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Virginia Woolf (SparkNotes Biography Guide)
by SparkNotesVirginia Woolf (SparkNotes Biography Guide) Making the reading experience fun! SparkNotes Biography Guides examine the lives of historical luminaries, from Alexander the Great to Virginia Woolf. Each biography guide includes:An examination of the historical context in which the person lived A summary of the person&’s life and achievements A glossary of important terms, people, and events An in-depth look at the key epochs in the person&’s career Study questions and essay topics A review test Suggestions for further reading Whether you&’re a student of history or just a student cramming for a history exam, SparkNotes Biography guides are a reliable, thorough, and readable resource.
Virginia Woolf And Vanessa Bell: A Very Close Conspiracy
by Jane DunnThis is the story of a deep and close relationship between two sisters - Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. The influence they exerted over each others lives, their competitiveness, the fierce love they had for each other and also their intense rivalry is explored here with subtlety and compassion. The thoughts, motives and actions of these two remarkably artistic women who jointly created the Bloomsbury Group is revealed with all its intricacies in this moving biography.
Virginia Woolf And Vanessa Bell: A Very Close Conspiracy
by Jane DunnA moving and important book on the relationship between two remarkable sisters who jointly created the Bloomsbury Group'An outstanding work... one of the best books on Virginia Woolf to date' Literary Review'Dunn's unlayering of this complex relationship is subtle and far-reaching' Sunday Times'An investigation into the dynamics of friendship and sibling rivalry, maternal solicitude and mutual need' New York Times'A revealing pleasure' IndependentThis is the story of a deep and close relationship between two sisters - Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. The influence they exerted over each others lives, their competitiveness, the fierce love they had for each other and also their intense rivalry is explored here with subtlety and compassion. The thoughts, motives and actions of these two remarkably artistic women who jointly created the Bloomsbury Group is revealed with all its intricacies in this moving biography.
Virginia Woolf And Vanessa Bell: A Very Close Conspiracy
by Jane DunnA moving and important book on the relationship between two remarkable sisters who jointly created the Bloomsbury Group'An outstanding work... one of the best books on Virginia Woolf to date' Literary Review'Dunn's unlayering of this complex relationship is subtle and far-reaching' Sunday Times'An investigation into the dynamics of friendship and sibling rivalry, maternal solicitude and mutual need' New York Times'A revealing pleasure' IndependentThis is the story of a deep and close relationship between two sisters - the writer Virginia Woolf and artist Vanessa Bell. Their influence over each other's lives, their competitiveness, the fierce love they had for each other and total commitment to their work is laid out with subtlety and compassion. The thoughts, motives and actions of these two remarkable women at the heart of the Bloomsbury Group is revealed in all its intricacies in this exploration of their intertwined lives.
Virginia Woolf's Modernist Path: Her Middle Diaries and the Diaries She Read
by Barbara LounsberryChoice Outstanding Academic Title In this second volume of her acclaimed study of Virginia Woolf 's diaries, Barbara Lounsberry traces the English writer's life through the thirteen diaries she kept from 1918 to 1929--what is often considered Woolf’s modernist "golden age." During these interwar years, Woolf penned many of her most famous works, including Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, Orlando, and A Room of One's Own. Lounsberry shows how Woolf's writing at this time was influenced by other diarists--Anton Chekhov, Katherine Mansfield, Jonathan Swift, and Stendhal among them--and how she continued to use her diaries as a way to experiment with form and as a practice ground for her evolving modernist style.Through close readings of Woolf 's journaling style and an examination of the diaries she read, Lounsberry tracks Woolf 's development as a writer and unearths new connections between her professional writing, personal writing, and the diaries she was reading at the time. Virginia Woolf's Modernist Path offers a new approach to Woolf 's biography: her life as she marked it in her diary from ages 36 to 46.
