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Represented: The Black Imagemakers Who Reimagined African American Citizenship (American Business, Politics, and Society)
by Brenna Wynn GreerIn 1948, Moss Kendrix, a former New Deal public relations officer, founded a highly successful, Washington, D.C.-based public relations firm, the flagship client of which was the Coca-Cola Company. As the first black pitchman for Coca-Cola, Kendrix found his way into the rarefied world of white corporate America. His personal phone book also included the names of countless black celebrities, such as bandleader Duke Ellington, singer-actress Pearl Bailey, and boxer Joe Louis, with whom he had built relationships in the course of developing marketing campaigns for his numerous federal and corporate clients. Kendrix, along with Ebony publisher John H. Johnson and Life photographer Gordon Parks, recognized that, in the image-saturated world of postwar America, media in all its forms held greater significance for defining American citizenship than ever before. For these imagemakers, the visual representation of African Americans as good citizens was good business.In Represented, Brenna Wynn Greer explores how black entrepreneurs produced magazines, photographs, and advertising that forged a close association between blackness and Americanness. In particular, they popularized conceptions of African Americans as enthusiastic consumers, a status essential to postwar citizenship claims. But their media creations were complicated: subject to marketplace dictates, they often relied on gender, class, and family stereotypes. Demand for such representations came not only from corporate and government clients to fuel mass consumerism and attract support for national efforts, such as the fight against fascism, but also from African Americans who sought depictions of blackness to counter racist ideas that undermined their rights and their national belonging as citizens.The story of how black capitalists made the market work for racial progress on their way to making money reminds us that the path to civil rights involved commercial endeavors as well as social and political activism.
Representing Consumers: Voices, Views and Visions (Routledge Interpretive Marketing Research)
by Barbara B. SternConsumer research has traditionally focused on issues of epistemology in the collection and analysis of data. As a consequence, the crisis in representation which has radically reshaped understanding in the social sciences, has, so far, had very little impact on consumer research. This book redresses the balance with an investigation of representation and constructions of 'truth' in consumer research. Subjects covered include:* construction of the researcher and consumer voice* quantitative tools and representation* advertising narratives* poetic representation of consumer experience* the crisis in the crisis concept* consumer-oriented ethnographic research.The essays are written by experts from Britain and the United States and draw on a broad range of theoretical approaches.
Representing Public Credit: Credible commitment, fiction, and the rise of the financial subject (Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy)
by Natalie RoxburghPublic credit was controversial in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England. It entailed new ways of thinking about the individual in relation to the State and was for many reasons a site of cultural negotiation and debate. At the same time, it required commitment from participants in order to function. Some of the debates relating to public credit, whose success was tied up in the way it was represented, find their way into contemporary fiction – in particular the eighteenth-century novel. This book reads eighteenth-century fiction alongside works of political economy in order to offer a new perspective on credible commitment and the rise of a credit economy facilitated by public credit. Works by authors such as Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, and Frances Burney are explored alongside lesser-known fictional texts, including some early it-narratives and novels of sensibility, to give a fully rounded view of the perception of public credit within England and its wider cultural and social implications. Strategies for representing public credit, the book argues, can be seen as contributing to the development of the English novel, a type of fiction whose emphasis on the individual can also be read as helping to produce a certain type of person, the modern financial subject. This interdisciplinary book draws from economic history and literary/cultural studies in order to make connections between the development of finance and an important facet of modern Western culture, the novel.
Representing Workers: Trade Union Recognition and Membership in Britain (The Future of Trade Unions in Britain #Vol. 1)
by Stephen Wood Howard GospelEmployment relations are at a crossroad. Historically, trade union channels in advanced economies have dominated worker representation, but with the decline in union membership other forms of representation are becoming increasingly significant. This timely book is the result of significant research addressing key issues underlying these developments. A group of internationally-renowned employment relations specialists, under the Leverhulme Foundation Future of Trade Unionism Programme, consider issues such as: trends in trade union membership factors behind the decline of union membership young workers and trade unionism the law and union recognition European influences on worker representation non-union representation trade unionism in the context of new forms of representation enhancing the appeal of unions. This timely new study of worker representation contains powerful analysis and is one of the most broad-ranging studies of representation available. It is essential reading for anyone studying or working in employment relations.
