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Luis Valdez (Routledge Performance Practitioners)
by Ricardo Rocha Jorge A. Huerta Guillermo Avilés-Rodríguez Karina Gutiérrez Jade Power-SotomayorLuis Valdez studies the life and work of this Chicano playwright, director, performer, and producer along with the implications of his legacy for Chicana/o/x communities and for all who engage with his work.Valdez’s work broadened the scope of theater and arts in the Chicano community, and his formation of El Teatro Campesino brought together students and farmworkers. This volume highlights his professional work and writings. It offers a unique investigation of Luis Valdez, his life, his oeuvre, and his contributions to the theater in the United States and beyond. This book combines: an in-depth biographical overview of Valdez’s life and career, focusing on defining experiences that set his trajectory into motion; an exploration of Valdez’s key writings—the 1973 epic poem Pensamiento Serpentino and the unpublished lecture The Power of Zero which articulate his philosophy of the Theatre of the Sphere; a stylistic analysis of his key works, including Soldado Razo and Zoot Suit as well as their critical reception; and a selection of improvisation and dance-based warm-ups, embodiment exercises, and an acto writing practicum adapted to experiment with Valdez’s works. As a first step towards critical understanding, and as an initial exploration before going on to further, primary research, Routledge Performance Practitioners offer unbeatable value for today’s students.
Luke Him Sau, Architect
by Edward Denison Guang Yu RenLuke Him Sau/Lu Qianshou (1904-1991) is best known internationally and in China as the architect of the iconic Bank of China Headquarters in Shanghai. One of the first Chinese students to be trained at the Architectural Association in London in the late 1920s, Luke's long, prolific and highly successful career in China and Hong Kong offers unique insights into an extraordinary period of Chinese political turbulence that scuppered the professional prospects and historical recognition of so many of his colleagues.Global interest in China has risen exponentially in recent times, creating an appetite for the country's history and culture. This book satiates this by providing a highly engaging and visual account of China's 20th-century architecture through the lens of one of the country's most distinguished yet overlooked designers. It features over 250 new colour photographs by Edward Denison of Luke's buildings and original archive material.The book charts Luke's life and work, commencing with his childhood in colonial Hong Kong and his apprenticeship with a British architectural firm before focusing on his education at the Architectural Association (1927-30). In London, Luke was offered the post of Head of the Architecture Department at the newly established Bank of China, where IM Pei's father was a senior figure. Luke spent the next seven years in the inimitable city of Shanghai designing buildings all over China for the Bank before the Japanese invasion in 1937 forced him, and countless others, to flee to the proxy wartime capital of Chongqing. In 1945 he returned to Shanghai where he formed a partnership with four other Chinese graduates of UK universities; but civil war (between the Communists and Nationalists) once again caused him and others to uproot in 1949. Initially intent on fleeing with the Nationalists to Taiwan, Luke was almost convinced to stay in Communist China but decided finally to move to Hong Kong. There, for the third time in his life, he had to establish his career all over again. Despite many challenges, he eventually prospered, becoming a pioneer in the design of private residences, schools, hospitals, chapels and public housing.
Luling (Images of America)
by Luling Main StreetOne historian described Luling in the 1870s as "the toughest town in Texas." Along with the railroad came notorious gamblers who were ready to take a man's hard-earned money any way they could. But when settlers enforced what laws there were and established permanent homes, churches, and a school, the rougher crowd sought greener pastures. In the southern corner of Caldwell County, Luling had at first an agrarian-based economy, but that changed with the discovery of oil, which boosted the population from a few hundred residents to several thousand. The oil industry and related businesses kept the population steady. Luling soil also proved beneficial to crops such as cotton, but the area's prize crop became watermelons. Today oil and watermelons keep Luling on the map, and the annual Watermelon Thump attracts thousands. At the crossroads of three important highways, businesses flourish, especially barbecue, which is considered by some to be the best in the state.