Virginia Woolf: A Portrait (Critiques, Analyses, Biographies Et Histoire Litteraire #Vol. 6134985)
by Viviane ForresterWinner of the prestigious Prix Goncourt award for biography, this remarkable portrait sheds new light on Virginia Woolf's relationships with her family and friends and how they shaped her work. Virginia Woolf: A Portrait blends recently unearthed documents, key primary sources, and personal interviews with Woolf's relatives and other acquaintances to render in unmatched detail the author's complicated relationship with her husband, Leonard; her father, Leslie Stephen; and her half-sister, Vanessa Bell. Forrester connects these figures to Woolf's mental breakdown while introducing the concept of "Virginia seule," or Virginia alone: an uncommon paragon of female strength and conviction. Forrester's biography inhabits her characters and vivifies their perspective, weaving a colorful, intense drama that forces readers to rethink their understanding of Woolf, her writing, and her world.
Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life
by Lyndall GordonThis prize-winning biography, newly revised, sees Virginia Woolf as she saw herself. The first to set out the private life behind the well-known facts of her public career, A Writer's Life rocks back and forth between memories and art to reveal an explorer of 'the infinite oddity of the human position'. Instead of the doom-and-death often imposed on women of genius, here is the robust walker and seeker for what was fertile in her intimacies, in women's nature, and in resistance to power. This edition brings out her ideas for biography itself: to fall on a life 'like a roll of heavy waters... laying bare the pebbles on the shore of the soul'.
Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life
by Lyndall GordonThis prize-winning biography, newly revised, sees Virginia Woolf as she saw herself. The first to set out the private life behind the well-known facts of her public career, A Writer's Life rocks back and forth between memories and art to reveal an explorer of 'the infinite oddity of the human position'. Instead of the doom-and-death often imposed on women of genius, here is the robust walker and seeker for what was fertile in her intimacies, in women's nature, and in resistance to power. This edition brings out her ideas for biography itself: to fall on a life 'like a roll of heavy waters... laying bare the pebbles on the shore of the soul'.
Virginia Woolf: And the Women Who Shaped Her World
by Gillian GillAn insightful, witty look at the life of Virginia Woolf through the lens of the extraordinary women closest to her.How did Adeline Virginia Stephen become the great writer Virginia Woolf? Acclaimed biographer Gillian Gill tells the stories of the women whose legacies—of strength, style, and creativity—shaped Woolf’s path to the radical writing that inspires so many today.Gill casts back to Woolf’s French-Anglo-Indian maternal great-grandmother Thérèse de L’Etang, an outsider to English culture whose beauty passed powerfully down the female line; and to Woolf’s aunt Anne Thackeray Ritchie, who gave Woolf her first vision of a successful female writer. Yet it was the women in her own family circle who had the most complex and lasting effect on Woolf. Her mother, Julia, and sisters Stella, Laura, and Vanessa were all, like Woolf herself, but in markedly different ways, warped by the male-dominated household they lived in. Finally, Gill shifts the lens onto the famous Bloomsbury group. This, Gill convinces, is where Woolf called upon the legacy of the women who shaped her to transform a group of men—united in their love for one another and their disregard for women—into a society in which Woolf ultimately found her freedom and her voice. Praise for Virginia Woolf“Woolf’s life has been endlessly pored over, but Gill finds a fresh way in by structuring her chatty, occasionally speculative biography around the female influences on Woolf’s thinking and well-being, including her bohemian sister, Vanessa.” —New York Times Book Review“Captivating and incisive.” —BookPage“Gill presents a deft and empathetic portrayal of Woolf, the most famous author in the Bloomsbury group, by providing fascinating personal histories of generations of Pattle and Stephen women who influenced and inspired her.” —Booklist“This volume will be welcomed by readers and students curious about the cultural aspects of Woolf’s development as a writer.” —Library Journal
Virginia Woolf: La vida por escrito
