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Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture (Routledge Studies in International Business and the World Economy #Vol. 33)
by Dominic Power Allen J. ScottSince the Second World War there has been considerable growth in the importance of non-manufacturing based forms of production to the performance of many Western economies. Many countries have seen increased contributions being made by industries such as the media, entertainment and artistic sectors. Gathering together a leading international, multi disciplinary team of researchers, this informative book presents cutting-edge perspectives on how these industries function, their place in the new economy and how they can be harnessed for urban and regional economic and social development.
Cultural Influences on the Process of Strategic Management: Using Scenario Planning for Decision Making in Multinational Corporations (MIR Series in International Business)
by Andreas Michael SchühlyThis unique book is positioned at the crossroads of strategic management and international business. Based on an in-depth literature review, the author empirically assesses the widely shared, implicit assumption that strategic management processes can be globally applied in a standardized, i.e., culture-free, manner. So far, a variety of tools have also been recommended but without incorporating cultural differences. As many organizations observe that this ethnocentric view is more an illusion than reality, strategic management research has started to focus on the cultural sensitivity of its theories, tools, and processes to provide practitioners in a multicultural setting with adequate know-how and tools. To foster long-term decision-making despite uncertainty, scenario planning is frequently applied by practitioners. Up until today, scenario planning has however gained little attention from the academic community. Through this book, the author presents a newly developed framework for strategic management that combines the cultural value scale to test the cultural sensitivity of the long-term planning tool called “scenario planning.” The different process steps of scenario planning have been individually examined for their sensitivity toward the cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation. The investigation is based on a unique, global set of management consultants working for a leading professional service firm. The results of this research show the cultural sensitivity of scenario planning, with different degrees of the process steps and the tested cultural dimensions.
Cultural Initiatives for Sustainable Development: Management, Participation and Entrepreneurship in the Cultural and Creative Sector (Contributions to Management Science)
by Giovanni Schiuma Lucia Marchegiani Paola Demartini Michela MarchioriThis book explores the relevance of new sources, dimensions, and characteristics of knowledge for supporting creative and cultural organizations and initiatives.Special emphasis is placed on cultural heritage, participatory approaches, and entrepreneurship in the cultural and creative sector. The role of cultural heritage and contemporary culture as a source of economically effective, socially sustainable development is also discussed. The authors examine new ways of developing and testing new and innovative models of management for cultural heritage assets. In line with the participatory approaches in culture heritage governance promoted by the EU, the authors analyze participatory approaches to cultural and creative initiatives. The role of public and private actors, as well as the way they interact with each other in order to achieve collective outcomes, is of particular interest in this section of the book. With regard to cultural and creative entrepreneurship, the book adds an innovative view of cultural ventures, offering some clues from an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective.
Cultural Intelligence for Marketers: Building an Inclusive Marketing Strategy
by Anastasia Karklina GabrielBrands not only reflect culture but actively shape societal norms and values. Move beyond performative inclusive marketing and drive the cultural conversation.A brand today can build a marketing strategy that not only effectively resonates with audiences but also meaningfully impacts society at large. Learn how to produce inclusive marketing using an approach grounded in critical perspectives on society and the impact brands wield in shaping it. In this book, cultural theorist and strategist Anastasia Karklina Gabriel draws on social analysis, media theory, and semiotics to help marketers improve cultural fluency and future-proof brand strategy by embedding equity and inclusion into every aspect of marketing. Cultural Intelligence for Marketers explains how to create an inclusive marketing strategy using an actionable approach that draws on advanced insights into culture, identity, representation, and the power of media in driving social change.The book offers an in-depth dive into the urgent need for cultural competence in marketing using a framework rooted in 4Cs: Culture, communication, critical consciousness, and community. It delves into practical aspects of conscious marketing, inclusive innovation, cultural insights, brand activism, social impact, and responsibility in business. It features insights from current and former marketing leaders at Wieden+Kennedy, Mindshare, Dentsu, and Saatchi & Saatchi, among others. Drawing on case studies from brands that are actively pursuing inclusive marketing strategies, including Microsoft, Pinterest, Billie, and REI, Gabriel outlines the process of deploying cultural intelligence to attain commercial advantage while transforming society for the better.
Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century: Driving Inclusion, Revenue, and ESG
by Stephan M. BranchDiscover how leadership, cultural intelligence, and inclusion coalesce to create preeminent global leaders and organizations while driving revenue, inclusion, and ESG.If you are a CEO, global leader, or part of a global organization, you can revolutionize every part of your business by raising your cultural intelligence. Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century explores nine crucial cultural competencies that will transform every part of your business, including: how you drive inclusion, revenue, and ESG how you lead global teams for better results how you increase sales and operational performance how you communicate across cultures how you build relationships and trust in other countries In recent years, organizations have become fixated on raising Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) because they recognize that the Millennial and Z generations are largely focused on investing in companies that better align with their personal philosophies. Global 2000 companies know this and are redirecting much of their focus to ESG in order to make their organizations more attractive to employees and investors. The &“S&” in ESG isn&’t only about social equity; it&’s about understanding the importance of how other countries conduct business. Did you know you can solve both at the same time while having a transformative financial impact on your organization? How can you build a globally inclusive culture in an organization where everyone feels seen, heard, and respected if you don&’t understand how cultures communicate, build relationships and trust, and show respect differently? You can learn the cultural competencies to do business in other countries in order to create a more inclusive environment within a global organization, which qualifies as a metric within the ESG rating. Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century gives you the competencies you need to do this.
Cultural Intelligence in the World of Work: Past, Present, Future (Springer Series in Emerging Cultural Perspectives in Work, Organizational, and Personnel Studies)
by David C. Thomas Yuan LiaoThis book provides a comprehensive review of both the theoretical development and empirical study of the concept of cultural intelligence. A review of previous work on cross-cultural competence provides an historical backdrop against which the two main theories of cultural intelligence are presented. These two approaches, as well as the assessments derived from them, are compared and evaluated. Issues associated with the measurement of cultural intelligence are examined in detail. An important feature of the review of the empirical work on cultural intelligence is that results are discussed in terms of the relationship of the four sub dimensions of the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and also that results using the Short Form Cultural Intelligence Scale (SFCQ) and other measures of the concept are included. The review of empirical work includes studies that cast cultural intelligence as an antecedent, as a dependent variable, and as a moderator and a mediator. Cultural intelligence at the group and organizational levels are also discussed. Finally, this review sets the stage for a discussion of appropriate future directions in the study of cultural intelligence. Scholars in organizational psychology interested in the concept of cultural intelligence will find this an essential guide.
Cultural Intelligence: Master the One Skill You Can't Do Without in Today's Global Economy
by David A. LivermoreAs an award-winning author and global business leader, David Livermore applies his social science and cultural intelligence (CQ) expertise to teach others how to thrive in increasingly multicultural workplaces and a globalized world. Now, in this essential book, he shows you how to leverage the benefits of cultural intelligence for themselves--including improved decision-making, negotiation, networking, and leadership skills--to gain a crucial advantage in the crowded job market. <P><P> In The Cultural Intelligence Difference, you’ll explore: customized strategies for improving interactions with people from diverse cultures, new findings on the bottom-line benefits of cultural intelligence, and many examples of major organizations that use CQ to achieve success. Most people know that some basic cultural sensitivity is important. But few have developed the deep cultural intelligence needed to truly bridge the cultural gaps that exist in every workplace. <P><P> The Cultural Intelligence Difference delivers a powerful tool for navigating today's work world with finesse--and success.
Cultural Intelligence: Surviving and Thriving in the Global Village
by David C. Thomas Kerr C. InksonSucceed in Any Culture, in Every Situation In today's global economy, the ability to interact effectively across cultures is a fundamental job requirement for just about everyone. But it's impossible to learn the customs and traits of every single culture. David Thomas and Kerr Inkson present a universal set of techniques and people skills that will allow you to adapt quickly to, and thrive in, any cultural environment. You'll learn to discard your own culturally based assumptions and pay careful attention, in a mindful and creative way, to cues in cross-cultural situations. The authors show how to apply cultural intelligence in a series of specific situations: making decisions; communicating, negotiating, and resolving conflicts; leading and motivating others; and designing, managing, and contributing to multicultural groups and teams. This extensively revised third edition has been updated with new stories showing cultural intelligence in action. Thomas and Inkson have broadened the focus beyond business to include organizations of all kinds—nonprofits, governments, educational institutions, and more. And they include a reliable and valid measure of cultural intelligence based on a decade of research by an international team of scholars.
