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NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2019: Volume 34 (National Bureau of Economic Research Macroeconomics Annual #34)
by The University of Chicago PressThe thirty-fourth volume of the NBER Macroeconomics Annual features theoretical and empirical studies of issues in contemporary macroeconomics and a keynote address by James Stock, a member of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers from 2013 to 2014. Chong-en Bai, Chang-Tai Hsieh, and Zheng Song examine the “special deals” provided by Chinese local governments to favored private firms and their effects on economic growth. Matias Covarrubias, Germán Gutiérrez, and Thomas Philippon study the evolution of profits, investment, and market shares in US industries over the past forty years and find evidence of inefficient concentration and barriers to entry since 2000. David Debortoli, Jordi Galí, and Luca Gambetti assess whether recent economic performance was affected by a binding zero lower bound constraint on the interest rate. Michael McLeay and Silvana Tenreyro explain why it is difficult to empirically identify the Phillips curve (a key element of the policy framework used by central banks) using aggregate data. The authors suggest using regional variation in unemployment and inflation to estimate the relationship between these variables. Margherita Borella, Mariacristina De Nardi, and Fang Yang examine the effects of shorter life expectancies, higher medical expenses, and lower wages for white, non-college-educated Americans born in the 1960s on labor supply and retirement savings. Nir Jaimovich, Sergio Rebelo, Arlene Wong, and Miao Ben Zhang investigate the role that increases in the quality of the goods consumed (“trading up”) played in the rise of the skill premium that occurred in the last four decades.
NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2022: Volume 37 (National Bureau of Economic Research Macroeconomics Annual #37)
by The University of Chicago PressAuthoritative takes on the most current and pressing issues in macroeconomics today. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual provides a forum for leading economists to participate in important debates in macroeconomics and to report on major developments in macroeconomic analysis and policy. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual brings together leading scholars to discuss five research papers on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. First, Andrea Eisfeldt, Antonio Falato, and Mindy Xiaolan document the rise of a new class of worker that receives part of its labor income as equity-based compensation, its role in the recent decline in the labor share of income, and implications for the returns to skilled labor and the implied capital-skill complementarity. Next, Michael Bauer and Eric Swanson focus on monetary policy shocks and argue the correlation between estimated monetary surprises and previously available information can be explained by uncertainty about the parameters of the monetary policy rule. Using new data and methods they find effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables that are much larger than previously estimated. Job Boerma and Loukas Karabarbounis provide a framework for quantitatively exploring the gap in wealth between White and Black Americans over the past 150 years and examine the effectiveness of reparations as a tool for closing this gap. Guido Menzio considers workers who do not have rational expectations, and whose “stubborn” beliefs change the response of wages to technology shocks, resulting in sticky wages. He finds that the larger the fraction of workers with stubborn beliefs, the more volatile unemployment is. Finally, Rishabh Aggarwal, Adrien Auclert, Matthew Rognlie, and Ludwig Straub investigate the growth—particularly in the United States—of private savings, current account deficits, and fiscal deficits after 2020. They argue that fiscal deficits lead to large and persistent increases in private savings and current account deficits.
NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2022: Volume 37 (National Bureau of Economic Research Macroeconomics Annual #37)
by The University of Chicago PressAuthoritative takes on the most current and pressing issues in macroeconomics today. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual provides a forum for leading economists to participate in important debates in macroeconomics and to report on major developments in macroeconomic analysis and policy. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual brings together leading scholars to discuss five research papers on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. First, Andrea Eisfeldt, Antonio Falato, and Mindy Xiaolan document the rise of a new class of worker that receives part of its labor income as equity-based compensation, its role in the recent decline in the labor share of income, and implications for the returns to skilled labor and the implied capital-skill complementarity. Next, Michael Bauer and Eric Swanson focus on monetary policy shocks and argue the correlation between estimated monetary surprises and previously available information can be explained by uncertainty about the parameters of the monetary policy rule. Using new data and methods they find effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables that are much larger than previously estimated. Job Boerma and Loukas Karabarbounis provide a framework for quantitatively exploring the gap in wealth between White and Black Americans over the past 150 years and examine the effectiveness of reparations as a tool for closing this gap. Guido Menzio considers workers who do not have rational expectations, and whose “stubborn” beliefs change the response of wages to technology shocks, resulting in sticky wages. He finds that the larger the fraction of workers with stubborn beliefs, the more volatile unemployment is. Finally, Rishabh Aggarwal, Adrien Auclert, Matthew Rognlie, and Ludwig Straub investigate the growth—particularly in the United States—of private savings, current account deficits, and fiscal deficits after 2020. They argue that fiscal deficits lead to large and persistent increases in private savings and current account deficits.
NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2024: Volume 39 (National Bureau of Economic Research Macroeconomics Annual #39)
by The University of Chicago PressProvides a forum for leading economists to participate in important debates in macroeconomics and to report on major developments in macroeconomic analysis and policy. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual presents research on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. Martin Kornejew, Chen Lian, Yueran Ma, Pablo Ottonello, and Diego Perez investigate the role of bankruptcy institutions in mitigating the economic fallout of credit crunches following booms and find that efficient institutions reduce the adverse effect of credit tightening on GDP. Santiago Camara, Lawrence Christiano, and Hüsnü Dalgic analyze the global effects of US monetary policy shocks, with particular attention to trade channels and financial frictions, and find that tighter US monetary policy leads to more pronounced contractions in emerging markets than in advanced economies. David Altig, Alan Auerbach, Erin Eidschun, Laurence Kotlikoff, and Victor Yifan Ye assess the welfare costs of inflation through interactions with tax and benefit programs and show that imperfect indexation leads to welfare losses for some households and gains for others. Paul Beaudry, Chenyu Hou, and Franck Portier examine inflation dynamics, and find that supply shocks and inflation expectations are pivotal for explaining them. Finally, Davide Debortoli and Jordi Galí develop a simplified two-agent new Keynesian (TANK) model to emulate more complex heterogeneous agent new Keynesian (HANK) models, and use it to examine the many channels through which heterogeneity influences aggregate fluctuations.
NCERT Snapshots
by National Council of Educational Research and TrainingThe methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this supplementary reader proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The book attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverBuild your knowledge and develop the practical enterprise skills you need to achieve the Level 1/2 Technical Award with this brand new textbook, endorsed by NCFE and written by business and enterprise experts Tess Bayley and Leanna Oliver.- Access the information you need using the clear and attractive layout. - Test your knowledge and understanding, with activities and Test Yourself questions throughout.- Reinforce the knowledge and skills you need for both the written exam and synoptic project.- Endorsed by NCFE for the 2018 specification, which is approved for inclusion in the 2020, 2021 and 2022 Key Stage 4 performance tables.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverBuild your knowledge and develop the practical enterprise skills you need to achieve the Level 1/2 Technical Award with this brand new textbook, endorsed by NCFE and written by business and enterprise experts Tess Bayley and Leanna Oliver.- Access the information you need using the clear and attractive layout. - Test your knowledge and understanding, with activities and Test Yourself questions throughout.- Reinforce the knowledge and skills you need for both the written exam and synoptic project.- Endorsed by NCFE for the 2018 specification, which is approved for inclusion in the 2020, 2021 and 2022 Key Stage 4 performance tables.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise Second Edition
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverThis Student Textbook is:- Comprehensive - gain in-depth knowledge of each content area with clear explanations of every concept and topic and easy-to-follow chapters.- Accessible, reliable and trusted - structured to match the specification and provide you with the information you need to build knowledge, understanding and skills.- Designed to support you - boost your confidence when tackling the internal non-examined and external examined assessments with plenty of activities to test and consolidate knowledge.- Your go-to guide - expert authors have carefully designed tasks and activities to build your skillset in order to aid progression and questions to assess understanding.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise Second Edition
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverThis Student Textbook is:- Comprehensive - gain in-depth knowledge of each content area with clear explanations of every concept and topic and easy-to-follow chapters.- Accessible, reliable and trusted - structured to match the specification and provide you with the information you need to build knowledge, understanding and skills.- Designed to support you - boost your confidence when tackling the internal non-examined and external examined assessments with plenty of activities to test and consolidate knowledge.- Your go-to guide - expert authors have carefully designed tasks and activities to build your skillset in order to aid progression and questions to assess understanding.