by Irene Chikiar BauerLa mayor investigación sobre Virginia Woolf publicada en español. Virginia Woolf fue una escritora genial y una personalidad enigmática, que sigue cautivando a lectores y escritores y convocando a especialistas. Figura fundamental de la literatura del siglo XX y centro de un grupo familiar, amistoso y cultural fascinante, es también considerada una precursora por el feminismo y los estudios culturales y un sujeto de interés por los curiosos de las vidas que se salen de la norma. Este ambicioso trabajo, tan erudito como ameno, coloca al lector ante el desarrollo de la vida de Virginia y los suyos, permitiéndole asistir, como un espectador en el teatro, al devenir de la escritora tanto en su plano íntimo y privado como público y literario, ambos entrelazados con los grandes acontecimientos políticos y sociales, como las dos guerras mundiales, que tanto determinaron las fluctuaciones y derroteros de la autora de Un cuarto propio. La génesis de sus obras literarias, su labor de editora, su pertenencia al grupo de Bloomsbury, sus lazos familiares, amorosos y amistosos, su vida cotidiana, y el atisbo de su mente a menudo perturbada, todo aparece revivido ante los ojos del lector de este libro, que se completa con reveladoras fotografías. Hoy, cuando la imagen de Virginia Woolf ya es parte del merchandising, su casa un atractivo turístico y su vida objeto de múltiples versiones teatrales, cinematográficas y televisivas, esta primera biografía escrita en castellano, en la convicción de que hay historias que deben volver a contarse, ofrece una visión nueva y totalizadora de la más célebre de las escritoras del siglo XX. La crítica ha dicho... «Uno de los aspectos más sobresalientes de este volumen es la inteligencia con que Chikiar Bauer va enlazando la biografía de Virginia con su concepción del lenguaje y la literatura, con sus novelas y ensayos. Se observa el proceso de evolución de una escritora y una mujer vital.» Marta Sanz, El País «La biografía que ha elaborado la escritora, periodista y socióloga argentina Irene Chikiar Bauer en torno a la figura de Virginia Woolf es monumental en, por lo menos, dos sentidos: el volumen físico y objetivo del libro (poco más de novecientas páginas que incluyen un prolijo y necesario índice onomástico, un minucioso cuerpo de notas y un exquisito álbum de fotografías), y el notabilísimo trabajo de investigación que termina ofreciéndole al lector una Virginia Woolf de cuerpo entero: con sus cumbres, sus caídas y sus vacilaciones, su sempiterna fragilidad anímica, su genuina búsqueda de trascendencia y la inimitable filigrana de su escritura.» Osvaldo Gallone, Revista Ñ
Virginia Woolf: The Will to Create as a Woman
by Ruth GruberGruber's groundbreaking study of the work and legacy of Virginia Woolf--an enduring feminist analysis pairing two of the twentieth century's most extraordinary writersIn 1932, Ruth Gruber earned her PhD--the youngest person ever to do so--with a stunning doctoral dissertation on Virginia Woolf. Published in 1935, the paper was the first-ever feminist critique of Woolf's work and inspired a series of correspondences between the two writers. It also led to Gruber's eventual meeting with Woolf, which she recounted six decades later in Virginia Woolf: The Will to Create as a Woman. Described by Gruber as "the odyssey of how I met Virginia Woolf, and how her life and work became intertwined with my life," Virginia Woolf is a clear and insightful portrait of one of modern literature's most innovative authors, written by one of America's most remarkable journalists.
Virginia Woolf: una biografía
by Quentin BellVirginia Woolf es una biografía que conserva intacta la voz de una de las escritoras más emblemáticas de nuestro tiempo. «Quien de verdad quiera saber algo fiable y profundo sobre el grupo de Bloomsbury y todos sus componentes, debe acudir a este libro. Aprenderá, comprenderá y se llevará la sorpresa de una lectura apasionante.»Alicia Giménez Bartlett «Virginia Woolf era la hermana de mi madre. En 1964, unos veinte años después de la muerte de Virginia, mi tío Leonard me escribió comentándome que había gente dispuesta a escribir su biografía. Él se veía en la obligación de invitarlos a almorzar para convencerles de que no lo hicieran, lo cual no dejaba de ser un fastidio... Acto seguido, me sugirió que fuera yo quien se ocupara del tema.» Con estas sencillas palabras Quentin Bell inaugura uno de los mejores trabajos biográficos del siglo XX, y con la misma soltura cuenta con todo detalle la vida de una mujer que hoy es un mito de la literatura contemporánea. Gracias a su especial vinculación con la autora y a la ayuda de valiosos documentos, inéditos hasta ahora, Quentin Bell pudo dibujar un retrato único en el que la ironía e incluso el humor se codean a gusto con el rigor histórico. Esta biografía es ya un clásico, sus páginas aún conservan intacta la voz de una mujer que vivió y escribió con el talento que distingue a los genios. La crítica ha dicho:«Simplemente la mejor biografía de Virginia Woolf.»New York Times Book Review «Un libro lleno de vida.»José Manuel Benítez Ariza, El Cultural «Es un placer leer la obra de Bell. La recomiendo a todo el mundo.»Judy Mimken, Library Journal «Cautivará a todo admirador de la obra de Woolf.»Alice Joyce, Booklist «Un relato alegre, simpático y tolerante.»Janet Malcolm «Bell no solo tiene nuevos datos que añadir, sino que, además, disipa la parte más tendenciosa y pedante con toques divertidísimos.»Francis Spaulding, Times Literary Supplement