Cultural Leadership I: Begriff, Einflussfaktoren und Aufgaben der Personalführung in Kulturbetrieben (essentials)
by Andrea HausmannKompakt, fundiert und praxisnah werden in diesem Buch die wichtigsten Aufgaben, Besonderheiten und Herausforderungen von Führung in Kulturbetrieben behandelt. Andrea Hausmann stellt dafür zunächst den Begriff und das Grundmodell von Führung vor. Danach präsentiert sie einen Kurzüberblick zur theoretischen Verortung und beleuchtet praxisnah typische Einflussfaktoren auf Führung in Kulturbetrieben. Im Weiteren diskutiert die Autorin die Aufgaben von Führungskräften und analysiert die Rahmenbedingungen für Motivation. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Auffassung, dass Führung alle Beschäftigten in Kulturbetrieben betrifft.Die Autorin: Prof. Dr. Andrea Hausmann ist Professorin am Institut für Kulturmanagement der Pädagogischen Hochschule Ludwigsburg und berät Kulturbetriebe in den Themen Marketing und Personal.
Cultural Leadership II: Instrumente der Personalführung in Kulturbetrieben (essentials)
by Andrea HausmannDieses essential vermittelt kompakt und praxisnah, welche Instrumente Führungskräfte konkret einsetzen können, um Personal in Kulturbetrieben erfolgreich zu führen. Skizziert werden dabei zum einen direkte Führungsinstrumente mit dem Fokus Kommunikation, die in konkreten Führungssituationen wirken und individuell auszugestalten sind. Zum anderen werden indirekte Instrumente mit dem Fokus Koordination vorgestellt, die weitgehend standardisiert zur Verfügung stehen und Kulturbetrieben dabei helfen, den organisationalen Rahmen für Führung zu schaffen. Die Ausführungen werden ergänzt durch Überlegungen zu Merkmalen des Führungsverhalten und Führungserfolgs. Zugrundeliegend ist dabei die Auffassung, dass für gelingende Führung alle Beschäftigten in Kulturbetrieben verantwortlich sind, d.h. sowohl Führende als auch Geführte.Die Autorin:Prof. Dr. Andrea Hausmann ist Professorin am Institut für Kulturmanagement der Pädagogischen Hochschule Ludwigsburg und berät Kulturbetriebe in den Themen Personal, Kulturtourismus und Marketing.
Cultural Leadership in Practice: Beyond Arts Management and Cultural Policy (Discovering the Creative Industries)
by Steven HadleyWhat do cultural leaders really think about the problems they, and the arts and cultural sector, face? This book brings global leaders in the cultural field into dialogue with academics and experts to offer profound insight and perspectives on the complex issues the cultural sector faces in a rapidly accelerating and destabilising twenty-first century context.The book engages directly with leaders in the arts and cultural sector, bridging the gap between academia, policy and practice. Each chapter sheds new light on national cultural policy contexts, offering different perspectives on arts subsidy, audiences, the cultural workforce, heritage, artform development and how cultural leadership functions in a fast-changing local, national and international context. Interviews are conducted by academics and experts with significant knowledge and understanding of the arts management and cultural policy field, who ask critical and probing questions. Featuring interviews with an impressively international range of senior figures from the cultural sector, from the Royal Opera House, BMW, Bloomberg and Onassis Foundation and covering countries including the UK, Germany, Chile, Singapore, Greece, USA, Serbia and Ireland, the book gives a truly global overview of cultural leadership from leaders who are open to question, critique and challenge. Each chapter offers a unique and fascinating insight into the mind of a leader in their field, with their experience ranging from huge participatory events featuring tens of thousands of people to the visual arts, opera, the Turner Prize and the #blacklivesmatter movement.This book will be essential reading for reflective cultural leaders around the world, as well as a useful resource for students and scholars involved with arts and cultural management and policy.
