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Perilous Bounty: The Looming Collapse Of American Farming And How We Can Prevent It
by Tom PhilpottAn unsettling journey into the United States' disaster-bound food system, and an exploration of possible solutions, from leading food politics commentator and farmer-turned-journalist Tom Philpott. More than a decade after Michael Pollan's game-changing The Omnivore's Dilemma transformed the conversation about what we eat, a combination of global diet trends and corporate interests have put American agriculture into a state of "quiet emergency," from dangerous drought in California--which grows more than 50 percent of the fruits and vegetables we eat--to catastrophic topsoil loss in the "breadbasket" heartland of the United States. Whether or not we take heed, these urgent crises of industrial agriculture will define our future. In Perilous Bounty, veteran journalist and former farmer Tom Philpott explores and exposes the small handful of seed and pesticide corporations, investment funds, and magnates who benefit from the trends that imperil us, with on-the-ground dispatches featuring the scientists documenting the damage and the farmers and activists who are valiantly and inventively pushing back. Resource scarcity looms on the horizon, but rather than pointing us toward an inevitable doomsday, Philpott shows how the entire wayward ship of American agriculture could be routed away from its path to disaster. He profiles the farmers and communities in the nation's two key growing regions developing resilient, soil-building, water-smart farming practices, and readying for the climate shocks that are already upon us; and he explains how we can help move these methods from the margins to the mainstream.
Perilous Wagers: Gambling, Dignity, and Day Laborers in Twenty-First-Century Tokyo (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University)
by Klaus K. HammeringThe lives of the men depicted in Perilous Wagers take place in the squalor of Tokyo's old day-laborer district, San'ya, where they can be found eking out a living from occasional construction work and welfare handouts, permanently displaced from their hometowns to metropolitan Tokyo. Although San'ya has nearly vanished during the past twenty years, its import persists as a black market where its small population of male day-laborers can be contracted for the most undesirable of tasks, without consideration for their health or safety. In this context, Hammering's book examines classic ethnographic themes of labor, exchange, value, honor, shame, temporality, desire, gender, and personhood. It explores how one group of day-laborers embodied a transgressive masculinity intimately intertwined with honorable mobster values of old, and how they created dignity and sociality under abject conditions of life. Perilous Wagers tracks these underdog values across construction sites, non-profit organizations, hospitals, bunkhouses, and illegal gambling dens, giving imaginative life to a stigmatized, forgotten social world.
Perils of the Seas and Inherent Vice in Marine Insurance Law
by Ayça UçarThe Supreme Court ruling in Global Process System Inc. v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad (The Cendor MOPU) created a shock wave in the London marine insurance market, as the Supreme Court decision changed the boundaries of doctrine with respect to the meaning of ‘perils of the sea’ and ‘inherent vice’. Both phrases play an important role in the insurance market, affecting both assureds and insurers and their respective interests under all classes of marine insurance policies. This book reviews the origin of the clauses ‘perils of the sea’ and ‘inherent vice’ by tracing back through the early cases in order to understand the origin and noting how and why the changes occurred. It will examine how the law has been developed in the recent cases and discuss whether the Supreme Court case The Cendor MOPU has overruled the previous cases in terms of the clauses ‘inherent vice’ and ‘perils of the sea’. Considering the impact of The Cendor MOPU decision with respect to the Marine Insurance Act 1906, as well as the standard Institute Cargo Clauses, it evaluates whether the decision is consistent with these things and discusses the effect of the decision on recent cases and on the insurance market.
Periodic Review Inventory Systems
by Thomas WensingThe focus of the work is twofold. First, it provides an introduction into fundamental structural and behavioral aspects of periodic review inventory systems. Second, it includes a comprehensive study on analytical and optimization aspects of a specific class of those systems. For the latter purpose, general solution methods for problems of inventory management in discrete time are described and developed along with highly specialized methods to solve very specific problems related to the model variants examined. The work is thus addressed to students and practitioners who seek a deeper understanding of managing inventories in discrete time as well as to software developers who require implementation aids on specific problems of inventory management.
