected symbols and their various declinations in local contexts. It deepens the issue of refitting symbols, artworks, and structures to arouse emotions by carefully analysing specific cases, such as the Septizodium in Rome, the Holy House of Loreto in Venice, and the reconstruction of L'Aquila. The collection, through its variegated contributions, offers a comprehensive view of the phenomenon: exploring the issue from political, social, religious, and public health perspectives, and seeking to propose a new definition of architecture as a visual emotional language. Together, the chapters show how the representation of virtues and emotions through architecture was part of a symbolic practice shared by many across the Italian context. This book will be of interest to researchers and students studying architectural history, the history of emotions, and the history of art.
Emotions in Contemporary TV Series
by Alberto Garc�aThis edited collection offers a wide range of essays showcasing current research on emotions in TV series. The chapters develop from a variety of research traditions in film, television and media studies and explores American, British, Nordic and Spanish TV series.
Emotions in Technology Design: From Experience to Ethics (Human–Computer Interaction Series)
by Pertti Saariluoma Jaana Leikas Rebekah RousiUnderstanding emotions is becoming ever more valuable in design, both in terms of what people prefer as well as in relation to how they behave in relation to it. Approaches to conceptualising emotions in technology design, how emotions can be operationalised and how they can be measured are paramount to ascertaining the core principles of design. Emotions in Technology Design: From Experience to Ethics provides a multi-dimensional approach to studying, designing and comprehending emotions in design. It presents emotions as understood through basic human-technology research, applied design practice, culture and aesthetics, ethical approaches to emotional design, and ethics as a cultural framework for emotions in design experience. Core elements running through the book are: cognitive science – cognitive-affective theories of emotions (i.e., Appraisal); culture – the ways in which our minds are trained to recognise, respond to and influence design; and ethics – a deep cultural framework of interpretations of good versus evil. This ethical understanding brings culture and cognition together to form genuine emotional experience. This book is essential reading for designers, technology developers, HCI and cognitive science scholars, educators and students (at both undergraduate and graduate levels) in terms of emotional design methods and tools, systematic measurement of emotion in design experience, cultural theory underpinning how emotions operate in the production and interaction of design, and how ethics influence basic (primal) and higher level emotional reactions. The broader scope equips design practitioners, developers and scholars with that ‘something more’ in terms of understanding how emotional experience of technology can be positioned in relation to cultural discourse and ethics.
Emotions, Ethics, and Cinematic Experience: New Phenomenological and Cognitivist Perspectives
by Robert SinnerbrinkSince the early 1990s, phenomenology and cognitivism have become two of the most influential approaches to film theory. Yet far from being at odds with each other, both approaches offer important insights on our subjective experience of cinema. Emotions, Ethics, and Cinematic Experience explores how these two approaches might work together to create a philosophy of film that is both descriptively rich and theoretically productive by addressing the key relationship between cinematic experience, emotions, and ethics.
Empathetic Space on Screen
by Amedeo D'AdamoIn this book we learn that there is a clear but complex relationship between setting and character on screen. Certain settings stand out above others—think of the iconic gooey dripping tunnels that Ripley stumbles through in Aliens, Norman’s bird-decorated parlour in Psycho or the dark Gotham of certain Batman movies. But what makes these particular settings so powerful and iconic? Amedeo D’Adamo explains why we care about and cry for certain characters, and then focuses on how certain places then become windows onto their emotional lives. Using popular case studies such as Apocalypse Now, Amelie, Homeland and The Secret Garden, this original and insightful book is the first to really explain what makes some settings so effective, revealing an important but as yet uncovered machinery of empathy in visual narrative space. An invaluable resource for students, academics and indeed young filmmakers designing their very own narratives for space on screen.
