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Social Media and Africa's Public Sector: Perspectives on Contemporary Issues (Palgrave Studies of Public Sector Management in Africa)
by Robert Ebo Hinson Eric Kwame Adae Kojo Kakra Twum Helen Inseng Duh Doreen Anyamesem OdameThis book focuses on developing a systematic approach to understanding the transformations in Africa's public sector social media landscape. Looking at the use of social media from the African public sector perspective, the authors present a comprehensive understanding of social media practices and how these could be integrated into African public sector institutions’ operational activities in order to deliver greater value for African citizens and consumers of public goods and services. Chapters explore how social media in Africa differs from traditional media use, their application in the public sector, objectives for government using social media, and how social media plays an interactive role in e-government services.Providings practical guidance on the use of social media in Africa’s public sector and governmental spaces, the book also serves as a teaching text in governance and public sector communication efforts within the African context for both undergraduate and graduate programmes.
Social Media and Crisis Communication
by Yan JinThe second edition of this vital text integrates theory, research, and application to orient readers to the latest thinking about the role of social media in crisis communication. Specific crisis arenas such as health, corporate, nonprofit, religious, political, and disaster are examined in depth, along with social media platforms and newer technology. Social Media and Crisis Communication, Second Edition provides a fresh look at the role of visual communication in social media and a more global review of social media and crisis communication literature. With an enhanced focus on the ethics section, a short communication overview piece, and case studies for each area of application, it is practical for use in a variety of learning settings. A must-read for scholars, advanced students, and practitioners who wish to stay on the leading edge of research, this book will appeal to those in public relations, strategic communications, corporate communications, government and NGO communications, and emergency and disaster response.
Social Media and Crisis Communication in the Cruise Industry: Analysing the Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic (International Series in Advanced Management Studies)
by Ginevra TestaThis academic monograph examines the crisis communication response strategies employed by the cruise industry on social media following the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on social media platform X, the author conducted a content analysis of the top three cruise lines' strategies using NVivo software and assessed public sentiment and emotions through comments using KNIME and R software. The findings identify the most effective strategies for generating positive public sentiment and favourable emotions, contributing to faster business recovery. The book enhances Situational Crisis Communication Theory and offers practical guidance for managers to improve crisis resilience in the face of crises of such magnitude and duration. This work uniquely combines corporate and consumer perspectives to assess the effectiveness of crisis communication.
Social Media and Emerging Economies
by Maria Rosaria Della Peruta Manlio Del Giudice Elias G. CarayannisHow have social media in emerging economies evolved differently from the rest of the world? According to studies and anecdotal evidence, innovations in the use of social media tools occur more frequently in emerging economies than they do in developed markets. The aim of this volume is to show that in emerging regions (such as China, India, and South America) where the participation of stakeholders in the circuit of social media is more active (i. e. , greater frequency of contacts and creativity in the elaboration of contents), organizations not only are involved in a set of exchange relations with other social actors but are also embedded in a network of dynamic relationships. The authors utilize social network analysis to determine how entrepreneurs in emerging economies identify their most beneficial social contacts and use those contacts to leverage the resources needed for their enterprises, revealing new insights on the process of business creation and economic development in the networked age.
Social Media and Public Relations: Fake Friends and Powerful Publics (Routledge New Directions in PR & Communication Research)
by Robert L. Heath Judy Motion Shirley LeitchSocial media is having a profound, but not yet fully understood impact on public relations. In the 24/7 world of perpetually connected publics, will public relations function as a dark art that spins (or tweets) self-interested variations of the truth for credulous audiences? Or does the full glare of the internet and the increasing expectations of powerful publics motivate it to more honestly engage to serve the public interest? The purpose of this book is to examine the role of PR by exploring the myriad ways that social media is reshaping its conceptualization, strategies, and tactics. In particular, it explores the dichotomies of fake and authentic, powerless and powerful, meaningless and meaningful. It exposes transgressions committed by practitioners—the paucity of digital literacy, the lack of understanding of the norms of social media, naivety about corporate identity risks, and the overarching emphasis on spin over authentic engagement. But it also shows the power that closely networked social media users have to insert information and opinion into discussions and force "false PR friends" to be less so. This timely, challenging, and fascinating book will be of interest to all students, researchers, and practitioners in Public Relations, Media, and Communication Studies. Winner of the 2016 NCA PRIDE Award for best book
Social Media and Strategic Communications
by John Allen Hendricks Hana S. Noor Al-DeenSocial Media and Strategic Communications provides truly comprehensive and original scholarly research that exhibits the strategic implementation of social media in both advertising and public relations.