Periodizing Capitalism and Capitalist Extinction (Palgrave Insights into Apocalypse Economics)
by Richard WestraThis book offers the first systematic exposition and critique of the major approaches to periodizing capitalism, bringing to bear both deep rooted theoretical questions and meticulous empirical analysis to grapple with the seismic economic changes capitalism has experienced over the past 150 years.Westra asks why – despite the anarchic and crises tendencies captured in radical analyses – capitalism manages to reload in a structured stage that realizes a period of relatively stable accumulation. He further evaluates arguments over the economic forces bringing stages of capitalist development to a crashing end.Particular attention in the periodization literature is devoted to examining the economy of the post World War II golden age and what followed its unceremonious demise. The final chapters assess whether what is variously dubbed neoliberalism, globalization or financialization can be understood as a stage of capitalism or, rather, an era of capitalist disintegration and extinction.
Peripheral Visions of Economic Development: New frontiers in development economics and the history of economic thought (Routledge Studies in Development Economics)
by Hans-Michael Trautwein Mario Garcia-MolinaThis book explores peripheral visions on economic development, both in the sense that it deals with specific issues of economic development and underdevelopment in countries at the periphery of the world economy, and in terms of its exploration of the economic thinking developed in those regions, particularly in Latin America. Bringing together an international group of historians of thought, economic historians and development economists from Latin America, Europe and other parts of the world, this volume is highly credited and is an excellent contribution to development economic studies. This book is divided into four parts. Following the introduction, the first set of papers describes the evolution of core-periphery perspectives in key contributions by Raúl Prebisch, Oskar Lange, Albert Hirschman, Celso Furtado and Homero Cuevas. The second set discusses the links between unbalanced productive structures and external trade in peripheral countries. The third set contains papers on critical episodes in the development of monetary and financial systems in Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries. The fourth set deals with geographical and institutional aspects of path dependence in the governance of external trade and in the development of liberties, property rights and economic education in Europe, Latin America and Africa. Several chapters make use of hitherto unexplored archival material. Other chapters draw attention to important episodes or literatures that have largely gone unnoticed in the English-speaking world. Yet others combine conceptual innovations with work on new historical data and other sources hitherto not utilized in such contexts. This book is ideal for those who study and research development economics, history of economic thought and economic history, especially in Latin America.
Periphery and Small Ones Matter: Interplay of Policy and Social Capital
by Iwan J. AzisThis open access book analyzes the dualism and inequality insofar as how it is manifested in interregional disparity and small enterprises. Using the case of Indonesia, the author considers how the general direction of policy should be to mitigate the effects of agglomeration forces leading towards concentration, and exploit the same forces by encouraging small businesses to operate in a cluster for collective action. The book addresses these issues by focusing on the role of interactions between policies and institutions, of which social capital is an important part. This is an open access book.
Perishable Inventory Systems
by Steven NahmiasA perishable item is one that has constant utility up until an expiration date (which may be known or uncertain), at which point the utility drops to zero. This includes many types of packaged foods such as milk, cheese, processed meats, and canned goods. It also includes virtually all pharmaceuticals and photographic film, as well as whole blood supplies. This book is the first devoted solely to perishable inventory systems. The book's ten chapters first cover the preliminaries of periodic review versus continuous review and look at a one-period newsvendor perishable inventory model. The author moves to the basic multiperiod dynamic model, and then considers the extensions of random lifetime, inclusion of a set-up cost, and multiproduct models of perishables. A chapter on continuous review models looks at one-for-one policies, models with zero lead time, optimal policies with positive lead time, and an alternative approach. Additional chapters present material on approximate order policies, inventory depletion management, and deterministic models, including the basic EOQ model with perishability and the dynamic deterministic model with perishability. Finally, chapters explore decaying inventories, queues with impatient customers, and blood bank inventory control. Anyone researching perishable inventory systems will find much to work with here. Practitioners and consultants will also now have a single well-referenced source of up-to-date information to work with.