Lumen Naturae: Visions of the Abstract in Art and Mathematics
by Matilde MarcolliExploring common themes in modern art, mathematics, and science, including the concept of space, the notion of randomness, and the shape of the cosmos.This is a book about art—and a book about mathematics and physics. In Lumen Naturae (the title refers to a purely immanent, non-supernatural form of enlightenment), mathematical physicist Matilde Marcolli explores common themes in modern art and modern science—the concept of space, the notion of randomness, the shape of the cosmos, and other puzzles of the universe—while mapping convergences with the work of such artists as Paul Cezanne, Mark Rothko, Sol LeWitt, and Lee Krasner. Her account, focusing on questions she has investigated in her own scientific work, is illustrated by more than two hundred color images of artworks by modern and contemporary artists. Thus Marcolli finds in still life paintings broad and deep philosophical reflections on space and time, and connects notions of space in mathematics to works by Paul Klee, Salvador Dalí, and others. She considers the relation of entropy and art and how notions of entropy have been expressed by such artists as Hans Arp and Fernand Léger; and traces the evolution of randomness as a mode of artistic expression. She analyzes the relation between graphical illustration and scientific text, and offers her own watercolor-decorated mathematical notebooks. Throughout, she balances discussions of science with explorations of art, using one to inform the other. (She employs some formal notation, which can easily be skipped by general readers.) Marcolli is not simply explaining art to scientists and science to artists; she charts unexpected interdependencies that illuminate the universe.
Lumen Picturae: A Classical Drawing Manuel
by Frederick de WitLumenPicturaeis apictorial guide to classicaldrawing as exemplified by the sublime work of the influential 17th centuryDutch engraver Frederick de Wit. Presenting a carefully curated set of imagesnever before seen outside of rare book archives, Lumen Picturaerenders de Wits’ incomparable figure drawings available to the public forthe first time. In the tradition of Harold Speed’s The Practice and Scienceof Drawing, Andrew Loomis’s Figure Drawing for All It’s Worth,Gottfried Bammes’ Der NackteMensch, and George Bridgman's Complete Guide to Drawing from Life,the step-by-step visuals in Lumen Picturae arean indispensible handbook for visual artists both professional and amateur, andfor readers of any age or language who want to incorporate the incomparableinsight of classical Dutch figure studies into their drawing today.
Luminous Beings: A Graphic Novel
by David Arnold"A gorgeously rendered adventure that captures the ache and joy of adolescence in a mad world."--Tillie Walden, award-winning author of On a SunbeamTy and Burger have known each other since before they could walk. But this shared history is nothing compared to their plans for the future: step one, make a killer documentary about humanity&’s recent brush with extinction; step two, apply to film school together; step three, achieve legendary status as the next great filmmaking duo. But Ty has a secret that will ultimately shake the foundations of their friendship and force them both to wonder if growing up means letting go of the people they once were.With heads full of bioluminescence and hearts full of fury, &“squizzies&” have one thing on their tiny rodent brains: global annihilation. Their reign of terror may be a thing of the past, but Ty and Burger are determined to chronicle the perseverance of the human race in the wake of the &“squirrel-pocalypse.&” With friends Miles and Fib, they embark on an overnight excursion through rowdy nightclubs, once-familiar neighborhoods, perilous castles, and off-grid RVs, all the while, recording quiet lives of love and loss in a strange new world.Set over the course of a single day, Luminous Beings explores the many facets of friendship and love, the heavy burden of a well-kept secret, the boundless tenacity of the human spirit, and, yes, the furriest of all zombified mammals. But don&’t worry, it&’s not the end of the world. Just the end of the squirrel
Luminous Landscapes: Quilted Visions in Paint & Thread
by Gloria LoughmanThread, Paint & Inspiration — the Sky’s the Limit! • Create unique and impressive landscape quilts from photos you take — includes tips on taking good pictures, how to combine elements of several photos into one design, and how to use color effectively • Yes, you can create stunning pictorial effects using step-by-step techniques! • Learn how to paint your own fabrics and create striking silhouettes Let your inner artist out! Capture the glory of a sunrise or sunset, the stark outline of a tree against the sky, the placid surface of the ocean. Gloria has assembled a repertoire of techniques to give all your pictorial quilts breathtaking impact, from working with photographs to painting fabric, creating silhouettes, constructing backgrounds, and embellishing with stitching. Try one of three projects, or use the techniques in your own designs.
Lumion 3D Best Practices
by Ciro CardosoThis book is designed for advanced Lumion users who wish to apply these techniques to their own projects. The reader should be familiar with modeling knowledge and have at least a basic knowledge of a graphics editing program, such as Photoshop or Gimp.