NCIDQ Interior Design Reference Manual
by David Kent BallastComprehensive review for all three exam sections The Interior Design Reference Manual by David Ballast covers all three sections of the NCIDQ exams which include the fundamentals (IDFX), professional (IDPX), and practicum (PRAC) sections. Pass your exams the first time with comprehensive reading materials on all topics. The NCIDQ Interior Design Reference Manual features include: Complete coverage of content areas for all three sections of the NCIDQ Exam Updated for the IBC 2018 changes included in the exam Over 200 figures in SI and U.S. measurements to illustrate design details Study guidelines, exam tips, and tables to support exam preparation New for this edition - revised and updated content to increase exam specification coverage Interior Design Topics Covered Design Concepts and Programming Design Constraints Building Systems and Construction Research, Analysis, and Selection of Products and Details Communication and Documentation Project and Business Management
NEC Electronics
by James Quinn Robin Greenwood C. Fritz FoleyWhy do shares in NEC Electronics, a publicly listed subsidiary of Japan conglomerate NEC trade at a discount to their fundamental value? Can Perry Capital, a U.S. hedge fund, restructure this subsidiary and generate significant returns? This case provides students with an opportunity to analyze Perry's decision to invest in NEC Electronics. In doing so, it asks for the reasons that NEC might take actions that destroy value and shift value away from NECE's minority shareholders. The events covered allow for a discussion of how ownership concentration constrains restructuring alternatives, how hedge fund investors might confront controlling shareholders, and how the mispricing of agency costs can give rise to ownership structures that allow for minority shareholder expropriation.
NEC4: 100 Questions and Answers
by Kelvin HughesThis book details some of the most important and interesting questions raised about the NEC4 family of contracts and provides clear, comprehensive answers to those questions. Written by an NEC expert with over 20 years’ experience using, advising and training others, the book has several distinctive features: It covers the whole NEC4 family It is written by a very experienced NEC author who explains sometimes complex issues in a simple and accessible style The questions and answers range from beginner level up to a masterclass level The questions are real life questions asked by actual NEC practitioners on real projects. The book includes questions and answers relating to tendering, early warnings, programme issues, quality management, payment provisions, compensation events, liabilities, insurances, adjudication, termination and much more. It is essential reading for anyone working with the NEC4 family of contracts, whether professionals or students in construction, architecture, project management and engineering.
NEFE High School Financial Planning Program (Student Guide)
by National Endowment for Financial EducationYou probably never thought you'd need help with figuring out how to spend your money! After all, teens spend billions upon billions of dollars every year, so it sounds like you know how to spend those bucks. But there is much more to handling your money than just spending it.
NET, Love God Greatly Bible, Ebook: Holy Bible
by Love God GreatlyThe Love God Greatly Bible encourages and equips women to meet God on the pages of Scripture. Each feature in this Bible is beautifully designed to help you engage with God&’s Word so you can know the abiding love of a faithful God.Each book includes an extensive introduction to give context, followed by a reading plan that uses a simple, proven framework—Scripture, Observation, Application, and Prayer—to guide you through the text. Additional reflection and challenge questions are provided to go deeper on particular passages, and wide margins are provided for taking notes.While knowing God is a personal journey, as a believer, you join the global community of faith. This Bible includes testimonies of women from around the world to connect and strengthen you in your pursuit of God in any place and circumstance.Features include:Thomas Nelson&’s exclusive NET Comfort Print® typefaceOver 60 country profiles with nation-specific prayer guides, plus verses highlighting God&’s promises to the nationsPowerful testimonies from women around the world whose lives have been changed through engaging with ScriptureMore than 150 devotionals and memory verse list for deeper reflection50 reading plansOne-year reading planTopical index, and original full-color, in-text mapsReflection and challenge questions included in each book of the BibleOriginal word art for each book of the BibleTwo satin ribbon markers9.5-point print size
NFL UK
by Elie Ofek David B. Godes Peter WickershamThe NFL faces a decision on how to continue efforts to grow its fanbase in the UK. The decision needs to take into account lessons learned from previous NFL activities in Europe, market research on the UK sports fan and the implications of any move on the U.S. fan. Moreover, the decision should be couched within the broader context of the NFL's goal to expand internationally. Alistair Kirkwood, head of NFL UK, and Chris Parsons, VP of NFL International, must propose a course of action that the London-based team can both execute and that will receive the approval of the NFL's commissioner and owners.