Empathie und Parteilichkeit gegenüber fiktionalen Figuren in Videospielen: Eine Analyse von narrativen Strategien am Beispiel von “The Last of Us Part II” (BestMasters)
by Anja SegschneiderWie entstehen Empathie und Parteilichkeit in interaktiven Medien? Ausgehend von der These, dass interaktive Medien wie Videospiele eher dazu in der Lage sind, Empathie und Parteilichkeit zu erzeugen als lineare Medien, geht die Arbeit dieser Frage nach. Als Beispiel dient das populäre Survival-Horror-Spiel „The Last of Us Part II“ aus dem Jahr 2020. Das theoretische Fundament bilden bestehende Theorien aus Film- und Medienwissenschaft sowie der Psychologie, die auf das interaktive Medium übertragen und angepasst werden. Ein Fokus liegt auf narrativen und ludonarrativen Strategien. Dabei schlägt die Arbeit auch einen Bogen zu gesamtgesellschaftlichen Trends in den Medien und analysiert, inwiefern die Strategien für Parteilichkeit und Empathie in interaktiven Medien einen nachhaltigen Einfluss in der realen Welt entfalten können.
Empathy and Business Transformation
by Satu Miettinen Melanie SarantouDue to its potential transformative nature, empathy has increasingly received attention in business, psychology, neuroscience, education, medicine, social sciences and design, to mention only a few. During the last two decades, discussions about the role of empathy in design and creative research and practice have developed, with empathy perceived as a key instrument in human-centred design and design thinking. This book revisits the powerful concept of empathy in the new post-pandemic era in which ubiquitous digitalisation presents challenges to retaining human-centredness when developing products and services. The book presents a practical four-step approach to the challenges presented concerning how organisations can turn from merely feeling empathy with or for people, to actions of empathy and compassion that can be implemented with and by communities. A wide range of organisations and organisational settings can benefit from the presented case studies and research methods. Through them, the book explores how to discover, share and act with empathy and compassion in the new digitally driven post-pandemic era to innovate across a wide range of organisations, including for-profit and not-for-profit businesses and those in the public and third sectors. This edited volume will appeal to global researchers in the fields of product and service design and digital, social innovation, as well those interested in organisational development. The practical, interdisciplinary nature of the book and innovative four-step approach will also appeal to upper-level students.
Empathy and Performance: Enactments of Power in Latinx America (Performing Latin American and Caribbean Identities)
by Laura V. SándezEmpathy and Performance advances a study of empathy and enactments of power by examining works from author-actors whose performances explore the boundaries between two kinship positions. Author Laura V. Sández studies the dramatized dilemma of cultural understanding in &“Our America,&” a notion that refers first to a collective political identity marking a common belonging in the Spanish-speaking America but also alludes to current struggles in the contemporary US. This book sees empathy as an affective response grounded in subjectivity and kinship. Sández argues that to conceptualize empathy one needs to understand how subjects organize, classify, and limit themselves, not only as agents, but also as interpreters. What sort of affiliations do these performances promote? How do they break, reinforce, or queer societal expectations about the Latinx body, the white body, or simply, the staged body? To survey different answers to these queries, Sández studies Indigurrito (Nao Bustamante); Dominicanish (Josefina Báez); ¡Bienvenidos Blancos! or Welcome White People! (Alex Torra); the apology delivered by the group Veterans Stand with Standing Rock during protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline; and Kukuli Velarde&’s body of work, from We, the Colonized Ones to A Mi Vida. In these artistic enactments, which range from 1992 to 2021, the historical construct of boundaries and bodies becomes evident. Following recent work on empathy by Lanzoni, Maibom, Calloway-Thomas, Bloom, Hogan, and Matravers, among others, Sández examines in-group/out-group divisions, the establishment of identity categories through performance, and the exploration of subaltern identities.
Empire
by Robert HamAn unofficial guide to EMPIRE, the runaway hit of the 2014-15 television season.Empire is the breakout, network television hit of 2015--from its opening night, viewers were riveted by the story of record company magnate Lucious Lyon and his family, and the struggle for control over Empire Entertainment. As the second season approaches this September, Empire: The Unauthorized Untold Story tells you everything you need to know about this powerful drama. You'll get full backgrounds on all the major players, including the real-life entertainment icons on whom their stories are based. You'll learn about the music and fashions that helped drive the show's success. And you'll get a hint of what the second season might hold as show creators Lee Daniels and Danny Strong prepare to build on their phenomenal opening act.