Lumion 3D Cookbook
by Ciro CardosoThis book offers uses practical applications using recipes with step-by-step instructions and useful information to help you master how to produce professional architectural visualizations in Lumion. The cookbook approach means you need to think and explore how a particular feature can be applied in your project and perform the intended task. This book is written to be accessible to all Lumion users and is a useful guide to follow when becoming familiar with this cutting-edge real-time technology.This practical guide is designed for all levels of Lumion users who know how to model buildings in 3D and a basic understanding of Lumion, who want to enhance their skills to the next level.
Luna Lapin: Making New Friends
by Sarah Peel Grace Machon“These are beautiful, heirloom toys accompanied by stories, so it’s not just a craft book, it’s a making experience.” —Rachel Read ItLearn to make Luna Lapin’s friends and their exquisite wardrobes. This collection of sewing patterns features five of Luna’s best friends (as well as Luna herself) along with their clothes including Hugh the hound, Daisy the sheep, Ramsey the ram, Rowan the squirrel and Freya the fawn.Author Sarah Peel takes classic garments and recreates them on a miniature scale and with exquisite fabrics including Liberty cottons, wool tweed and French lace. Full sized patterns and step-by-step instructions are included, as well as a collection of charming stories about the characters and their adventures.Praise for Making Luna Lapin“[The] cutest of Heirloom Hares . . . The book is a little treasure; it’s beautifully photographed throughout and contains some sweet stories.” —Sew Sarah Smith“If you’re into sewing super cute softies with big personalities, this book might just be up your ally . . . [a] gem.” —Studio iHanna
Luna Park
by Donald MarguliesDrawing from his own, specific experience, Margulies has indeed created what he calls "a window to the world" at large. The bits and pieces and detritus of our culture have been used to construct a powerful drama about a new and devastating age of anxiety in the United States. July 7, 1994 ranks as an important work by a gifted and growing American playwright."--Chicago Tribune This new anthology by Donald Margulies collects his best short plays and monologues written over the past 24 years. Taken as a whole, the work is an extraordinary representation of a particularly American reality of the twentieth century. His language is exquisite and deceptive in its simplicity, wherein the larger questions of our daily existence emerge and are clarified. The volume contains three major one-act plays including July 7, 1994, the hit of the 1995 Humana Festival at the Actors Theatre of Louisville; Pitching to the Stars, a darkly comic look at the writers lot in Hollywood; and Luna Park, an elegiac look at the American past and the immigrant experience, based on a short story by Delmore Schwartz. The volume also includes fifteen other short plays and monologues.Donald Margulies is the author of numerous plays, including Dinner with Friends and Collected Stories, both being filmed for television by HBO and PBS. Mr. Margulies lives with his wife and son in New Haven, Connecticut, where he teaches playwriting at Yale University. Also available by Donald Margulies Dinner with FriendsPB $11.95 1-55936-194-8 * USA Collected StoriesPB $11.95 1-55936-152-2 * USA Sight Unseen and Other PlaysPB $16.95 1-55936-103-4 * USA
Lunar Domes: Properties and Formation Processes
by Christian Wöhler Jim Phillips Maria Teresa Chiocchetta Raffaello LenaLunar domes are structures of volcanic origin which are usually difficult to observe due to their low heights. The Lunar Domes Handbook is a reference work on these elusive features. It provides a collection of images for a large number of lunar domes, including telescopic images acquired with advanced but still moderately intricate amateur equipment as well as recent orbital spacecraft images. Different methods for determining the morphometric properties of lunar domes (diameter, height, flank slope, edifice volume) from image data or orbital topographic data are discussed. Additionally, multispectral and hyperspectral image data are examined, providing insights into the composition of the dome material. Several classification schemes for lunar domes are described, including an approach based on the determined morphometric quantities and spectral analyses. Furthermore, the book provides a description of geophysical models of lunar domes, which yield information about the properties of the lava from which they formed and the depth of the magma source regions below the lunar surface.
Lunch Bags!: 25 Handmade Sacks & Wraps to Sew Today (Design Collective)
by Design CollectiveBrown bag lunches don’t have to be in brown bags! Sew colorful, customized baggies, bicycle bags, totes and more with these fun patterns. Why shouldn’t your lunch bag match your personal wardrobe and eco-conscious lifestyle? The projects you can create with this book include sandwich wraps, baggies, bicycle bags, picnic bags, and totes—quick and easy to make with basic sewing techniques. Customize the outside with your favorite fabrics and insulate the inside. You can waterproof it with laminated cotton, oilcloth, nylon, or vinyl. Projects are fun, functional, and reusable—to make your sack lunches even greener. Bags can be washed in your dishwasher or washing machine. Today's hottest designers share their sewing savvy with 25 projects, from a simple sandwich wrap to a sophisticated shoulder bag. Everyone in your family will want one!