NFTs Are a Scam / NFTs Are the Future: The Early Years: 2020-2023
by Bobby HundredsThe nationally bestselling author and streetwear entrepreneur Bobby Hundreds’s manifesto about NFTs, the future of creativity, and bringing his brand and community into the modern digital space.Bobby Hundreds has spent twenty years building his streetwear company, The Hundreds, to be as much a community as a brand. So when Bobby discovered NFTs in 2020, he knew that the technology had the makings of a revolution. Now fans could not only directly support artists and creators but also have a genuine stake in the success of the work. Here, Bobby saw a way for the Hundreds community to participate in the brand as never before. But was this a good idea? Are NFTs truly the future of creativity? Or just a fad? Are they a scam? Maybe they are all those things. In NFTs Are a Scam / NFTs Are the Future, Bobby digs deep into these questions and more: Are NFTs fashion? A cult? Already over? Just beginning? None of the answers are simple, and Bobby works through each with the thoughtfulness and hard-earned insight that have made him a fervently sought-after voice in conversations about creativity, commerce, and community in the digital age. Over the course of just a few years, NFTs have been celebrated and derided; fortunes have been made and lost, empires built and toppled, and Bobby has been, and remains, in the thick of it. For the reader sitting on a collection of NFTs, this is an obvious must-read. For those wondering what’s been going on—and why it’s worth paying attention to—it is the perfect primer.
NFTs For Dummies
by Tiana Laurence Seoyoung KimGet a grip on NFTs and learn how to get in the game It’s not often that a brand-new investment comes along that revolutionizes how we buy and sell digital assets. But that’s what non-fungible tokens (NFTs) did. Built on blockchain tech, NFTs are shaking up the world of digital commodity investing. And you can get your slice of the pie before everyone jumps into the arena. In NFTs For Dummies, you’ll find straightforward answers to critical aspects of the NFT phenomenon. You’ll learn exactly what non-fungible tokens really are, how you can find them, and even how to create your own valuable NFTs. You’ll also discover: How to find reliable and safe NFT marketplaces where you can be sure you’re dealing with reputable buyers and sellers A peek behind the NFT curtain to see how NFTs work and what, exactly, you own when you buy or make an NFT Discussions of the kinds of digital properties that can be converted into an NFT Perfect for anyone who wants to learn about the market for buying, selling, and creating crypto collectibles, NFTs For Dummies is the only resource you’ll need to get a handle on this cutting-edge tech and start making it work for you.
NFTs for Business: A Practical Guide to Harnessing Digital Assets
by Steve Wood Ahmed Bouzid Paolo NarcisoMove beyond the tech jargon and the hype of non-fungible tokens (NFT)s and become empowered to think through solutions to solve your specific business problems. NFTs are important because they enable the manipulation of digital assets in ways that are closer to the way we manipulate physical assets. This book will serve as an introduction to the space and as a source of inspiration for connecting problem and solution dots. Understanding what core problems NFTs solve and how they solve them will enable business leaders to design solutions and to put together the teams that will help them deliver on the promises of NFTs. This book is focused on explaining what NFTs are, what problems they solve, and what what technology makes them possible. It provides the larger technological, economic, and political context within which NFTs are emerging. You'll learn how NFTs are currently being used, such as in assessing authenticity, creating scarcity, identifying provenance, establishing and confirming ownership, and enabling the tracking and collection of royalties You'll also see how NFTs allow for the creation of unique digital assets that can be owned and traded just like physical assets. NFTs is your guide to the emerging possibilities of ownership and monetization of digital assets in established industries.What You'll LearnSee what problems NFTs can solveStudy the fundamentals of blockchain technologyUnderstand what “Web3” means and the possibilities ahead Identify problems that NFTs can solve Deliver NFT and blockchain based solutionsWho This Book Is ForEntrepreneurs, executives, and product line managers in the following industries: Art, Music, Podcasting, Gaming, Finance, and Real Estate. Additional audiences include Retail, Fashion, Entertainment, Event Management and Supply Chain Management.