Empire Builders: An Illustrated History of the Rise and Fall of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers
by Lauren R. PaciniEmpire Builders tells the story of Oris P. and Mantis J. Sweringen, two brothers from Wooster, Ohio, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although they were born into abject poverty, Oris was an extraordinary visionary who, with the help of his devoted younger brother, amassed a vast fortune in real estate and railroad developments. Their major breakthrough came in 1913 with the establishment of Shaker Heights, an affluent garden suburb connected by a brand-new interurban railroad to the booming midwestern metropolis of Cleveland. The Van Sweringens' ascension after Shaker Heights was meteoric, and it culminated with the construction of the 52-story Terminal Tower in downtown Cleveland in 1927. However, the country's economy came crashing down after the 1929 stock market collapse, and their empire crumbled around them. Empire Builders is the first new biography of the Van Sweringen brothers in more than twenty years. In it, architectural photographer and local history author Lauren R. Pacini tells the remarkable story of the Van Sweringen brothers through words and images. This richly illustrated volume features more than 150 new photographs of the still-fabulous historic homes the brothers built throughout greater Cleveland.The foreword is written by John J. Grabowski.
Empire Building: Orientalism and Victorian Architecture
by Mark CrinsonThe colonial architecture of the nineteenth century has much to tell us of the history of colonialism and cultural exchange. Yet, these buildings can be read in many ways. Do they stand as witnesses to the rapacity and self-delusion of empire? Are they monuments to a world of lost glory and forgotten convictions? Do they reveal battles won by indigenous cultures and styles? Or do they simply represent an architectural style made absurdly incongruous in relocation? Empire Building is a study of how and why Western architecture was exported to the Middle East and how Islamic and Byzantine architectural ideas and styles impacted on the West. The book explores how far racial theory and political and religious agendas guided British architects (and how such ideas were resisted when applied), and how Eastern ideas came to influence the West, through writers such as Ruskin and buildings such as the Crystal Palace. Beautifully written and lavishly illustrated, Empire Building takes the reader on an extraordinary postcolonial journey, backwards and forwards, into the heart and to the edge of empire.
Empire Films and the Crisis of Colonialism, 1946–1959
by Jon CowansThe first transnational history of cinema’s role in decolonization.Using popular cinema from the United States, Britain, and France, Empire Films and the Crisis of Colonialism, 1946–1959, examines postwar Western attitudes toward colonialism and race relations. Historians have written much about the high politics of decolonization but little about what ordinary citizens thought about losing their empires. Popular cinema provided the main source of images of the colonies, and, according to Jon Cowans in this far-reaching book, films depicting the excesses of empire helped Westerners come to terms with decolonization and even promoted the dismantling of colonialism around the globe.Examining more than one hundred British, French, and American films from the post–World War II era, Cowans concentrates on movies that depict interactions between white colonizers and nonwhite colonial subjects, including sexual and romantic relations. Although certain conservative films eagerly supported colonialism, Cowans argues that the more numerous "liberal colonialist" productions undermined support for key aspects of colonial rule, while a few more provocative films openly favored anticolonial movements and urged "internal decolonization" for people of color in Britain, France, and the United States.Combining new archival research on the films’ production with sharp analysis of their imagery and political messages, the book also assesses their reception through box-office figures and newspaper reviews. It examines both high-profile and lesser-known films on overseas colonialism, including The King and I, Bhowani Junction, and Island in the Sun, and tackles treatments of miscegenation and "internal colonialism" that appeared in Westerns and American films like Pinky and Giant. The first truly transnational history of cinema’s role in decolonization, this powerful book weaves a unified historical narrative out of the experiences of three colonial powers in diverse geographic settings.
Empire Movie Miscellany: Instant Film Buff Status Guaranteed
by Empire MagazineFrom the team who brought you The Empire Film Guide, here are all the obscure, indecent and downright bizarre movie facts and figures that were not considered sensible for a practical film guide. Discover which country translated GI Jane as Satan Female Soldier, which Hollywood heartthrob is the lead singer of 30 Odd Foot of Grunts, and which country takes a bag of toasted leaf cutter ants to the cinema instead of popcorn! The Schott's Miscellany of movies, packed full of movie facts, figures and lists, as well as explanations of filmmaking terminology and a "shot miscellany" - a list of all the various camera shots. You will soon know your Oscar Hosts from your Monty Python French insults, and never be short of small talk again!