Lunenburg
by Inge H. Hunter Lunenburg Historical Society G. Barry WhitcombThe name "Luneburg" was coined for King George II of England, who was also the duke of Luneburg, Germany, in 1727. The final name, Lunenburg, was probably a result of misspelling in the early records of the town. On August 1, 1728, Lunenburg was officially granted township but, as early as 1726, a variety of industries had been started and twenty-six houses had been built. In the late nineteenth century, the town returned to predominately agriculture and, today, is a rural residential community for industries in neighboring cities. Through a diverse collection of vintage images, Lunenburg will take you on a historical journey through the town's engaging past. Within these pages, you will see photographs of the early businesses that were established, such as bookbinders, blacksmiths, furniture makers, and shoe manufacturers; you will visit many homes, churches, schools and government buildings; and you will experience the daily lives of residents during this exciting time in history.
Lupita Nyong'o (Influential People)
by Stephanie WatsonWhen Lupita Nyong'o was a young girl, she didn't think she could be a famous actor. Now she is an Academy Award winner. Learn more about her rise to stardom!
Luray and Page County (Images of America)
by Dan VaughnFormed out of necessity in 1831, Page County had a great need to operate within its own boundaries of the Massanutten and Blue Ridge Mountains. A very unique situation arose when this rural area was coupled with the discovery in 1878 of something as spectacular as the Luray Caverns. Along with this new fame followed a large influx of tourists, industry, and varied commerce into the entire county from the lifeline created by the formation of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad in 1881. During the reconstruction years after the Civil War, and with the formation of "land and improvement" companies throughout the United States, Page County, along with the rest of the country, was booming. In fact, this unbridled growth was happening much too fast for this newly reformed country. This in turn brought about a severe recession in the 1890s that affected everyone, including the people of Page, no matter how secure they may have seemed with their new attraction. The culmination of these events initiated a quaint photographic history that is contained within the pages of Images of America: Luray and Page County.
Luray and Page County Revisited
by Dan VaughnLuray Caverns, discovered in the quiet valley community of Luray in 1878, became the main attraction in Page County. In hopes of capitalizing on this new found "Wonder of the World," executives of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad completed the rail from Hagerstown and Basic City to Luray by 1881. Mann Almond drove the final ceremonial spike just north of Deford's Tannery in Luray. With the arrival of the railroad came a new economy supported by passengers, excursionists, lodging, and freight transport. The bulk of these transports were Eureka Mining Company's mineral extractions and Shenandoah's "BigGem" iron bloom shipments. Luray's own "Mercantile Mile" leading to the caverns was laden with storehouses, offering goods found in larger cities, and the rail brought visitors in droves. The photographers who produced the images contained here did so only as a means of income, but today their work is our visual link to the past.
Lush!: My Story - From Swansea to Stacey and Everything in Between
by Joanna PageTHE HEARTFELT AND HILARIOUSLY FUNNY AUTOBIOGRAPHY FROM STAR OF STAGE AND SCREEN, JOANNE PAGE, INCLUDING HER LIFE BEHIND THE SCENES OF GAVIN & STACEY.From the small village of Treboeth on the outskirts of Swansea to the sets of some of the all-time greatest movies and TV shows - like Love Actually and Gavin & Stacey - Joanna Page's journey to stardom has been extraordinary.In this funny, candid and endlessly surprising memoir, Joanna shares her story in full for the first time. Inside, Joanna looks back at her early life growing up on the glorious Welsh coastline - a life (not unlike Stacey's) filled with family and friendly neighbours - to the sudden shock of moving to London at 18 (totally alone) to take her place at RADA, one of the most prestigious performing arts schools in the world. Before taking readers behind the scenes of her most iconic roles and introducing them to a colourful cast including Ruth Jones, James Corden, Richard E. Grant, Johnny Depp, Liam Neeson and Emma Thompson.Whether she's navigating early awkward auditions, chasing her big break, getting used to life on set with comedic consequences, falling in love, or discovering the magic and madness of motherhood, Joanna speaks openly about what it really takes to make it in the acting world while staying true to yourself.An unforgettable read that makes you laugh and cry, Lush! is a celebration of finding your voice, holding your ground and learning to laugh at the messiest, most beautiful moments life has to offer.