Cultural Leadership in Transition Tourism: Developing Innovative and Sustainable Models (Contributions to Management Science)
by Elena Borin Mara Cerquetti Marta Crispí Judith UrbanoCultural tourism has proved to be a significant source of economic development for cultural destinations, but it has also emerged as a sometimes potentially controversial and unsustainable phenomenon. The recent pandemic has also pointed out that we need different models of development of tourism, that include a more balanced approach to cultural components in cities and rural areas. Calls have been made on the need to design more sustainable models of tourism development for cultural destinations, conceiving tourism as a means to increasing the quality of life and generating economic opportunities in cities and regions by involving their communities and stakeholders. This book presents an in-depth analysis of the transition towards more sustainable models of cultural tourism development. Starting from the ongoing debate on cultural ecosystems, the book explores the potential key role of cultural and creative organizations as leaders of change. Including theoretical contributions, quantitative and qualitative analyses and international case studies, the book explores the role of cultural actors as leaders and their potential as drivers of culture-led innovation for tourism in cities and regions.
Cultural Logics and Global Economies: Maya Identity in Thought and Practice
by Fischer Edward F.Drawing on recent theories from cognitive studies, interpretive ethnography, and political economy, Edward F. Fischer looks at individual Maya activists and local cultures, as well as changing national and international power relations, to understand how ethnic identities are constructed and expressed in the modern world. At the global level, he shows how structural shifts in international relations have opened new venues of ethnic expression for Guatemala's majority Maya population. At the local level, he examines the processes of identity construction in two Kaqchikel Maya towns, Tecpán and Patzún, and shows how divergent local norms result in different conceptions and expressions of Maya-ness, which nonetheless share certain fundamental similarities with the larger pan-Maya project. Tying these levels of analysis together, Fischer argues that open-ended Maya "cultural logics" condition the ways in which Maya individuals (national leaders and rural masses alike) creatively express their identity in a rapidly changing world.
Cultural Management and Policy in Latin America (Routledge Research in the Creative and Cultural Industries)
by Raphaela Henze and Federico EscribalCultural Management and Policy in Latin America provides in-depth insights into the education and training of cultural managers from interdisciplinary and comparative perspectives. The book focuses on the effects of neoliberalism on cultural policies across the region, and questions how cultural managers in Latin America deal not only with contemporary political challenges but also with the omnipresent legacy of colonialism. In doing so, it unpacks the methods, formats, and narratives employed. Reflecting on emerging and contemporary research topics, the book analyses the key literature and scholarly contexts to identify impacts in the region and beyond. The volume provides scholars, students and reflective practitioners with a comprehensive resource on international cultural management that helps to overcome Western-centric methods and theories.
Cultural Management: A Research Overview (ISSN)
by Chris BiltonThis shortform book tells the research story of cultural management, helping scholars to analyse and combine theoretical models into an approach of their own.Cultural management emerged and developed out of the field of arts management in the 1980s, which imported managerial techniques and assumptions from mainstream commercial business into the arts. In the late 1990s, the field integrated entrepreneurial approaches to management in the creative industries before adapting to a new model, based on user experiences and co-creation. These historical phases are theorised respectively as cultural management 1.0, cultural management 2.0 and cultural management 3.0. Yet they also overlap. Bringing together theories of management and creativity, this book enables scholars to get a grip on the underlying assumptions and conditions which lie behind an eclectic and evolving field. The author, an established expert in this field, empowers scholars and reflective practitioners to develop their own approach to cultural management, drawing on the available approaches, and to recognise that successful cultural management is contingent on understanding the context (organisational and personal) within which these models will be applied.
Cultural Management: A Research Overview (State of the Art in Business Research)
by Chris BiltonThis shortform book tells the research story of cultural management, helping scholars to analyse and combine theoretical models into an approach of their own. Cultural management emerged and developed out of the field of arts management in the 1980s, which imported managerial techniques and assumptions from mainstream commercial business into the arts. In the late 1990s, the field integrated entrepreneurial approaches to management in the creative industries before adapting to a new model, based on user experiences and co-creation. These historical phases are theorised respectively as cultural management 1.0, cultural management 2.0 and cultural management 3.0. Yet they also overlap. Bringing together theories of management and creativity, this book enables scholars to get a grip on the underlying assumptions and conditions which lie behind an eclectic and evolving field. The author, an established expert in this field, empowers scholars and reflective practitioners to develop their own approach to cultural management, drawing on the available approaches, and to recognise that successful cultural management is contingent on understanding the context (organisational and personal) within which these models will be applied.