Perma/Culture: Imagining Alternatives in an Age of Crisis (Routledge Environmental Humanities)
by Molly Wallace and David CarruthersIn the face of what seems like a concerted effort to destroy the only planet that can sustain us, critique is an important tool. It is in this vein that most scholars have approached environmental crisis. While there are numerous texts that chronicle contemporary issues in environmental ills, there are relatively few that explore the possibilities and practices which work to avoid collapse and build alternatives. The keyword of this book’s full title, 'Perma/Culture,' alludes to and plays on 'permaculture', an international movement that can provide a framework for navigating the multiple 'other worlds' within a broader environmental ethic. This edited collection brings together essays from an international team of scholars, activists and artists in order to provide a critical introduction to the ethico-political and cultural elements around the concept of ‘Perma/Culture’. These multidisciplinary essays include a varied landscape of sites and practices, from readings from ecotopian literature to an analysis of the intersection of agriculture and art; from an account of the rewards and difficulties of building community in Transition Towns to a description of the ad hoc infrastructure of a fracking protest camp. Offering a number of constructive models in response to current global environmental challenges, this book makes a significant contribution to current eco-literature and will be of great interest to students and researchers in Environmental Humanities, Environmental Studies, Sociology and Communication Studies.
Permanent Distortion: How the Financial Markets Abandoned the Real Economy Forever
by Nomi PrinsA riveting exposé of a permanent financial dystopia, its causes, and real-world consequences It is abundantly clear that our world is divided into two very different economies. The real one, for the average worker, is based on productivity and results. It behaves according to traditional rules of money and economics. The other doesn&’t. It is the product of years of loose money, poured by central banks into a system dominated by financial titans. It is powerful enough to send stock markets higher even in the face of a global pandemic and threats of nuclear war. This parting from reality has its roots in an emergency response to the financial crisis of 2008. &“Quantitative Easing&” injected a vast amount of cash into the economy—especially if you were a major Wall Street bank. What began as a short-term dependency became a habit, then a compulsion, and finally an addiction. Nomi Prins relentlessly exposes a world fractured by policies crafted by the largest financial institutions, led by the Federal Reserve, that have supercharged the financial system while selling out regular citizens and leading to social and political reckonings. She uncovers a newly polarized world of the mega rich versus the never rich, the winners and losers of an unprecedented distortion that can never return to &“normal.&”
Permanent Economic Disorder (Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy)
by Shahzavar KarimzadiAll schools of thought in economics, explicitly or otherwise, have referred to economic disorder as a self-evident fact. They have also unanimously considered it to be a temporary state. By contrast, this book contends that economic disorder is an interminable condition of human existence. From this perspective, the present study brings to light the misunderstanding of successive generations of economists on economic disorders. The book provides an alternative exposition of economic disorder and correctional measures that can be taken in order to correct these misconceptions. The analysis offered in the book is a scholarly work that provides a thorough explanation of the hidden dimensions and multiple aspects of economic disorders. Much of the book is devoted to uncovering the origins of such dimensions to further refine our understanding of the development of contemporary economies. To this end, the book also outlines how to tackle some of the most intriguing issues of our time. It seeks to provide a refreshing recount of the tenets of economic disorders. This book is a major contribution to the literature on economic disorder and crises and will be of great interest to readers of economic theory, philosophy of economics and the history of economic thought.
Permanent Income, Wealth, and Consumption
by Thomas MayerThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1972.