Lush!: My Story - From Swansea to Stacey and Everything in Between
by Joanna PageTHE HEARTFELT AND HILARIOUSLY FUNNY AUTOBIOGRAPHY FROM STAR OF STAGE AND SCREEN, JOANNE PAGE, INCLUDING HER LIFE BEHIND THE SCENES OF GAVIN & STACEY.From the small village of Treboeth on the outskirts of Swansea to the sets of some of the all-time greatest movies and TV shows - like Love Actually and Gavin & Stacey - Joanna Page's journey to stardom has been extraordinary.In this funny, candid and endlessly surprising memoir, Joanna shares her story in full for the first time. Inside, Joanna looks back at her early life growing up on the glorious Welsh coastline - a life (not unlike Stacey's) filled with family and friendly neighbours - to the sudden shock of moving to London at 18 (totally alone) to take her place at RADA, one of the most prestigious performing arts schools in the world. Before taking readers behind the scenes of her most iconic roles and introducing them to a colourful cast including Ruth Jones, James Corden, Richard E. Grant, Johnny Depp, Liam Neeson and Emma Thompson.Whether she's navigating early awkward auditions, chasing her big break, getting used to life on set with comedic consequences, falling in love, or discovering the magic and madness of motherhood, Joanna speaks openly about what it really takes to make it in the acting world while staying true to yourself.An unforgettable read that makes you laugh and cry, Lush! is a celebration of finding your voice, holding your ground and learning to laugh at the messiest, most beautiful moments life has to offer.
Lush!: My Story - From Swansea to Stacey and Everything in Between: The hilarious autobiography from a much-loved star of Gavin and Stacey
by Joanna PageTHE HEARTFELT AND HILARIOUSLY FUNNY AUTOBIOGRAPHY FROM STAR OF STAGE AND SCREEN, JOANNE PAGE, INCLUDING HER LIFE BEHIND THE SCENES OF GAVIN & STACEY.From the small village of Treboeth on the outskirts of Swansea to the sets of some of the all-time greatest movies and TV shows - like Love Actually and Gavin & Stacey - Joanna Page's journey to stardom has been extraordinary.In this funny, candid and endlessly surprising memoir, Joanna shares her story in full for the first time. Inside, Joanna looks back at her early life growing up on the glorious Welsh coastline - a life (not unlike Stacey's) filled with family and friendly neighbours - to the sudden shock of moving to London at 18 (totally alone) to take her place at RADA, one of the most prestigious performing arts schools in the world. Before taking readers behind the scenes of her most iconic roles and introducing them to a colourful cast including Ruth Jones, James Corden, Richard E. Grant, Johnny Depp, Liam Neeson and Emma Thompson.Whether she's navigating early awkward auditions, chasing her big break, getting used to life on set with comedic consequences, falling in love, or discovering the magic and madness of motherhood, Joanna speaks openly about what it really takes to make it in the acting world while staying true to yourself.An unforgettable read that makes you laugh and cry, Lush! is a celebration of finding your voice, holding your ground and learning to laugh at the messiest, most beautiful moments life has to offer.