Representing the Race
by Kenneth W. MackRepresenting the Race tells the story of an enduring paradox of American race relations, through the prism of a collective biography of African American lawyers who worked in the era of segregation. Practicing the law and seeking justice for diverse clients, they confronted a tension between their racial identity as black men and women and their professional identity as lawyers. Both blacks and whites demanded that these attorneys stand apart from their racial community as members of the legal fraternity. Yet, at the same time, they were expected to be "authentic"-that is, in sympathy with the black masses. This conundrum, as Kenneth W. Mack shows, continues to reverberate through American politics today. Mack reorients what we thought we knew about famous figures such as Thurgood Marshall, who rose to prominence by convincing local blacks and prominent whites that he was-as nearly as possible-one of them. But he also introduces a little-known cast of characters to the American racial narrative. These include Loren Miller, the biracial Los Angeles lawyer who, after learning in college that he was black, became a Marxist critic of his fellow black attorneys and ultimately a leading civil rights advocate; and Pauli Murray, a black woman who seemed neither black nor white, neither man nor woman, who helped invent sex discrimination as a category of law. The stories of these lawyers pose the unsettling question: what, ultimately, does it mean to "represent" a minority group in the give-and-take of American law and politics?
Reproducible Research with R and R Studio (Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series #13)
by Christopher GandrudAll the Tools for Gathering and Analyzing Data and Presenting Results Reproducible Research with R and RStudio, Second Edition brings together the skills and tools needed for doing and presenting computational research. Using straightforward examples, the book takes you through an entire reproducible research workflow. This practical workflow enables you to gather and analyze data as well as dynamically present results in print and on the web. New to the Second Edition The rmarkdown package that allows you to create reproducible research documents in PDF, HTML, and Microsoft Word formats using the simple and intuitive Markdown syntax Improvements to RStudio’s interface and capabilities, such as its new tools for handling R Markdown documents Expanded knitr R code chunk capabilities The kable function in the knitr package and the texreg package for dynamically creating tables to present your data and statistical results An improved discussion of file organization, enabling you to take full advantage of relative file paths so that your documents are more easily reproducible across computers and systems The dplyr, magrittr, and tidyr packages for fast data manipulation Numerous modifications to R syntax in user-created packages Changes to GitHub’s and Dropbox’s interfaces Create Dynamic and Highly Reproducible Research This updated book provides all the tools to combine your research with the presentation of your findings. It saves you time searching for information so that you can spend more time actually addressing your research questions. Supplementary files used for the examples and a reproducible research project are available on the author’s website.