Permanent Revolution: Reflections on Capitalism
by Wyatt WellsPermanent Revolution concisely describes the development and workings of capitalism and its influence on the broader society. In the developed world—Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia—capitalism is ubiquitous, and as such, often taken for granted. Discussion usually focuses on specific aspects of the system that individuals appreciate or dislike, ignoring the larger picture. The notion of millennials denouncing capitalism on Facebook and Twitter—products of capitalist development—is a caricature that is eerily close to reality. In this book, Wyatt Wells examines the development of economic innovation, the role of financial markets, the business cycle, the ways markets operate, and the position of labor in capitalist economies, as well as the effects of capitalism on law, politics, religion, and even the arts. This discussion is grounded in history, though it does make use of economic theory. As a result, the book sometimes approaches topics from an unconventional direction. For instance, it notes that financial markets not only pool and allocate the resources of savers—the role ascribed to them in conventional economics textbooks—but they also discipline enterprises, punishing those unable to meet prescribed financial standards. Permanent Revolution ranges broadly, delving into how capitalism reshapes the broader society. The system creates wealth in new and, often, unexpected places, and it constantly moves people physically and socially. The result revolutionizes society. Traditional structures based on deference and long experience gradually collapse because they no longer correspond to social reality. Capitalist societies must devise ways to accommodate perpetual change in politics, religion, and society. Much of the diversity, liberty, and flexibility we associate with modern society are the product of capitalist development.
Permission Granted: Changing the Paradigm for Women in Leadership
by Marcia A. ConéA clear, accessible approach to aligning your thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors with what you truly want so you can live the best life you deserve. Do you feel like you&’re waiting for something to happen? Waiting and hoping that someone or something will transform your current situation? Many successful leaders find themselves frustrated and stuck. You work hard, do the right thing, play by the rules, and still feel like you don&’t know how to shift gears to achieve what you really want. Writing with warmth and insight, Marcia Coné shares an inspiring and supportive approach for managing your professional growth. Building on her insight and experience in leadership, Marcia offers opportunities for discovering and understanding your current situation from a different, more aligned perspective. When you tap into your ability to change your circumstances, you can much more easily achieve what you most want. Permission Granted is profoundly actionable. It is imbued with a positive outlook about change—why it can be difficult, how to engage on a personal level, and how to reframe your success. Experience the magic that happens when you align your thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors with what you truly want.
Permission Granted: Kick-Ass Strategies to Bootstrap Your Way to Unconditional Self-Love
by Regina LouiseLive unapologetically, fearlessly, and fabulously! Get ready to discover and implement practical, fierce, and fun ways to manifest your desires in every personal and professional sphere. With verve and heart, Permission Granted illustrates proven paths from &“you couldn&’t possibly&” to &“just watch me!&” You&’ll begin to deeply understand who you are and what you have been through, moving toward self-compassion and learning to give yourself the care and support you may have lacked. Author Regina Louise took herself from a childhood in solitary confinement in a residential treatment center to college and the creation of several successful businesses. She now works to show others how to dream and do no matter what. Her book is undeniably inspirational for anyone striving to get out from under limiting beliefs — their own as well as others&’.
Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers Into Friends And Friends Into Customers
by Seth GodinWhether it is the TV commercial that breaks into our favourite programme or the telemarketing phone call that disrupts a family meal, traditional advertising is based on the hope of snaring our attention away from whatever we are doing. Seth Godin calls this Interruption Marketing, and, as companies are discovering, it no longer works. Instead of annoying potential customers by interrupting their most coveted commodity, time, Permission Marketing offers consumers incentives to voluntarily accept advertising. Now the Internet pioneer who has dramatically improved marketing effectiveness in media introduces a fundamentally different way of thinking about advertising products and services. By reaching out to only those individuals who have expressed an interest in learning more about a product, Permission Marketing enables companies to develop long-term relationships with customers, create trust, build brand awareness, and greatly improve the chances of making a sale.
Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers Into Friends And Friends Into Customers
by Seth GodinThe man Business Week calls "the ultimate entrepreneur for the Information Age" explains "Permission Marketing" -- the groundbreaking concept that enables marketers to shape their message so that consumers will willingly accept it. Whether it is the TV commercial that breaks into our favorite program, or the telemarketing phone call that disrupts a family dinner, traditional advertising is based on the hope of snatching our attention away from whatever we are doing. Seth Godin calls this Interruption Marketing, and, as companies are discovering, it no longer works. Instead of annoying potential customers by interrupting their most coveted commodity -- time -- Permission Marketing offers consumers incentives to accept advertising voluntarily. Now this Internet pioneer introduces a fundamentally different way of thinking about advertising products and services. By reaching out only to those individuals who have signaled an interest in learning more about a product, Permission Marketing enables companies to develop long-term relationships with customers, create trust, build brand awareness -- and greatly improve the chances of making a sale. In his groundbreaking book, Godin describes the four tests of Permission Marketing: 1. Does every single marketing effort you create encourage a learning relationship with your customers? Does it invite customers to "raise their hands" and start communicating? 2. Do you have a permission database? Do you track the number of people who have given you permission to communicate with them? 3. If consumers gave you permission to talk to them, would you have anything to say? Have you developed a marketing curriculum to teach people about your products? 4. Once people become customers, do you work to deepen your permission to communicate with those people? And in numerous informative case studies, including American Airlines' frequent-flier program, Amazon.com, and Yahoo!, Godin demonstrates how marketers are already profiting from this key new approach in all forms of media.
Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends and Friends into Customers
by Seth GodinPermission Marketing enables companies to develop long-term relationships with customers, create trust, build brand awareness -- and greatly improve the chances of making a sale.
Permission to Offend \ Permiso para ofender (Spanish edition): La guía compasiva para vivir sin filtros y sin miedo
by Rachel LunaDe la renombrada coach de vida Rache Luna, Permiso para ofender es una guía de empoderamiento que enseña a los lectores a establecer límites sin arrepentirse y a dejar de intentar complacer a otros. ¿Qué haces cuando la vida parece estar contra ti? Rachel Luna se ha hecho esta pregunta desde que era joven: perdió a sus padres a causa del sida, pasó una década intensa en el Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos, luchó contra un cáncer de mama triple negativo y ha tenido que enfrentar el racismo y la misoginia toda su vida. ¿Cuál fue su respuesta? Descubrir técnicas para permanecer resiliente y permitir a su yo brillar.Ahora, como coach de vida reconocida mundialmente, Luna creó un programa que cambió su vida y que ha llamado “Permiso para equivocarse”, cuyo objetivo es ayudarnos a desprendernos del miedo a ser juzgados, así como a tener conversaciones más productivas y expresar nuestras verdades. Después de años de éxito, Luna está lista para compartir su programa con el mundo. Fresco, honesto y entretenido, Permiso para ofender proporciona herramientas prácticas y accesibles que nos enseñan a establecer límites, dejar de querer complacer a los demás y perseguir lo que queremos. Con un esquema de siete pasos y la accesible y empática habilidad narrativa de Luna, Permiso para ofender es una guía imprescindible para entrar en tu propio poder. From renowned life coach Rachel Luna, Permission to Offend is an empowering guide to teach readers how to unapologetically set their own boundaries and stop trying to live up to others.What do you do when life seems to be completely against you? Rachel Luna has been asking herself this question ever since she was young: she lost both parents to AIDS, served an intense decade in the Marine Corps, fought Triple Negative Breast Cancer, and faced racism and misogyny throughout her life. Her response? Discovering techniques to remain resilient and allow her best self to shine.Now a world-renowned life coach, Luna created a life-changing program called “Permission Slips” to help us release our fear of judgment, have more meaningful conversations, and speak our truths. Following years of success, Luna is now ready to share her program with the world. Refreshing, honest, and entertaining, Permission to Offend offers practical and manageable tools, showing us how to set boundaries, stop caring about pleasing others, and go after what we want. With a seven-step framework, and Luna’s approachable, empathetic storytelling, Permission to Offend is a must-have guide for stepping into your power.~~~