NFTs, Creativity and the Law: Within and Beyond Copyright (Routledge Research in the Creative and Cultural Industries)
by Enrico Bonadio Caterina SgangaNon-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have emerged as an important medium for the creation, sale and collection of art, with many major business and fashion houses creating their own NFT projects. This book investigates the eruption of NFT crypto art, and its impact on copyright law.Chapters address topics at the intersection between AI, smart contracts, data science, copyright law and arts administration. With snapshots of the ongoing heated debates around copyright law, the book investigates whether NFTs violate copyright and moral rights, the liability of NFTs platforms, impacts on ethical issues such as counterfeiting. The first book published on this emergent topic, this book offers a comprehensive overview of opportunities and challenges raised by NFTs to copyright law and, more generally, to the regulation and economics of the creative and cultural industries.The book is addressed to law and tech enthusiasts as well as academics, students, practitioners and policy makers interested in the intersection between copyright rules and new forms of technology.
NFX Capital and Moov Technologies
by Scott Duke Kominers Nicole Tempest KellerIn July 2019, James Currier, a general partner at San Francisco-based NFX Ventures, was considering a seed stage investment of $1.5 million in Moov Technologies, a B2B marketplace for used industrial equipment. NFX was a venture capital firm focused on seed-stage investments in technology businesses that utilized one or more of 15 network effects that NFX identified, viewing such businesses as having asymmetric upside potential. Currier saw growing potential in B2B marketplaces, which had taken a backseat to B2C marketplaces in the early 2000s. But market dynamics were changing as Milennials took the reins in legacy industries and looked for ways to bring the ease and speed of B2C marketplaces they were accustomed to in their personal lives to the workplace. NFX had already invested in one B2B marketplace and was now considering Moov, which operated in the pre-owned semiconductor manufacturing equipment market - estimated to have a market size of $8 to $10 billion. The business model was predicated on the fact that large manufacturers like Intel typically bought manufacturing equipment that had a 15-30 year useful life, but only used it for 3-5 years before swapping it out for newer models. The used equipment then either sat idle while it depreciated or was sold to other manufacturers through brokers. Steven Zhou, Moov's founder and CEO, had worked as a broker in the semiconductor equipment industry for 6 years; he used that experience to launch Moov in 2017 to digitize the equipment resale process through an online marketplace. As a seed stage investor, Currier knew he had to rely heavily on his assessment of the team, the product, and the sector. Currier acknowledged that Zhou was relatively inexperienced and would need mentorship. Yet Currier was impressed by Zhou's work ethic and "hustle." He was also encouraged by the fintech growth potential for Moov, including adding services such as insurance, shipping, and vendor financing.
NGO Discourses in the Debate on Genetically Modified Crops (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Studies)
by Ksenia GerasimovaThe development and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has been a contentious topic for the last three decades. While there have been a number of social science analyses of the issues, this is the first book to assess the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the debate at such a wide geographic scale.The various positions, for and against GMOs, particularly with regard to transgenic crops, articulated by NGOs in the debate are dissected, classified and juxtaposed to corresponding campaigns. These are discussed in the context of key conceptual paradigms, including nature fundamentalism and the organic movement, post-colonialism, food sovereignty, anti-globalisation, sustainability and feminism. The book also analyses how NGOs interpret the debate and the persuasive communication tactics they use. This provides greater understanding of the complexity of negotiations in the debate and explains its specific features such as its global scope and difficulty in finding compromises. The author assesses the long-term interests of various participants and changes in perceptions of science and in public communication as a result. Examples of major NGOs such as Greenpeace, Oxfam and WWF are included, but the author also provides new research into the role of NGOs in Russia.