Social Media and Tax Law (Routledge Research in Tax Law)
by Alara Efsun YazıcıoğluThe tax implications of social media are numerous and highly debated, spanning such issues as the taxation of influencers, digital barter, and digital services taxes. This book offers a detailed overall analysis of the tax implications of social media, taking into consideration the unique characteristics of social media platforms and companies. Offering a comprehensive overview of tax law as it relates to the specificities of social media, the book examines taxation of influencers, taxation of social media companies, value added tax implications of the digital barter, the role that can be played by Pigouvian taxes in the field of social media, as well as the employment of social media as a tool for tax compliance. Widespread use of social media along with the proliferation of new social media platforms demonstrate the importance of social media tax law, and this book will be an important resource for tax administrations, lawyers, and researchers.
Social Media at Work
by Arthur L. Jue Mary Ellen Kassotakis Jackie Alcalde MarrThe definitive guide for using social media to build more effective organizationsToday's networking technologies-wikis, blogs, and social networking sites-are changing how we build professional relationships and work collaboratively. In this insightful book, three organizational development experts from Oracle Corporation offer executives down-to-earth strategies for leveraging the power of social media to build more effective and agile organizations, engage employees, and sustain competitiveness.Offers practical advice for using social media (wikis, blogs, and social networking sites) to increase organizational effectivenessPresents proven recommendations for building teams, accelerating learning, and fostering innovation by adopting social networking toolsShows how to tap into the power of social networks to improve organizational performanceDemonstrates how social media will help organizations thrive for years to come by drawing on case studies from companies like Intel, Cisco, Nokia, and others
Social Media for Lawyers: The Next Frontier
by Nicole Black Carolyn ElefantAttorneys Elefant and Black provide a variety of ways for lawyers to take advantage of social media in their practice. General topics include: an overview of social media in the legal profession, why it is gaining traction with lawyers, types of social media platforms, choosing and implementing social media tools, networking and relationship building, branding and search engine optimization, getting started, best practices, and ethical and legal issues. Annotation ©2010 Book News, Inc. , Portland, OR (booknews. com)
Social Media for Leaders : Your team can steer the boat but you need chart the course
by Stefanie BabkaThis book provides you with a concise and accurate overview of the key business challenges, opportunities and risks related to social media. Regardless of the type and size of company or department you manage, whether you offer industrial goods, consumer goods or services - social media is a factor you should monitor and manage. Stefanie Babka helps you ask yourself and your employees the right questions, find answers and thus face the internal challenges. Because social media is a management task. For example, the following questions are highlighted: Are you aware of the risks of uncoordinated and improper use of social media by your employees in their private or professional lives? Have you taken everything into account in terms of data protection law, or do you already have one foot in jail as a manager? Are you spending too much money on social media campaigns? Do you have the right social media strategy? Is it aligned with your company's goals? Are you in control or does social media anarchy reign in your company? What opportunities and risks do internal social media applications bring for collaboration in teams or organizational units? How can social media be used as a strategic management tool? Social media concerns every company. Whether you like it or not. For the 2nd edition, all contents have been revised and the chapter "As a manager on the social web" has been expanded to include, among other things, the topic of virtual management and leading virtual teams.
Social Media for Progressive Public Relations (Routledge New Directions in PR & Communication Research)
by Outi NiininenThis edited book presents a comprehensive, research-led coverage of the progressive ways public relations (PR) and social media is utilised today. It offers innovative research approaches to explore PR and social media initiatives, and in so doing, provides guidance on how to direct PR communication across the complex canvas of social media where some of the communication can be highly emotional varying from overt expressions of loyalty to brandjacking. Progressive organisations are carefully engaging with their audiences in multiple social media channels with organisational goals including commercial success, sustainability or employee morale. The analytics offered by social media channels help organisations to learn about their audiences as well as design highly personalised content. This book extends our understanding of the ways PR and social media can be utilised for communication that resonates with target audiences in varying context. Through the academic research presented, readers can also learn innovative ways to investigate and improve their own PR and social media practice. The book’s main themes include the power of engagement, progressive management use of social media channels, business influence, social-influencing for non-profit causes and political impacts of targeted social media communications. Social Media for Progressive Public Relations is for scholars, researchers and students of PR and communications.