Cultural Mediation for Museums: Driving Audience Engagement (Routledge Focus on the Global Creative Economy)
by Michela Addis Valeria Guerrisi Isabella De StefanoThis book presents an innovative application of strategic and experiential marketing in the museum sector, which uses a new cultural mediation model to enrich the visitor experience via increased audience engagement. Leveraging a case study of the National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Arts in Rome, the book helps readers understand how to apply marketing management to cultural mediation, enabling museums to segment the visitors’ market to drive improvements to arts accessibility and engagement. By running a comprehensive and multi-method research project, the authors propose a customized cultural mediation model to support museums in facing the current challenges and build their future. Our model supports museums in segmenting the visitors’ market and designing cultural mediation for enriched visitor experiences; readers will also learn how to invest, manage, hire, and train staff members devoted to this service, resulting in more engaging and successful experiences. This book will be a valuable resource for educational services offices at museums worldwide. This book will also be of interest to researchers, academics, and scholars carrying out research in the fields of museum management, cultural mediation and communication, and marketing.
Cultural Mediations of Brands: Unadvertization and Quest for Authority
by Caroline MartiBrands, which are major economic entities and major symbols of market mediations, are increasingly appearing in the social arena as cultural actors in their own right. Their quest for social legitimacy and to have control over the markets goes beyond the usual framework of their communication with initiatives that have begun to have an impact on the French cultural landscape. Media, digital content, educational kits, museum exhibitions and so on are the actions of an unadvertization, which has the potential to transform not only the rapport brands have with the public but also representations of knowledge and culture. The communicative approach at the heart of this book illuminates the contemporary transformations of communication, highlighting three main types of cultural mediations: media, education, and cultural heritage institutions. Cultural Mediations of Brands thus provides a theoretical and critical analysis of the brand and the symbolic effectiveness attributed to it.
Cultural Olympians: Rugby School's Cultural Leaders
by John Clarke John Taylor Rowan Williams Jay Winter Anthony Kenny Ian Hesketh Andrew Vincent David Boucher John Witheridge David Urquhart Robin Poidevin A N Wilson A C Grayling Patrick DerhamThis book is designed to provide a rigorous yet practical engagement with key questions surrounding faith, philosophy, science, culture and social progress by celebrating the life and thought of Rugbeian cultural leaders, social pioneers and educationalists, with an exploration of their continued relevance to contemporary discussions. Some of the most distinguished historians, philosophers and social and religious commentators among them, including AN Wilson, John Clarke, AC Grayling, TH Green, Andrew Vincent and John Witheridge, here set out, argue and explore the most important values that guide and challenge us today.
Cultural Philanthropy and Entrepreneurship (New Perspectives in Cultural Management)
by Annick Schramme, Ulrike Müller, Nathalie Verboven and Laura D’hooreThe continuing pressure on the funding of arts and culture across Europe is forcing cultural organisations to rethink their traditional ways of working. This book examines how an entrepreneurial cultural organisation can generate a form of cultural philanthropy as a viable source of alternative funding.The authors in the book address issues that include how to build trust and the language of the cultural entrepreneur; how to create and develop sustainable partnerships; and overcoming the dominant logic of cultural organisations as an obstacle in an engaged collaboration with private partners.Through expert insights and a comprehensive analysis of real-life case interviews, this book offers fresh perspectives on the challenges and opportunities inherent in cultural philanthropy. It provides invaluable insights for scholars and practitioners alike offering a multidisciplinary exploration from historical, legal, and management viewpoints within the arts sector.
Cultural Policies in the Era of the Korean Wave: The South Korean Government's Instrumentalisation of Popular Culture (Routledge Research in Digital Media and Culture in Asia)
by Taeyoung KimCultural Policies in the Era of the Korean Wave explores how the state instrumentalises cultural industries, despite the bulk of their production and delivery mechanisms becoming subject to the market logic and foreign stakeholders, through an in-depth study of the South Korean government’s cultural industry policies.Drawing on interviews with policymakers and producers in the Korean film, music, and television industries, it investigates how the government’s policy schemes—ranging from funding programmes and public agencies established to promote cultural industries to the blacklisting of those opposing the administration’s political agendas—demonstrate the government’s strong desire to influence cultural production. The findings highlight how the state retains political power to instrumentalise cultural products, even as market forces shape production mechanisms and genre characteristics that have become increasingly transnational.This book sheds new light on how the state approves and reappropriates the doctrines of neoliberal globalisation to serve its interests in instrumentalising culture, making it relevant for scholars and students in the areas of media and cultural policy, media and cultural industries, global media, and Asian studies.