Reproducible Research with R and RStudio (Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series)
by Christopher GandrudPraise for previous editions:"Gandrud has written a great outline of how a fully reproducible research project should look from start to finish, with brief explanations of each tool that he uses along the way… Advanced undergraduate students in mathematics, statistics, and similar fields as well as students just beginning their graduate studies would benefit the most from reading this book. Many more experienced R users or second-year graduate students might find themselves thinking, ‘I wish I’d read this book at the start of my studies, when I was first learning R!’…This book could be used as the main text for a class on reproducible research …" (The American Statistician) Reproducible Research with R and R Studio, Third Edition brings together the skills and tools needed for doing and presenting computational research. Using straightforward examples, the book takes you through an entire reproducible research workflow. This practical workflow enables you to gather and analyze data as well as dynamically present results in print and on the web. Supplementary materials and example are available on the author’s website. New to the Third Edition Updated package recommendations, examples, URLs, and removed technologies no longer in regular use. More advanced R Markdown (and less LaTeX) in discussions of markup languages and examples. Stronger focus on reproducible working directory tools. Updated discussion of cloud storage services and persistent reproducible material citation. Added discussion of Jupyter notebooks and reproducible practices in industry. Examples of data manipulation with Tidyverse tibbles (in addition to standard data frames) and pivot_longer() and pivot_wider() functions for pivoting data. Features Incorporates the most important advances that have been developed since the editions were published Describes a complete reproducible research workflow, from data gathering to the presentation of results Shows how to automatically generate tables and figures using R Includes instructions on formatting a presentation document via markup languages Discusses cloud storage and versioning services, particularly Github Explains how to use Unix-like shell programs for working with large research projects
Reproducing Class
by Henry Rutz Erol M. BalkanMiddle classes are by definition ambiguous, raising all sorts of paradoxical questions, perceived and real, about their power and place relative to those above and below them in a class-structured society. Focusing on families of the new middle class in Istanbul, the authors of this study address questions about the social construction of middle-class reality in the context of the rapid changes that have come about through recent economic growth in global markets and the global diffusion of information technology. After 1980, Turkey saw a structural transformation from state-owned and managed industry, banking, and media and communications to privatization and open markets. The idea of being middle class and the reality of middle-class practices became open for negotiation and interpretation. This study therefore offers a particularly interesting case study of an emergent global phenomenon known as the transnational middle class, characterized by their location of work in globalizing cities, development of transnational social networks, sumptuary consumption habits, and residences in gated communities. As the authors show, this new middle class associates quality education, followed by property and lifestyle issues, with the concept of a comfortable life.
Reproducing Sectarianism: Advocacy Networks and the Politics of Civil Society in Postwar Lebanon
by Paul W. KingstonThe Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and elsewhere has highlighted the growing importance of the politics of civil society in the contemporary Middle East. In Reproducing Sectarianism, Paul W. T. Kingston examines rights-oriented advocacy networks within Lebanon's postwar civil society, focusing on movements and political campaigns based on gender relations, the environment, and disability. Set within Lebanon's postwar sectarian democracy, whose factionalizing dynamics have long penetrated the country's civil society, Kingston's fascinating study provides an in-depth analysis of the successes and challenges that ensued in promoting rights-oriented social policies. Drawing on extensive field research, including interviews and a wealth of primary documents, Kingston has produced a groundbreaking work that will be of interest to Middle East experts and nonexperts alike.
Reproductive Tourism in the United States: Creating Family in the Mother Country (Routledge Advances in Sociology #142)
by Lauren Jade MartinThis book examines the United States as a destination for international consumers of assisted fertility services, including egg donation, surrogacy, and sex selection. Based on interviews conducted with fertility industry insiders who market their services to an international clientele in three of the largest American hubs of the global fertility marketplace - New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco - and focusing on the providers rather than the consumers of assisted fertility services, the book shines a light on how professional ethics and norms, in addition to personal moralities, shape the practice of reproductive tourism.
Reprogramming Japan: The High Tech Crisis under Communitarian Capitalism
by Marie AnchordoguyHow have state policies influenced the development of Japan's telecommunications, computer hardware, computer software, and semiconductor industries and their stagnation since the 1990s? Marie Anchordoguy's book examines how the performance of these industries and the economy as a whole are affected by the socially embedded nature of Japan's capitalist system, which she calls "communitarian capitalism." Reprogramming Japan shows how the institutions and policies that emerged during and after World War II to maintain communitarian norms, such as the lifetime employment system, seniority-based wages, enterprise unions, a centralized credit-based financial system, industrial groups, the main bank corporate governance system, and industrial policies, helped promote high tech industries. When conditions shifted in the 1980s and 1990s, these institutions and policies did not suit the new environment, in which technological change was rapid and unpredictable and foreign products could no longer be legally reverse-engineered. Despite economic stagnation, leaders were slow to change because of deep social commitments. Once the crisis became acute, the bureaucracy and corporate leaders started to contest and modify key institutions and practices. Rather than change at different times according to their specific economic interests, Japanese firms and the state have made similar slow, incremental changes.