Virginia Wouldn't Slow Down!: The Unstoppable Dr. Apgar And Her Life-saving Invention
by Carrie A. PearsonA delightful and distinctive picture book about Dr. Virginia Apgar, who invented the eponymous test for evaluating newborn health that’s used worldwide every day. The Apgar Score is known the world over: a test given to babies to determine their health moments after they are born. Less well-known is the story of the brilliant, pioneering woman who invented it. Born at the turn of the twentieth century, Virginia “Ginny” Apgar soared above what girls were expected to do—or not do. She wasn’t quiet, she wore all sorts of outfits, she played the sports she wanted to—and she pursued the career she chose, graduating near the top of her class at Columbia University and becoming only the second board-certified female anesthesiologist in the United States. The simple five-step test she created—scribbled on the back of a piece of paper in answer to a trainee’s question—became the standard and continues to impact countless newborn babies’ lives today. Ginny adored science, hated cooking, drove fast, made her own violins, earned a pilot’s license, and traveled the world. Here, Carrie Pearson’s jaunty storytelling and Nancy Carpenter’s playful illustrations capture the energy and independence of a woman who didn’t slow down for anything—and changed newborn care forever.
Virgo: The Art of Living Well and Finding Happiness According to Your Star Sign
by Sally KirkmanYou are a Virgo. You are the perfectionist and writer of the zodiac.The signs of the zodiac can give us great insight into our day-to-day living as well as the many talents and qualities we possess. But in an increasingly unpredictable world, how can we make sense of them? And what do they mean? This insightful and introductory guide delves deep into your star sign, revealing unique traits and meanings which you didn't know. Along the way, you will discover how your sign defies your compatibility, how to improve your health and what your gifts are. ***The Pocket Astrology series will teach you how to live well and enhance every aspect of your life. From friendship to compatibility, careers to finance, you will discover new elements to your sign and learn about the ancient art of astrology. Other audiobooks in the series include: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius,Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces(P)2018 Hodder & Stoughton Limited
Virtue and Terror
by Maximilien Robespierre John HoweRobespierre's defense of the French Revolution remains one of the most powerful and unnerving justifications for political violence ever written, and has extraordinary resonance in a world obsessed with terrorism and appalled by the language of its proponents. Yet today, the French Revolution is celebrated as the event which gave birth to a nation built on the principles of enlightenment... So how should a contemporary audience approach Robespierre's vindication of revolutionary terror? Zizek takes a helter-skelter route through these contradictions, marshalling all the breadth of analogy for which he is famous. "If the spring of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the springs of popular government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without which virtue is powerless."
Viscount Haldane
by Frederick VaughanViscount Richard Burdon Haldane was a philosopher, lawyer, British MP, and member of the British Cabinet during the First World War. He is best known to Canadians as a judge of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Canada's highest court of appeal until 1949), in which role he was extremely influential in altering the constitutional relations between the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures.Chafing under the British North America Act of 1867, which provided for a strong central government, the provincial governments appealed to the Judicial Committee and were successful in gaining greater provincial legislative autonomy through the constitutional interpretations of the law lords. In Viscount Haldane, Frederick Vaughan concentrates on Haldane's role in these rulings, arguing that his jurisprudence was shaped by his formal study of German philosophy, especially that of G.W.F. Hegel. Vaughan's analysis of Haldane's legal philosophy and its impact on the Canadian constitution concludes that his Hegelian legacy is very much alive in today's Supreme Court of Canada and that it continues to shape the constitution and the lives of Canadians since the adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Viscount Maua and the Empire of Brazil: A Biography of Irineu Evangelista De Sousa (1813-1889)
by Anyda MarchantThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1965.