Empire Ranch
by Gail Waechter Corkill Sharon E. HuntThe Empire Ranch sits in the heart of the rolling grasslands and oak-studded foothills of Las Cienegas National Conservation Area in southeastern Arizona. Its remarkable history and the ranching way of life are told through the stories of the men, women, and children of the Empire, most notably the Vail, Boice, and Donaldson families. Walter L. Vail and Herbert R. Hislop purchased the Empire Ranch homestead for $2,000 in 1876. The Vail family operated the ranch until 1928, turning it into a cattle ranching empire. From 1928 to 1975, the well-respected Boice family ran a vibrant Hereford operation on the Empire. The Donaldson family used innovative range management methods to continue the ranching legacy from 1975 to 2009. Today, the ranch, under the management of the Bureau of Land Management, remains one of the oldest continuously working cattle ranches in the region.
Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille
by Scott EymanBEST KNOWN AS THE DIRECTOR of such spectacular films as The Ten Commandments and King of Kings, Cecil B. DeMille lived a life as epic as any of his cinematic masterpieces. As a child DeMille learned the Bible from his father, a theology student and playwright who introduced Cecil and his older brother, William, to the theater. Tutored by impresario David Belasco, DeMille discovered how audiences responded to showmanship: sets, lights, costumes, etc. He took this knowledge with him to Los Angeles in 1913, where he became one of the movie pioneers, in partnership with Jesse Lasky and Lasky’s brother-in-law Samuel Goldfish (later Goldwyn). Working out of a barn on streets fragrant with orange blossom and pepper trees, the Lasky company turned out a string of successful silents, most of them directed by DeMille, who became one of the biggest names of the silent era. With films such as The Squaw Man, Brewster’s Millions, Joan the Woman, and Don’t Change Your Husband, he was the creative backbone of what would become Paramount Studios. In 1923 he filmed his first version of The Ten Commandments and later a second biblical epic, King of Kings, both enormous box-office successes. Although his reputation rests largely on the biblical epics he made, DeMille’s personal life was no morality tale. He remained married to his wife, Constance, for more than fifty years, but for most of the marriage he had three mistresses simultaneously, all of whom worked for him. He showed great loyalty to a small group of actors who knew his style, but he also discovered some major stars, among them Gloria Swanson, Claudette Colbert, and later, Charlton Heston. DeMille was one of the few silent-era directors who made a completely successful transition to sound. In 1952 he won the Academy Award for Best Picture with The Greatest Show on Earth. When he remade The Ten Commandments in 1956, it was an even bigger hit than the silent version. He could act, too: in Billy Wilder’s classic film Sunset Boulevard, DeMille memorably played himself. In the 1930s and 1940s DeMille became a household name thanks to the Lux Radio Theater, which he hosted. But after falling out with a union, he gave up the program, and his politics shifted to the right as he championed loyalty oaths and Sen. Joseph McCarthy’s anticommunist witch hunts. As Scott Eyman brilliantly demonstrates in this superbly researched biography, which draws on a massive cache of DeMille family papers not available to previous biographers, DeMille was much more than his clichéd image. A gifted director who worked in many genres; a devoted family man and loyal friend with a highly unconventional personal life; a pioneering filmmaker: DeMille comes alive in these pages, a legend whose spectacular career defined an era.
Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935 (Weimar and Now: German Cultural Criticism #13)
by Karl ToepferEmpire of Ecstasy offers a novel interpretation of the explosion of German body culture between the two wars—nudism and nude dancing, gymnastics and dance training, dance photography and criticism, and diverse genres of performance from solo dancing to mass movement choirs. Karl Toepfer presents this dynamic subject as a vital and historically unique construction of "modern identity." The modern body, radiating freedom and power, appeared to Weimar artists and intelligentsia to be the source of a transgressive energy, as well as the sign and manifestation of powerful, mysterious "inner" conditions. Toepfer shows how this view of the modern body sought to extend the aesthetic experience beyond the boundaries imposed by rationalized life and to transcend these limits in search of ecstasy. With the help of much unpublished or long-forgotten archival material (including many little-known photographs), he investigates the process of constructing an "empire" of appropriative impulses toward ecstasy. Toepfer presents the work of such well-known figures as Rudolf Laban, Mary Wigman, and Oskar Schlemmer, along with less-known but equally fascinating body culture practitioners. His book is certain to become required reading for historians of dance, body culture, and modernism.