Social Media for Progressive Public Relations (Routledge New Directions in PR & Communication Research)
by Outi NiininenThis edited book presents a comprehensive, research-led coverage of the progressive ways public relations (PR) and social media is utilised today. It offers innovative research approaches to explore PR and social media initiatives, and in so doing, provides guidance on how to direct PR communication across the complex canvas of social media where some of the communication can be highly emotional varying from overt expressions of loyalty to brandjacking.Progressive organisations are carefully engaging with their audiences in multiple social media channels with organisational goals including commercial success, sustainability or employee morale. The analytics offered by social media channels help organisations to learn about their audiences as well as design highly personalised content. This book extends our understanding of the ways PR and social media can be utilised for communication that resonates with target audiences in varying context. Through the academic research presented, readers can also learn innovative ways to investigate and improve their own PR and social media practice. The book’s main themes include the power of engagement, progressive management use of social media channels, business influence, social-influencing for non-profit causes and political impacts of targeted social media communications.Social Media for Progressive Public Relationsis for scholars, researchers and students of PR and communications.Chapters 12, 13 and 14 of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.
Social Media for Trainers: Techniques for Enhancing and Extending Learning
by Jane BozarthNew social media technologies and strategies provide quick, easy solutions to many of the challenges faced by workplace training practitioners. Social media vehicles such as Twitter and Facebook, for example, can help trainers build learning communities, facilitate quick assignments, offer updates or follow-up tips, and otherwise extend the reach of the formal training event. Social Media for Trainers is the first how-to guide on the incorporation of social networking techniques into a trainer's repertoire. It covers the most popular Web 2. 0 tools for instructor-created content (blogs), community-created content (wikis), micro-blogging (Twitter), and community sharing and interaction (Facebook), all with detailed instruction on conducting several training/training-related activities.
Social Media für Führungskräfte: Behalten Sie das Steuer in der Hand
by Stefanie BabkaDieses Buch bietet Ihnen einen knappen und präzisen Überblick zu den wichtigsten unternehmerischen Herausforderungen sowie Chancen und Risiken in Bezug auf Social Media. Unabhängig davon, welche Art und Größe von Unternehmen oder Abteilung Sie leiten, ob Sie Industriegüter, Konsumgüter oder Dienstleistungen anbieten – Social Media ist ein Faktor, den Sie beobachten und steuern sollten. Stefanie Babka hilft Ihnen dabei, sich und Ihren Mitarbeitern die richtigen Fragen zu stellen, Antworten zu finden und sich so den internen Herausforderungen zu stellen. Denn Social Media ist eine Führungsaufgabe.Dabei werden zum Beispiel folgende Fragestellungen beleuchtet: Sind Sie sich der Risiken von unkoordiniertem und unsachgemäßem Umgang mit Social Media durch Ihre Mitarbeiter im privaten oder beruflichen Umfeld bewusst? Haben Sie datenschutzrechtlich alles beachtet, oder stehen Sie als Führungskraft bereits mit einem Fuß im Gefängnis? Geben Sie zu viel Geld für Social-Media-Kampagnen aus? Haben Sie die richtige Social-Media-Strategie? Orientiert sich diese an den Unternehmenszielen? Haben Sie das Ruder in der Hand oder herrscht in Ihrem Unternehmen Social-Media-Anarchie? Welche Chancen und Risiken bringen interne Social-Media-Anwendungen für die Zusammenarbeit in Teams oder Organisationseinheiten? Wie kann Social Media als strategisches Führungsinstrument genutzt werden? Social Media geht jedes Unternehmen an. Ob Sie wollen oder nicht.Für die 2. Auflage wurden alle Inhalte überarbeitet und das Kapitel „Als Führungskraft im Social Web“ wurde unter anderem um das Thema virtuelles Management und Führung von virtuellen Teams erweitert.