Visible Man: A True Story of Post Racist America
by George GilderMeet Mitchell "Sam" Brewer. Young. African-American. An ex-Marine with charm and intelligence. Highly valued by his employers in his state job. Yet Sam repeatedly gets into trouble -- much of it the kind that lands him in hospitals and police stations.
Vision of Beauty: the Story of Sarah Breedlove Walker
by Kathryn LaskyBorn just after slavery ended, and orphaned when she was seven years old, Sarah Breedlove Walker nevertheless had her dreams. Growing up, she longed for confidence and pride in herself-and she wanted to share this vision with other black women. Sarah stayed true to her dreams, as she found success in creating hair and beauty products for black women and spent her life sharing her innovations with others. In renaming herself Madam Walker, in founding the Mme. C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company, and in becoming one of the richest women of her time, she established herself as a role model for everyone--proving that if something can be envisioned, it can be achieved.
Vision: A Memoir of Blindness and Justice
by David S. TatelThe "moving, thoughtful, and inspiring memoir" (Bryan Stevenson, author of Just Mercy) by one of America&’s most accomplished public servants and legal thinkers—who spent years denying and working around his blindness, before finally embracing it as an essential part of his identity. David Tatel has served nearly 30 years on America&’s second highest court, the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, where many of our most crucial cases are resolved—or teed up for the Supreme Court. He has championed equal justice for his entire adult life; decided landmark environmental and voting cases; and embodied the ideal of what a great judge should be. Yet he has been blind for the past 50 of his 80-plus years. Initially, he depended upon aides to read texts to him, and more recently, a suite of hi-tech solutions has allowed him to listen to reams of documents at high speeds. At first, he tried to hide his deteriorating vision, and for years, he denied that it had any impact on his career. Only recently, partly thanks to his first-ever guide dog, Vixen, has he come to fully accept his blindness and the role it's played in his personal and professional lives. His story of fighting for justice over many decades, with and without eyesight, is an inspiration to us all.
Vision: My Story Of Strength (I, Witness #0)
by Precious PerezA young activist opens a window into her journey to become a professional musician and leader for the disabled community. Ever since Precious Perez was a child, she has loved to sing. Born and raised outside Boston, her family joked that she’d eventually study at Berklee College of Music. But when a high school music teacher advocated for Precious’s talent, her dream became a reality. Precious was born two-and-a-half months premature and weighed just one pound. Her eyes did not develop fully, and she is blind. Growing up, most people focused on what Precious could not do because of her disability. With her teacher’s support, Precious realized all the things she could do with her disability—starting with attending Berklee. With a voice that is both accessible and engaging, Vision brings forward an empowering first-person account of a woman finding strength and purpose in her disability. The I, Witness series delivers compelling narrative nonfiction by young people, for young people.
Visions From a Foxhole
by William FoleyAn absolutely harrowing first-person account of the 94th Infantry Division's bold campaign to break through Hitler's "impregnable" Siegfried line at the end of World War IIEighteen-year-old William Foley was afraid the war would be over before he got there, but the rifleman was sent straight to the front lines, arriving January 25, 1945-just in time to join the 94th Infantry Division poised at Hitler's legendary West Wall. By the time Foley finally managed to grab a few hours sleep three nights later, he'd already fought in a bloody attack that left sixty percent of his battalion dead or wounded. That was just the beginning of one of the toughest, bloodiest challenges the 94th would ever face: breaking through the Siegfried Line. Now, in Visions from a Foxhole, Foley recaptures that desperate, nerve-shattering struggle in all its horror and heroism.Features the author's artwork of his fellow soldiers and battle scenes, literally sketched from the foxholeLook for these remarkable stories of American courage at warBEHIND HITLER'S LINESThe True Story of the Only Soldier to Fight for BothAmerica and the Soviet Union in World War IIThomas H. TaylorTHE HILL FIGHTSThe First Battle of Khe Sanhby Edward F. MurphyNO BENDED KNEEThe Battle for Guadalcanalby Gen. Merrill B. Twining, USMC (Ret.)THE ROAD TO BAGHDADBehind Enemy Lines: The Adventures of an American Soldier in the Gulf Warby Martin StantonFrom the Paperback edition.