Empire, Early Photography and Spectacle: The Global Career of Showman Daguerreotypist J.W. Newland (Routledge History of Photography)
by Martyn Jolly Elisa deCourcyJames William Newland’s (1810–1857) career as a showman daguerreotypist began in the United States but expanded into Central and South America, across the Pacific to New Zealand and colonial Australia and onto India. Newland used the latest developments in photography, theatre and spectacle to create powerful new visual experiences for audiences in each of these volatile colonial societies. This book assesses his surviving, vivid portraits against other visual ephemera and archival records of his time. Newland’s magic lantern and theatre shows are imaginatively reconstructed from textual sources and analysed, with his short, rich career casting a new light on the complex worlds of the mid-nineteenth century. It provides a revealing case study of someone brokering new experiences with optical technologies for varied audiences at the forefront of the age of modern vision. This book will be of interest to scholars in art and visual culture, photography, the history of photography and Victorian history.
Empires of Faith in Late Antiquity: Histories of Art and Religion from India to Ireland
by Jaś ElsnerThis book reveals the rewards of exploring the relationship between art and religion in the first millennium, and the particular problems of comparing the visual cultures of different emergent and established religions of the period in Eurasia - Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Judaism, Christianity and the pagan religions of the Roman world. Most of these became established and remained in play as what are called 'the world religions'. The chapters in this volume show how the long traditions of studying these topics are caught up in complex local, ancestral, colonial and post-colonial discourses and biases, which have made comparison difficult. The study of Late Antiquity turns out also to be an examination of the intellectual histories of modernity.
Empires of Vision: A Reader
by Martin Jay Sumathi RamaswamyEmpires of Vision brings together pieces by some of the most influential scholars working at the intersection of visual culture studies and the history of European imperialism. The essays and excerpts focus on the paintings, maps, geographical surveys, postcards, photographs, and other media that comprise the visual milieu of colonization, struggles for decolonization, and the lingering effects of empire. Taken together, they demonstrate that an appreciation of the role of visual experience is necessary for understanding the functioning of hegemonic imperial power and the ways that the colonized subjects spoke, and looked, back at their imperial rulers. Empires of Vision also makes a vital point about the complexity of image culture in the modern world: We must comprehend how regimes of visuality emerged globally, not only in the metropole but also in relation to the putative margins of a world that increasingly came to question the very distinction between center and periphery.Contributors. Jordanna Bailkin, Roger Benjamin, Daniela Bleichmar, Zeynep Çelik, David Ciarlo, Natasha Eaton, Simon Gikandi, Serge Gruzinski, James L. Hevia, Martin Jay, Brian Larkin, Olu Oguibe, Ricardo Padrón, Christopher Pinney, Sumathi Ramaswamy, Benjamin Schmidt, Terry Smith, Robert Stam, Eric A. Stein, Nicholas Thomas, Krista A. Thompson
Empirical Philosophical Investigations in Education and Embodied Experience (The\cultural And Social Foundations Of Education Ser.)
by Jim Garrison Joacim Andersson Leif ÖstmanDrawing on John Dewey and the later Ludwig Wittgenstein, this book employs philosophy as a conceptual resource to develop new methodological and analytical tools for conducting in situ empirical investigations. Chapter one explores the philosophies of Wittgenstein and Dewey. Chapter two exposits Deweyan ideas of embodiment, the primacy of the aesthetic encounter, and aesthetically expressive meaning underdeveloped in Wittgenstein. Chapter three introduces the method of practical epistemological analysis (PEA) and a model of situated epistemic relations (SER) to investigate the learning of body techniques in dinghy sailing. The concluding chapter introduces a model of situated artistic relations (SAR) to investigate the learning of artistic techniques of self-expression in the Swedish sloyd classroom.