Social Media für Introvertierte: Erfolgreich sichtbar als leiser Unternehmer
by Tanja BernsauDieses Buch richtet sich an introvertierte Selbstständige, Solopreneure und Unternehmer und zeigt auf, wie sie Social Media auf die eigene, leise Art für Vertrieb und Marketing zu ihrem Vorteil nutzen können. Denn: Introvertierte Menschen haben zahlreiche verborgene Stärken, die ihnen besonders im Verkauf zugute kommen können. Diese gilt es zu entfalten!Die Autorin, selbst ein „leiser“ Mensch, räumt mit Mythen und Vorurteilen auf, präsentiert eine Vielzahl von praktischen Orientierungshilfen und Strategien für eine wirksame Positionierung auf Social Media. Am Beispiel der für Unternehmer wichtigsten Plattform LinkedIn zeigt sie auf, wie u. a. Social Selling, Social Listening, Content Marketing oder Personal Branding funktionieren – und mit welchen Kniffen sich introvertierte Menschen selbst aus dem Schneckenhaus locken.
Social Media für Kommunalpolitiker (essentials)
by André HallerSoziale Medien gehören zum Alltagsleben der Menschen. Auch in der Politik hielten Social Media Einzug. Das essential gibt eine umfassende und prägnante Einführung in die Planung und praktische Anwendung von Social Media in der Kommunalpolitik. Es richtet sich an haupt- und ehrenamtliche Politiker. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die sozialen Medien stellt es die wichtigsten Plattformen vor. Es werden Strategien und praktische Instrumente vorgestellt, die jeder Kommunalpolitiker in seiner digitalen Kommunikationsarbeit nutzen kann. Das Buch bietet einen Einblick in die wichtigsten Regeln und Funktionsweisen von Social-Media-Plattformen in der kommunalpolitischen Kommunikation.
Social Media für das erfolgreiche Krankenhaus
by Marc Däumler Marcus M. HotzeFacebook oder Türschild? – Beides!Souveräner und effizienter Umgang mit Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Google+, Flickr, Xing – zur Steigerung von Image und Bekanntheit.Der eigene AuftrittSchnell einrichtenProfessionell, effektiv und erfolgreich pflegenWelche Zielgruppen gibt es und wie werden diese angesprochen?Wie finde ich bei Bedarf einen geeigneten Dienstleister?Wohin geht der Trend? Leitfaden für Einsteiger - mit Zusatzwissen für den Fortgeschrittenen„Fahrpläne“: Schritt für Schritt Anleitung mit jeweiligem ZeitbedarfTypische „Stolpersteine“Wichtige Rechts-TippsSpezielle PR-TippsJe nach Anspruch und Zeitbudget werden zwei Varianten vorgeschlagen„Speed“: Korrekt, aber nicht elegant„Perfekt“: Optimal in Inhalt und AuftrittZahlreiche Checklisten zur Vorbereitung, Umsetzung und Erfolgskontrolle.Der eigene AuftrittSchnell einrichtenProfessionell, effektiv und erfolgreich pflegenWelche Zielgruppen gibt es und wie werden diese angesprochen?Wie finde ich bei Bedarf einen geeigneten Dienstleister?Wohin geht der Trend? Leitfaden für Einsteiger - mit Zusatzwissen für den Fortgeschrittenen„Fahrpläne“: Schritt für Schritt Anleitung mit jeweiligem ZeitbedarfTypische „Stolpersteine“Wichtige Rechts-TippsSpezielle PR-TippsJe nach Anspruch und Zeitbudget werden zwei Varianten vorgeschlagen„Speed“: Korrekt, aber nicht elegant„Perfekt“: Optimal in Inhalt und AuftrittZahlreiche Checklisten zur Vorbereitung, Umsetzung und Erfolgskontrolle.