Permission to Offend: The Compassionate Guide for Living Unfiltered and Unafraid
by Rachel LunaWhen you choose to become unfiltered and unafraid, YOUR LIFE WILL CHANGE.Looking at Rachel Luna today, you would never guess what she has been through. Both her parents died from AIDS, she survived a cancer diagnosis that upended her life, and she served for a decade in the United States Marine Corps. However, with every challenging experience, Rachel noticed herself becoming a more watered down version of her true self, questioning her every thought, decision, and action, and filtering each through the expectations of other people. She finally had a revelation: her life would stay the same until she became radically honest with herself and others.In Permission to Offend, certified master coach Rachel Luna reveals her “Permission Slips” for living in truth, faith, freedom, and abundance. She delivers actionable steps for ending validation addiction, recognizing your values and anchoring your life in them, defining your beliefs, accepting rejection, and activating your truth. Rachel introduces her Offender Identity Framework so you can get more of what you want without losing what matters most.If you have ever wondered what it would feel like to live completely unfettered by the opinions and judgments of others, Permission to Offend is for you. It’s time for you to step out of the corner and into the light.This book will show you how.
Permission to Screw Up: How I Learned to Lead by Doing (Almost) Everything Wrong
by Simon Sinek Kristen HadeedThe inspiring, unlikely, laugh-out-loud story of how one woman learned to lead–and how she ultimately succeeded, not despite her many mistakes, but because of them. This is the story of how Kristen Hadeed built Student Maid, a cleaning company where people are happy, loyal, productive, and empowered, even while they’re mopping floors and scrubbing toilets. It’s the story of how she went from being an almost comically inept leader to a sought-after CEO who teaches others how to lead. Hadeed unintentionally launched Student Maid while attending college ten years ago. Since then, Student Maid has employed hundreds of students and is widely recognized for its industry-leading retention rate and its culture of trust and accountability. But Kristen and her company were no overnight sensation. In fact, they were almost nothing at all. Along the way, Kristen got it wrong almost as often as she got it right. Giving out hugs instead of feedback, fixing errors instead of enforcing accountability, and hosting parties instead of cultivating meaningful relationships were just a few of her many mistakes. But Kristen’s willingness to admit and learn from those mistakes helped her give her people the chance to learn from their own screwups too. Permission to Screw Up dismisses the idea that leaders and organizations should try to be perfect. It encourages people of all ages to go for it and learn to lead by acting, rather than waiting or thinking. Through a brutally honest and often hilarious account of her own struggles, Kristen encourages us to embrace our failures and proves that we’ll be better leaders when we do.
Permission to Speak Freely: How the Best Leaders Cultivate a Culture of Candor
by Doug Crandall Matt KincaidLead So Your People Speak FreelyCandid communication enhances innovation, ownership, engagement, and performance. The benefits of hearing questions and uncertainties, good and bad ideas, and honest feedback are game-changing. Yet research shows that most of the time, people never share their true thoughts with each other—and especially not with their leaders. But what if they did? What if everyone could confidently communicate without fearing a negative response? In Permission to Speak Freely, highly acclaimed leader developers Doug Crandall and Matt Kincaid illustrate the benefits of candor, explain the inhibitors that cause it to feel unsafe, and provide tools for leaders to encourage their people and embed trust and openness into the foundation of their organizational culture.