Reprogramming the American Dream: From Rural America to Silicon Valley—Making AI Serve Us All
by Kevin Scott Greg Shaw** #1 Wall Street Journal Bestseller **In this essential book written by a rural native and Silicon Valley veteran, Microsoft’s Chief technology officer tackles one of the most critical issues facing society today: the future of artificial intelligence and how it can be realistically used to promote growth, even in a shifting employment landscape.There are two prevailing stories about AI: for heartland low- and middle-skill workers, a dystopian tale of steadily increasing job destruction; for urban knowledge workers and the professional class, a utopian tale of enhanced productivity and convenience. But there is a third way to look at this technology that will revolutionize the workplace and ultimately the world. Kevin Scott argues that AI has the potential to create abundance and opportunity for everyone and help solve some of our most vexing problems.As the chief technology officer at Microsoft, he is deeply involved in the development of AI applications, yet mindful of their potential impact on workers—knowledge he gained firsthand growing up in rural Virginia. Yes, the AI Revolution will radically disrupt economics and employment for everyone for generations to come. But what if leaders prioritized the programming of both future technology and public policy to work together to find solutions ahead of the coming AI epoch? Like public health, the space program, climate change and public education, we need international understanding and collaboration on the future of AI and work. For Scott, the crucial question facing all of us is this: How do we work to ensure that the continued development of AI allows us to keep the American Dream alive?In this thoughtful, informed guide, he offers a clear roadmap to find the answer.
Republic Of Congo: Selected Issues (Imf Staff Country Reports #Country Report No. 14/273)
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Belarus--Recent Economic Developments
by International Monetary FundDated December 1999.
Republic of Belarus: 2001 Article IV Consultation--Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Belarus
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Congo: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Congo (Imf Staff Country Reports)
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Congo: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence
by Bruce H. MannComplex story of the laws of bankruptcy and their results.
Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence
by Bruce H. MannDebt was an inescapable fact of life in early America. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, its sinfulness was preached by ministers and the right to imprison debtors was unquestioned. By 1800, imprisonment for debt was under attack and insolvency was no longer seen as a moral failure, merely an economic setback. In Republic of Debtors, Bruce H. Mann illuminates this crucial transformation in early American society. From the wealthy merchant to the backwoods farmer, Mann tells the personal stories of men and women struggling to repay their debts and stay ahead of their creditors. He opens a window onto a society undergoing such fundamental changes as the growth of a commercial economy, the emergence of a consumer marketplace, and a revolution for independence. In addressing debt Americans debated complicated questions of commerce and agriculture, nationalism and federalism, dependence and independence, slavery and freedom. And when numerous prominent men—including the richest man in America and a justice of the Supreme Court—found themselves imprisoned for debt or forced to become fugitives from creditors, their fate altered the political dimensions of debtor relief, leading to the highly controversial Bankruptcy Act of 1800. Whether a society forgives its debtors is not just a question of law or economics; it goes to the heart of what a society values. In chronicling attitudes toward debt and bankruptcy in early America, Mann explores the very character of American society.
Republic of Equatorial Guinea: Request for Purchase Under the Rapid Financing Instrument—Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director (Imf Staff Country Reports)
by International Monetary Fund. African Dept.A report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Equatorial Guinea: Statistical Appendix
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Kazakhstan: Statistical Appendix
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Kosovo: Selected Issues Paper (Imf Staff Country Reports #No. 13/223)
by International Monetary Fund. European Dept.A report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Latvia: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes--Data Module, Response by the Authorities, and Detailed Assessments Using Data Quality Assessment Framework
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Latvia: Selected Issues
by International Monetary FundA report from the International Monetary Fund.