Employees Must Wash Hands: A Bathroom Reader in Pictures
by Carter HasegawaFinally, photographic proof of what’s behind the public bathroom door.Must Wash Hands, a collection of 120 artistic photographs, offers readers a peek into the private space of the public bathroom-that unspoken and indecent yet communal and necessary space that we enter and exit every day without a second glance.With camera in hand, Carter Hasegawa travels the public bathrooms of Boston, New York, Seattle, Las Vegas, Honolulu, Indianapolis, and other American cities, snapping photos down urinals and documenting graffitied walls and wet, toilet paper-plastered floors. Photos are arranged "chronologically” as a virtual public restroom walkthrough for the reader, and they highlight unsavory and savory bathroom elements you otherwise may not have noticed-ice cubes down a urinal, unconventional "Employees Must Wash Hands” signs, interesting tile details, or a jar of baby food on the floor. These wry but intimate photos are interspersed with popular bathroom trivia, illegally overheard bathroom conversations, half-serious comments on "proper” bathroom etiquette, and seriously real anecdotes.For fans of offbeat photography and humor books such as Awkward Family Photos, People of Walmart, and Regretsy, Must Wash Hands transforms the crude and disgusting into something more compelling and beautiful, prompting the viewer to pause, admire, laugh, and connect.
Emporia (Images of America)
by Steven F. Hanschu Darla Hodges MalleinEstablished in February 1857, Emporia's founding fathers named their new business venture Emporia after a flourishing market center in Ancient Carthage. Located in the east-central part of Kansas, Emporia is known as the "Front Porch to the Flint Hills." William Allen White, publisher and editor of the Emporia Gazette, brought national attention to Emporia in the early 1900s. Known for his fiery political essays, White became an advisor to many US presidents, five of whom visited his home, Red Rocks. Emporia is home to Emporia State University, the state's first normal school, founded in 1863. Located on the university campus are the National Teachers Hall of Fame and the Memorial to Fallen Educators, honoring those who lost their lives teaching and working in America's schools. Honoring fallen heroes is a long-standing tradition in Emporia, as it is also the founding city of Veterans Day.
Emporia Rose Appliqué Quilts: New Projects, Historical Vignettes, Classic Designs
by Barbara Brackman Karla Menaugh“Inspired by the still astonishing quilts made from the 1920s through the 1940s in Emporia, Kansas . . . world-renowned for their design and workmanship.” —Publishers Weekly Between 1925 and 1945, women from Emporia, Kansas, created some of the twentieth-century’s most memorable appliqué quilts. Their designs were the modern quilts of their day. They earned both international renown and permanent places in museum collections. Now bestselling quilt historian Barbara Brackman and writer Karla Menaugh bring you seven spectacular new quilts based on those ground-breaking originals, plus the fascinating history of the women and times that produced the Emporia style. Seven projects include a nine-block appliqué sampler, featuring flowers, swags, and festoons.Timeless designs work with any appliqué technique. Mix and match elements into your own new classics.
Empowering Novel Geometric Algebra for Graphics and Engineering: 7th International Workshop, ENGAGE 2022, Virtual Event, September 12, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13862)
by George Papagiannakis Eckhard Hitzer Petr VasikThis book constitutes the proceedings of the Workshop Empowering Novel Geometric Algebra for Graphics and Engineering, ENGAGE 2022, held in conjunction with Computer Graphics International conference, CGI 2022, which took place virtually, in September 2022. The 10 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 12 submissions. The workshop focused specifically on important aspects of geometric algebra including algebraic foundations, digitized transformations, orientation, conic fitting, protein modelling, digital twinning, and multidimensional signal processing.
Empowering Squatter Citizen: Local Government, Civil Society and Urban Poverty Reduction
by David Satterthwaite Diana MitlinWith the rapid growth in urban poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America, most cities now have 30 to 60 per cent of their population living in shanty towns. The civil and political rights of these people are either ignored or constantly contravened. They face multiple deprivations, including hunger, long hours working for inadequate incomes; illness, injury and premature deaths that arise from dangerous living conditions and inadequate water supplies, sanitation and healthcare. Many face the constant threat of eviction and other forms of violence. None of these problems can be addressed without local changes, and Empowering Squatter Citizen contends that urban poverty is underpinned by the failure of national governments and aid agencies to support local processes. It makes the case for redirecting support to local organizations, whether governmental, non-governmental or grassroots. . The book includes case studies of innovative government organizations (in Thailand, Mexico, Philippines and Nicaragua) and community-driven processes (in India, South Africa, Pakistan and Brazil), which illustrate more effective approaches to urban poverty reduction. Such approaches include strengthening the organizations of the poor and homeless so that they are accountable to their members, are able to develop their own solutions and have more capacity to negotiate with the institutions that are meant to deliver infrastructure, services, credit and land for housing. Such support for local processes is crucial for meeting the Millennium Development Goals in urban areas.