Cultural Policy and Management in Borderlands: Creating on the Edge (ENCATC Advances in Cultural Management and Policy)
by Solène MariéThis book uncovers the processes at play in the development of cultural policies, projects and networks in spaces at the edge of their countries, marked by their proximity with a borderline.On a subject which is studied mainly in North America and Western Europe and based on individual case studies, its originality lies in offering a comparative view on the subject, as well as in comparing a European case – the France-Germany borderlands – to a South American case – the Brazil-Uruguay borderlands. Through a multi-sited ethnographic study, the author develops an analysis of the formal and informal processes and networks which sustain this cultural action, looking at the relative contribution of processes led by institutions, cultural agents and the civil society.This book provides theoretical tools for the analysis of the way cultural ecosystems function in borderlands and is valuable reading for scholars of cultural policy, geography and arts management.
Cultural Policy: Management, Value and Modernity in the Creative Industries
by Dave O'BrienContemporary society is complex; governed and administered by a range of contradictory policies, practices and techniques. Nowhere are these contradictions more keenly felt than in cultural policy. This book uses insights from a range of disciplines to aid the reader in understanding contemporary cultural policy. Drawing on a range of case studies, including analysis of the reality of work in the creative industries, urban regeneration and current government cultural policy in the UK, the book discusses the idea of value in the cultural sector, showing how value plays out in cultural organizations. Uniquely, the book crosses disciplinary boundaries to present a thorough introduction to the subject. As a result, the book will be of interest to a range of scholars across arts management, public and nonprofit management, cultural studies, sociology and political science. It will also be essential reading for those working in the arts, culture and public policy.
Cultural Political Economy of Small Cities (Regions And Cities Ser.)
by Bas Van Heur Anne LorentzenThe volume highlights ongoing changes in the political economy of small cities in relation to the field of culture and leisure. Culture and leisure are focal points both to local entrepreneurship and to planning by city governments, which means that these developments are subject to market dynamics as well as to political discourse and action. Public-private partnerships as well as conflicts of interests characterise the field, and a major issue related to the strategic development of culture and leisure is the balance between market and welfare. This field is gaining importance in most cities today in planning, production and consumption, but to the extent that these changes have drawn academic attention it has focused on large, metropolitan areas and on creative clusters and flagship high culture projects. Smaller cities and their often substantively different cultural strategies have been largely ignored, thus leading to a huge gap in our knowledge on contemporary urban change. By bringing together a number of case studies as well as theoretical reflections on the cultural political economy of small cities, this volume contributes to an emerging small cities research agenda and to the development of policy-relevant expertise that is sensitive to place-specific cultural dynamics. In taking this approach, the volume hopes to contribute to emerging research on culture and leisure economies by developing a differentiated spatial dimension to it, without which sustainable urban strategies cannot be developed. This book integrates perspectives of economic development with questions of governance and equity in relation to the fields of culture and leisure planning and development. This book should be of interest to students and researchers of Urban Studies and Planning, Regional Studies and Economics, as well as Sociology and Geography.
Cultural Politics of the Creative Industries (Routledge Research in the Creative and Cultural Industries)
by Phil GrahamThis book presents the creative industries as a suite of practices intimately connected to political, economic, and cultural power. Seeking to illuminate the creative industries through critical cultural analysis it shows the extent to which creative labour shapes our shared cultural and political realities, good and bad.The author presents creative labour as a form of employment which typically operates well outside conventional industrial relationships, highlighting the importance of cultural as well as political and economic value. The aim of doing so is to provide a view of the broader creative economy that shows up the effects and trends of its strange industrial relationships. It recognises new forms of audience labour as significant creative, political, cultural, and commercial forces, and frames cultures as preceptual systems, as systems of rules, conventions, morés, and laws.In so doing, the author provides a new cultural framework through which scholars, students, and reflective practitioners can make critical judgements about the creative economy and its creative acts.