Permission to Speak: How to Change What Power Sounds Like, Starting with You
by Samara BayUse your voice to lead us to a better future with this game-changing guide to redefining what power and authority sound like—from a speech expert who&’s worked with Hollywood&’s biggest stars, political powerhouses, and businesspeople shaking up the status quo.&“I love this book—funny, surprising, stirring, and so important! What a beautiful accomplishment and gift to put into the world.&”—Rachel McAdamsGetting heard is a tricky business: It&’s what you say and how you show up, filtered through your audience&’s assumptions and biases—and maybe even your own. For women, people of color, immigrants, and queer folks, there&’s often a dissonance between how you speak and how we collectively think powerful people should speak: like the wealthy white men who&’ve historically been in charge. But, fortunately, the sound of power is changing.Permission to Speak is your tool kit for making that change. In this revolutionary take on how to use your voice to get what you want, sought-after speech coach Samara Bay offers a fresh perspective on public speaking and a new definition of what power sounds like: namely, you. Blending anecdotes with eye-opening research in leadership, linguistics, and social science, Permission to Speak shows you how to strike the right balance of strength and warmth to land your message; exactly what to do before a high-stakes scenario so that your voice, your mind, and your spirit are ready; and how to turn habits like vocal fry and upspeak into tools. Most important, you&’ll discover your voice story: why you talk the way you do, what&’s wonderful about it, and what you&’ve outgrown.Fiery, fun, and truly profound, Permission to Speak is a personal and cultural reckoning with what speaking in public is and what it can be. This book meets the moment and offers this provocation: When we change what power sounds like, we change who has it.
Permit Trading in Different Applications (Routledge Explorations In Environmental Economics #33)
by Bernd Hansjürgens Ralf Antes Marianne StrunzPermit trading is an environmental policy instrument that has received increasing levels of attention over recent years. Coming from the field of air quality management, with the European CO2 emissions trading system being the most prominent example, it enters new fields of application, such as land use policy and biodiversity protection, water quality and water quantity trading. This book gives an overview of these recent developments and discusses the possibilities and limits of permit trading in environmental policies. The advantages of permit trading are not only seen with respect to economic efficiency, which leads to achieving the environmental target at minimum cost, but also with respect to the instrument’s environmental effectiveness. By setting a cap for the overall emissions, a given environmental target can be met. This makes permit trading an interesting case for many environmental fields where safeguarding the environmental target plays a dominant role. Against this background, permit trading is discussed in environmental policy fields, where it has not been considered before, for example, land use management, biodiversity protection and water trading. Permit Trading in Different Applications analyses the properties of permit trading: its possibilities and limitations, its design options and its restrictions on a more general level. It demonstrates how lessons learnt in established policy fields like air quality management can be transferred to new and emerging fields of application. This collection will provide students and practitioners in environmental sciences and policy with valuable research into instrument choice and design with respect to permit trading.
Permutation Design: Buildings, Texts, and Contexts
by Kostas TerzidisIn design, the problems that designers are called upon to solve can be regarded as a problem of permutations. A permutation is an ordered arrangement of elements in a set. In our case, the set is design and the elements are design components, such as lines, shapes, forms, or spaces. Traditionally, such arrangements are done by human designers who base their decision-making process either on intuition or on random sampling until a valid solution is found. However, in both cases the solution found may be an acceptable one but cannot be labeled as "the best possible solution" due to the subjective or arbitrary nature of the selection process. In contrast, by harnessing the potential of computational design, these elements can be arranged in all possible ways and then the best ones are chosen based on specific criteria. By presenting a complete list of permutation-based arrangements the "best solution" will eventually reveal itself by excluding all other possible solutions. This book comprehensively addresses theories, techniques, and examples of permutation design in order to fully demonstrate to the reader the full range of possibilities this method represents. The significance of such an approach to design is enormous, paradigmatic, and far-reaching. It provides an alternative method for design analysis, synthesis, and evaluation that is based on computational force rather than pure human intelligence alone. In contrast to human-based random sampling or intuition, permutation-based design offers the assurance of an optimum design since any possible alternative design can be eliminated. From a practical point of view, this methodology offers a paradigmatic shift away from the current state of design practice where arbitrariness, repetition, and redundancy often exist. From a theoretical viewpoint, this new paradigm will offer alternative insights into the value of human creativity, intuition, and intelligence.