Visions and Revisions: Coming of Age in the Age of AIDs
by Dale PeckNovelist and critic Dale Peck's latest work--part memoir, part extended essay--is a foray into what the author calls "the second half of the first half of the AIDS epidemic," i.e., the period between 1987, when the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) was founded, and 1996, when the advent of combination therapy transformed AIDS from a virtual death sentence into a chronic manageable illness.Reminiscent of Joan Didion's The White Album and Kurt Vonnegut's Palm Sunday, Visions and Revisions is a sweeping, collage-style portrait of a tumultuous era. Moving seamlessly from the lyrical to the analytical to the reportorial, Peck's story takes readers from the serial killings of gay men in New York, London, and Milwaukee, through Peck's first loves upon coming out of the closet, to the transformation of LGBT people from marginal, idealistic fighters to their present place in a world of widespread, if fraught, mainstream acceptance.The narrative pays particular attention the words and deeds of AIDS activists, offering a streetlevel portrait of ACT UP with considerations of AIDS-centered fiction and criticism of the era, as well as intimate, sometimes elegiac portraits of artists, activists, and HIV-positive people Peck knew. Peck's fiery rhetoric against a government that sat on its hands for the first several years of the epidemic is tinged with the idealism of a young gay man discovering his political, artistic, and sexual identity. The result is a visionary and indispensable work from one of America's most brilliant and controversial authors.
Visions of Queer Martyrdom from John Henry Newman to Derek Jarman
by Dominic JanesWith all the heated debates around religion and homosexuality today, it might be hard to see the two as anything but antagonistic. But in this book, Dominic Janes reveals the opposite: Catholic forms of Christianity, he explains, played a key role in the evolution of the culture and visual expression of homosexuality and male same-sex desire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He explores this relationship through the idea of queer martyrdom closeted queer servitude to Christ a concept that allowed a certain degree of latitude for the development of same-sex desire. Janes finds the beginnings of queer martyrdom in the nineteenth-century Church of England and the controversies over Cardinal John Henry Newman s sexuality. He then considers how liturgical expression of queer desire in the Victorian Eucharist provided inspiration for artists looking to communicate their own feelings of sexual deviance. After looking at Victorian monasteries as queer families, he analyzes how the Biblical story of David and Jonathan could be used to create forms of same-sex partnerships. Finally, he delves into how artists and writers employed ecclesiastical material culture to further queer self-expression, concluding with studies of Oscar Wilde and Derek Jarman that illustrate both the limitations and ongoing significance of Christianity as an inspiration for expressions of homoerotic desire. Providing historical context to help us reevaluate the current furor over homosexuality in the Church, this fascinating book brings to light the myriad ways that modern churches and openly gay men and women can learn from the wealth of each other s cultural and spiritual experience. "
Visions of a Better World
by Quinton H. Dixie Peter EisenstadtThe first biographical exploration of one of the most important African American religious thinkers of the twentieth century--Howard Thurman--and of the pivotal trip he took to India that ultimately shaped the course of the civil rights movement. In 1935, Howard Thurman took a trip to India that would forever change him. He became the first African American to meet with Mahatma Gandhi and found himself called to create a version of American Christianity that was intolerant of self-imposed racial and religious boundaries. Deeply influenced by Gandhi's philosophy and practice of satyagraha, his translation of the idea into a Black Christian context became one of the key tenets of the civil rights movement, influencing an entire generation of black ministers--most notably Martin Luther King, Jr. Visions of a Better Worldexplores this pivotal trip and its effect on the very shape of the civil rights tradition. Drawing from previously untapped archival material and obscurely published works, Quinton Dixie and Peter Eisenstadt outline, for the first time, Thurman's development into the towering theologian who would so profoundly influence the epochal shift in U. S. race relations in the mid-twentieth century.