Social Media im Tourismusmarketing: Wie Urlaubsanbieter in sozialen Medien Sichtbarkeit und Direktbuchungen steigern
by André GebelDieses Buch erklärt, wie Hotels, Regionen, Airlines und weitere touristische Anbieter mithilfe von Social Media höhere Sichtbarkeit, mehr Empfehlungen, mehr Direktbuchungen und somit mehr Gewinn erzielen können. Durch die Angebotstransparenz im Internet wird der Feriengast zum vermeintlich besten Angebot geführt, was sinkende Margen und steigende Abhängigkeit für die Reisebranche zur Folge hat. Zwar galt Social Media schon früher als Erfolgsrezept für die margenschwache Tourismusindustrie, doch vereinzelte Facebook-Posts und ein vernachlässigter Instagram-Account geben noch kein eigenständiges Profil ab – und bewegen keinen potenziellen Urlauber zur Direktbuchung.Anhand von anschaulichen Praxisbeispielen zeigt der Autor in diesem Buch, wie Tourismusanbieter Social Media professionell und strukturiert für Direktbuchungen nutzen können, welche Rolle Mitarbeiter und Influencer spielen, was die einzelnen Kanäle genau leisten und wie man mit außergewöhnlichem Storytelling Auslastungen jenseits der 90-Prozent-Marke erreicht. Ein Buch für alle Player der Reisebranche, die ihr Profil schärfen, ihre Margen vergrößern und neue Marketingkanäle entdecken wollen, um auch künftig wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben.
Social Media im Unternehmen – Ruhm oder Ruin: Erfahrungslandkarte einer Expedition in die Social Media-Welt
by Christine Rogge and Ralf KarabaszDer Grundsatz „Wissen ist Macht“, auf den sich Generationen von Führungskräften noch stützen konnten, ist spätestens mit dem Durchbruch der sozialen Medien passé. Informationen verbreiten sich heute im Unternehmen in Windeseile und auf immer neuen Wegen. Auch haben Mitarbeiter ganz neue Zugangswege zu Informationen. Soziale Medien erschließen ihnen zugleich die Möglichkeit, sich positiv oder negativ über das Unternehmen, seine Strategien und Führung zu äußern.Mit dem Einzug der sozialen Medien steht daher die gesamte Kommunikationskultur von Organisationen auf dem Prüfstand, wenn beispielsweise das Handeln der Führung transparenter wird und unmittelbar durch die Mitarbeiter diskutiert und bewertet werden kann. Führungskräfte sind deshalb gut beraten, sich aktiv den Herausforderungen durch das wachsende Potenzial der sozialen Medien zu stellen.Damit Unternehmen und Verwaltungen durch die Dynamik der technischen Neuerungen nicht zu Getriebenen der Entwicklungen werden, gilt es, die Auswirkungen genau zu betrachten. Erfahrungen müssen ausgetauscht werden, um Probleme frühzeitig zu erkennen und entsprechende Reaktionen erarbeiten zu können. Dazu werden in diesem Buch Beispiele aus der Praxis aufgezeigt und sowohl aus der Sicht von Führungskräften als auch von "geführten Mitarbeitern" kommentiert.
Social Media im kommunalen Sektor: Einsatzfelder, Herausforderungen, Entwicklungsperspektiven
by Thomas Breyer-Mayländer Christopher ZerresDieses Buch gibt einen Überblick über den Einsatz unterschiedlicher Social-Media-Kanäle für die Kommunikation von Gemeinden, Städten und Ämtern und liefert Verwaltungsverantwortlichen, politischen Akteuren, öffentlichen Gremien oder Eventveranstaltern wertvolle Erkenntnisse. Durch das veränderte Informations- und Mediennutzungsverhalten gewinnen Social Media als Kanäle für die kommunale Kommunikation von Politik und Verwaltung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies stellt viele Akteure vor neue Herausforderungen, u. a. weil die dezentrale, eigenverantwortliche Kommunikation einigen Grundprinzipien und Traditionen der öffentlichen Verwaltung widerspricht.Experten aus Wissenschaft und Praxis beschreiben in diesem Werk Voraussetzungen, Anwendungsbereiche und Grenzen des Einsatzes von sozialen Medien im Verwaltungssektor und geben Einblicke anhand von konkreten Beispielen. Ein Buch für Verwaltungs- und Marketingpraktiker, politische Entscheider, Mitarbeitende in Agenturen und regional zuständigen Planungs- und Verwaltungseinrichtungen sowie Studierende in den Bereichen Marketing, Verwaltung und Stadtplanung.
Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment
by Richard N Landers Gordon B SchmidtThis timely resource offers fresh research on companies'use of social media platforms--from Twitter and Facebook to LinkedIn and othercareer sites--to find and hire personnel. Its balanced approach explains why andhow social media are commonly used in both employee recruitment and selection, exploringrelevant theoretical constructs and practical considerations about theirappropriateness and validity. Contributors clarify a confusing cyberscape withrecommendations and best practices, legal and ethical issues, pitfalls andproblems, and possibilities for standardization. And the book's insights onemerging and anticipated developments will keep the reader abreast of the fieldas it evolves. Included in the coverage: · Social media as a personnel selectionand hiring resource: Reservations and recommendations. · Game-thinking within social media torecruit and select job candidates. · Social media, big data, and employmentdecisions. · The use of social media by BRIC nationsduring the selection process. · Legal concerns when considering socialmedia data in selection. · Online exclusion: Biases that may arisewhen using social media in talent acquisition. · Is John Smith really John Smith?Misrepresentations and misattributions of candidates using social media andsocial networking sites. Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment is a bedrock reference forindustrial/organizational psychology and human resources academics currently orplanning to conduct research in this area, as well as for academic libraries. Practitionersconsidering consulting social media as part of human resource planning orselection system design will find it a straight-talking guide to stayingcompetitive.
Social Media in Health Care
by Regina E. Herzlinger Charles C. Huang Selin Gunal TylerThe note on Social Media in Health Care describes different educational and collaborative social media firms that affect 1) consumers, 2) physicians, 3) medical centers, 4) life science firms, and 5) employers and their employees.
Social Media in Health Care: A Guide to Creating Your Professional Digital Presence
by Mona Shattell Melissa Batchelor Rebecca DarmocA practical, essential guide to social media for health care professionals, Social Media in Health Care equips readers with the skills to build their online brand, share their professional knowledge with a wider audience, and become a trusted source of information and thought leader in their field.Authors Mona Shattell, Melissa Batchelor, and Rebecca Darmoc explain the principles behind building a respected digital presence and developing meaningful online connections, while providing practical tips for navigating the five major social media platforms: Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. Everyone from health care students to the most seasoned professionals will benefit from the 3C’s Framework outlined in the book: Consume, Contribute, and Create.Social Media in Health Care can be read cover to cover or used as quick reference guide. Topics include: Exercises for novice, intermediate, and advanced users Best practices for consuming, sharing, and creating content Tips for readers to build their social media presence and professional brand Recommendations for using digital platforms to expand professional networks Patient privacy concerns and how to avoid ethical pitfalls Social media can start conversations and serve as an open line of communication between peers, the public, and patients. Social Media in Health Care guides members of the medical community in how to use social media to help educate the public and specific patient communities about health care and health policy, make connections with industry leaders and peers, and enhance their professional reputation.
Social Media in Society
by Jonathon Hutchinson Fiona Suwana Cameron McTernanThis book is about the role that social media plays in the lives of individuals, societies, economies and polities. It therefore takes in a wide view of the emergent and changing impacts of social media platforms, and social media practices. As a consequence, it examines social media use through various intellectual and scholarly traditions --psychology, sociology, cultural studies, economics, and (national and global) politics – but it is primarily situated in the field of media and communications studies. As such, it frames its analysis of social media impacts using media studies concepts and terminology, and places media texts, forms, industries and agents (producers, audiences and other users) at the centre of each thematic chapter.
Social Media in Sport: Evidence-Based Perspectives (Routledge Research in Sport Business and Management)
by Gashaw Abeza and Jimmy SandersonThis book takes a close look at social media in sport and considers its significance for sport business and for the wider relationship between sport and society. Presenting new research, case studies and data, it examines the way people use social media, the changing art of managing social media platforms, and the theory and concepts that inform research on this important topic. Featuring the work of leading sport researchers from around the world, the book presents evidence-based analysis of contemporary topics including fan engagement, athlete activism, branding and sponsorship strategies, sportswashing, public relations and crisis communication. It presents case studies from sports and events such as the Olympic Games, the WNBA, professional football leagues, and Peloton, and across social media platforms including TikTok, Twitter and Instagram. This is essential reading for anybody with an interest in sport media, sport business, the sociology of sport, digital business, or new media studies.