Lush: A True Story, Soaked in Gin
by Gabrielle Fernie'FRANK, FILTHY and FEROCIOUSLY FUNNY' Sunday Mirror'I loved every HONEST and HILARIOUS second!' Carrie Hope Fletcher 'Made me CACKLE OUT LOUD on every single page' Daisy BuchananLush (adj.) Very rich and providing great sensory pleasure (Oxford English Dictionary) (n.) A habitual drunkard (Oxford English Dictionary)Gabby and Emma have been best friends since primary school in Wales. Emma has a stable job, a nice home and has just got engaged. Gabby has had a succession of disastrous one-night stands and awful jobs since drama school . . . and she has just been diagnosed with scurvy. She has one year until the wedding to pull herself together and prove to her friends and family that she can be a proper grown-up.Described by Caitlin Moran as 'filthy, immoral and incredibly funny', Gabrielle Fernie's blog, loveisa4letterturd.com, catalogued her life as a struggling actress with a taste for gin. Here, in her first book, she shares her most raucous stories with eye-watering honesty. It is a laugh-out-loud account of a young woman trying to find her place in the world.Readers love Lush:'Best book I have read for a very long time! Absolutely hilarious!' 'Thanks for making me laugh out loud on the tube like a weirdo and for making me miss my stop more than once''Moments of true absurdity partnered with genuinely touching stories of friendship in your twenties makes for an excellent read' 'I would recommend this book to anyone who's ever doubted themselves; as a little reminder that no matter how ridiculous your life seems to have become, Gabrielle Fernie's has always been hilariously and irrevocably far, far worse'
Lust, Caution
by Eileen Chang Wang Hui LingNow a major motion picture from Oscar-winning director Ang Lee (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Brokeback Mountain): an intensely passionate story of love and espionage, set in Shanghai during World War II.In the midst of the Japanese occupation of China and Hong Kong, two lives become intertwined: Wong Chia Chi, a young student active in the resistance, and Mr. Yee, a powerful political figure who works for the Japanese occupational government. As these two move deftly between Shanghai's tea parties and secret interrogations, they become embroiled in the complicated politics of wartime -- and in a mutual attraction that may be more than what they expected. Written in lush, lavish prose, and with the tension of a political thriller, Lust, Caution brings 1940s Shanghai artfully to life even as it limns the erotic pulse of a doomed love affair.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Lutes and Marginality in Pre-Modern China: Art History, Archaeology, and Music Iconography (Music and Visual Culture)
by Ingrid Maren FurnissLutes and Marginality in Pre-Modern China traces the complex history of lutes as they moved from the far west into China, and how these instruments became linked to various forms of social, cultural, ethnic, and religious marginality within and at China’s borders.The book argues that the lute, a musical instrument that likely originated in the Near East or Central Asia, became a highly charged object replete with associations of ethnic and political identity, social status, and gender in China across the third to seventeenth centuries, and as such, offers a crucial vehicle for understanding interactions between the Chinese center and periphery. Using a richly interdisciplinary perspective that brings together music history, performance studies, archaeology, and art history, the author draws together the visual evidence for the history of Chinese lutes and analyzes the political and cultural dimensions of their depictions in art. In exploring the lute’s reception across time and space, this book illuminates the shifting relationships between China and cultures along its frontier, as well as the dynamics of gender and social status within China’s center.Comprehensive in scope, Lutes and Marginality in Pre-Modern China offers new insights for scholars of pre-modern China, art history, archaeology, music history, ethnomusicology, and Silk Road and frontier studies.
Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe
by Andrew SpicerUntil recently the impact of the Lutheran Reformation has been largely regarded in political and socio-economic terms, yet for most people it was not the abstract theological debates that had the greatest impact upon their lives, but what they saw in their parish churches every Sunday. This collection of essays provides a coherent and interdisciplinary investigation of the impact that the Lutheran Reformation had on the appearance, architecture and arrangement of early modern churches. Drawing upon recent research being undertaken by leading art historians and historians on Lutheran places of worship, the volume emphasises often surprising levels of continuity, reflecting the survival of Catholic fixtures, fittings and altarpieces, and exploring how these could be remodelled in order to conform with the tenets of Lutheran belief. The volume not only addresses Lutheran art but also the way in which the architecture of their churches reflected the importance of preaching and the administration of the sacraments. Furthermore the collection is committed to extending these discussions beyond a purely German context, and to look at churches not only within the Holy Roman Empire, but also in Scandinavia, the Baltic States as well as towns dominated by Saxon communities in areas such as in Hungary and Transylvania. By focusing on ecclesiastical 'material culture' the collection helps to place the art and architecture of Lutheran places of worship into the historical, political and theological context of early modern Europe.
Lutherans in Western New York
by Julianna Fiddler-Woite Rev Jamie RetallackDuring the construction of the Erie Canal in the early 1820s, the population of Western New York increased 145 percent. Many of these pioneers were European immigrants, with a high concentration hailing from the German-speaking states. These immigrants brought their Lutheran ideals and continued to practice the religion in their new homeland. By 1827, the first official Lutheran church in Erie County had been incorporated as the German Reformed Church, known today as St. Paul's Lutheran Church in Eggertsville. Soon after, the need for mission churches arose, and by the mid-1800s, Lutheran congregations had been established in several Western New York suburbs. During the following century, the Lutherans in Western New York would undergo growth and change. While all congregations eventually abandoned German as their primary language, many struggled to further separate from their German roots during the Nazi regime. Today, there are nearly 200 Lutheran congregations in New York.