NGO Field Workers in Bangladesh
by Mokbul Morshed AhmadThis title was first published in 2002. NGOs are receiving increasing international attention and resources from policy makers, donors, academics and others. The New Policy Agenda accepts NGOs as agents for social welfare alongside the state and as fostering democracy in the Developing World. Astonishingly, however, there have been very few studies and no books on NGO field workers. This study of field workers in Bangladesh, provides excellent insights into this neglected field. Bangladesh is an excellent example as, since independence in 1971, it has been a 'donor-dependent' country, both financially and functionally, and since the 1980s has concentrated this funding towards NGOs rather than to the state. The book shows how field workers are seen simply as implementers, carrying out directions given by their superiors and never being consulted on how best to achieve their goals. The book examines four types of NGOs - international, national, regional and small/local - in a number of sample locations. It compares the benefits and facilities provided by each NGO to their field workers, then explores the socio-economic background of both field workers and their mid-level managers and examines the interactions between these two groups and between field workers and their clients. It also looks at the field workers’ personal and professional lives and problems and details their opinions on their NGO’s activities and policies and on development . The findings show that NGO managers and donors lack knowledge of the realities in the field and do not realise how certain policies, such as their positive discrimination of women, can have negative results. It proposes that NGO field workers should be more active in policy making and puts forward several recommendations for changes in the management and structure of future NGOs.
NGO Governance and Management in China (Routledge Studies on China in Transition)
by Reza Hasmath Jennifer Y. HsuAs China becomes increasingly integrated into the global system there will be continuing pressure to acknowledge and engage with non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Suffice to say, without a clear understanding of the state’s interaction with NGOs, and vice versa, any political, economic and social analysis of China will be incomplete. This book provides an urgent insight into contemporary state-NGO relations. It brings together the most recent research covering three broad themes, namely the conceptualizations and subsequent functions of NGOs; state-NGO engagement; and NGOs as a mediator between state and society in contemporary China. The book provides a future glimpse into the challenges of state-NGO interactions in China's rapidly developing regions, which will aid NGOs strategic planning in both the short- and long-term. In addition, it allows a measure of predictability in our assessment of Chinese NGOs behaviour, notably when they eventually move their areas of operation from the domestic sphere to an international one. The salient themes, concepts, theories and practice discussed in this book will be of acute interest to students, scholars and practitioners in development studies, public administration, and Chinese and Asian politics. Reza Hasmath is a Lecturer in Chinese Politics at the University of Oxford, UK, and an Associate Professor in Political Science at the University of Alberta, Canada. His research looks at state-society relationships, the labour market experiences of ethnic minorities, and development theories and practices. Jennifer Y.J. Hsu is an Assistant Professor in Political Science at the University of Alberta, Canada. Her recent publications include a co-authored book HIV/AIDS in China: The Economic and Social Determinants (Routledge, 2011), and a co-edited book The Chinese Corporatist State: Adaption, Survival and Resistance (Routledge, 2012).
NGO Management: The Earthscan Companion (Earthscan Reader Ser.)
by Alan Fowler; Chiku MalungaThe task environment of NGOs is changing rapidly and significantly, making new demands on their management and leadership. This Companion discusses the complexities involved. It illustrates how NGOs can maintain performance and remain agile amidst increasing uncertainties. These factors include the position of NGOs in civil society, their involvement in governance and coping with the effects of the securitisation of international aid. Complementing The Earthscan Reader in NGO Management, selected contributions and specially commissioned pieces from NGO thought-leaders and practitioners, provide the reader with insights on the emerging thinking, competences and practices needed for success in managing and leading tomorrow's NGOs.
NGO Politics in Sri Lanka
by Indi Ruwangi AkurugodaThis book examines how and why local communities have been neglected in development initiatives in South Asia, focusing on Sri Lanka, and assesses the significant support from NGOs in increasing the capacity of local government and in promoting local development. Based on research in the southern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka, this project analyses the views of national, provincial and local level political representatives, administrative officials, and NGO officials.