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A Capitalism for the People: Recapturing the Lost Genius of American Prosperity
by Luigi ZingalesBorn in Italy, University of Chicago economist Luigi Zingales witnessed firsthand the consequences of high inflation and unemployment--paired with rampant nepotism and cronyism--on a country’s economy. This experience profoundly shaped his professional interests, and in 1988 he arrived in the United States, armed with a political passion and the belief that economists should not merely interpret the world, but should change it for the better. In A Capitalism for the People, Zingales makes a forceful, philosophical, and at times personal argument that the roots of American capitalism are dying, and that the result is a drift toward the more corrupt systems found throughout Europe and much of the rest of the world. American capitalism, according to Zingales, grew in a unique incubator that provided it with a distinct flavor of competitiveness, a meritocratic nature that fostered trust in markets and a faith in mobility. Lately, however, that trust has been eroded by a betrayal of our pro-business elites, whose lobbying has come to dictate the market rather than be subject to it, and this betrayal has taken place with the complicity of our intellectual class. Because of this trend, much of the country is questioning--often with great anger--whether the system that has for so long buoyed their hopes has now betrayed them once and for all. What we are left with is either anti-market pitchfork populism or pro-business technocratic insularity. Neither of these options presents a way to preserve what the author calls "the lighthouse” of American capitalism. Zingales argues that the way forward is pro-market populism, a fostering of truly free and open competition for the good of the people--not for the good of big business. Drawing on the historical record of American populism at the turn of the twentieth century, Zingales illustrates how our current circumstances aren’t all that different. People in the middle and at the bottom are getting squeezed, while people at the top are only growing richer. The solutions now, as then, are reforms to economic policy that level the playing field. Reforms that may be anti-business (specifically anti-big business), but are squarely pro-market. The question is whether we can once again muster the courage to confront the powers that be.
A Capitalist In North Korea
by Felix AbtBusiness in North Korea: a paradoxical and fascinating situation is interpreted by a true insider. In 2002, the Swiss power company ABB appointed Felix Abt its country director for North Korea. The Swiss Entrepreneur lived and worked in North Korea for seven years, one of the few foreign businessmen there. After the experience, Abt felt compelled to write A Capitalist in North Korea to describe the multifaceted society he encountered. North Korea, at the time, was heavily sanctioned by the UN, which made it extremely difficult to do business. Yet, he discovered that it was a place where plastic surgery and South Korean TV dramas were wildly popular and where he rarely needed to walk more than a block to grab a quick hamburger. He was closely monitored, and once faced accusations of spying, yet he learned that young North Koreans are hopeful-signing up for business courses in anticipation of a brighter, more open, future. In A Capitalist in North Korea, Abt shares these and many other unusual facts and insights about one of the world's most secretive nations.
A Capitalist in North Korea
by Felix AbtBusiness in North Korea: a paradoxical and fascinating situation is interpreted by a true insider.In 2002, the Swiss power company ABB appointed Felix Abt its country director for North Korea. The Swiss Entrepreneur lived and worked in North Korea for seven years, one of the few foreign businessmen there. After the experience, Abt felt compelled to write A Capitalist in North Korea to describe the multifaceted society he encountered. North Korea, at the time, was heavily sanctioned by the UN, which made it extremely difficult to do business. Yet, he discovered that it was a place where plastic surgery and South Korean TV dramas were wildly popular and where he rarely needed to walk more than a block to grab a quick hamburger. He was closely monitored, and once faced accusations of spying, yet he learned that young North Koreans are hopeful-signing up for business courses in anticipation of a brighter, more open, future. In A Capitalist in North Korea, Abt shares these and many other unusual facts and insights about one of the world's most secretive nations.mes even for weeks if an urgent project needed to be finished." According to your experience, how well do you think the North Korean people would adapt to the capitalistic system?Since the Public Distribution System largely collapsed in the crisis years of the nineties, most people have survived with a host of mostly unofficial private business activities. So they have already gone through a capitalist apprenticeship of sorts. If more reforms accompanied with institution building are carried out even more people will get used to a market economy and to responsible capitalism.In your book, you wrote: "But when people became so keen on getting a USB to watch foreign movies, I stopped offering expensive presents and gave them those tiny electronics." In North Korea, watching foreign movies is strictly banned. However, in your description, the North Korean people appear to freely enjoy foreign culture and materials. What are your thought on the censorship and government control in North Korea?Despite censorship, many people have been watching foreign movies and materials. And they liked USB as these tiny electronics, unlike CDs and DVDs, would not get stuck in a DVD-player or a computer in case of a power cut and an inspection.In your book, you mentioned how you had comparably more opportunities to meet the 'regular people' in North Korea than other foreigners. Did it seem like they actually believe the government-sponsored propaganda? Did they have faith in 'North Korean communism' or 'Juche (self-reliance)' idea? There are still a lot of people believing in North Korea's ideology. On the other hand there has been a strong trend to consumerism particularly among the emerging middle class but also among the children of the elite which would rather embrace Deng Xiaoping's credo: "To get rich is glorious!"You spent substantial amount of time in North Korea and also visited the South as well. What seems to be the major difference between the citizens? What is the task to be tackled in order to reduce the cultural gap between the countries after reunification?When I worked on joint North-South business projects (sand, mining, dairy production, mineral water production on Mount Paekdu etc.) I could feel a strong cultural gap and mistrust. Both sides felt the other side wanted to cheat them, but the misunderstandings had much to do with a lack of knowledge of the other side's thinking and motivations. I as a non-Korean saw myself in a strange position of explaining North Koreans the intentions of South Koreans and vice versa. Unfortunately, this sort of business diplomacy fostering mutual understanding and capacity building came to a complete halt when Lee Myung-bak was elected president.
A Capitalist's Lament: How Wall Street is Fleecing You and Ruining America
by Leland FaustLeland Faust unmasks Wall Street's unsavory tactics in powerful detail by giving readers a high-level view of how the financial services industry misleads them, overcharges them, and exposes them to needless risk. He documents the financial industry's alluring come-ons, airbrushed risks, high-stakes gambling, half-truths, misleading statements, outlandish predictions, tricks to overcharge customers, bad deals, and outright fraud by the most prominent and renowned of Wall Street's players.A Capitalist's Lament is about what happens when financial firms and their employees forget whose interest they are supposed to protect. It shows how making foolish or wrong predictions is of no consequence to those who make them and how Wall Street luminaries with poor track records still garner celebrity status. Most of all, it spotlights how Wall Street manipulates the system and furthers its own interests at its customers' expense and puts us all at great risk. Here is what you need to know to protect yourself from "business as usual" and get ahead--instead of getting taken.
A Carbon Footprint Calculation Tool for Urban Development (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Roberto Álvarez-Fernández Alexandra Delgado-Jiménez Fernando Beltrán-CillerueloThis book introduces an indispensable tool: the carbon footprint calculator for urban planning. In the face of the escalating climate crisis, urban planning finds itself at a critical juncture. By considering the evolution of urban planning and its connections to environmental issues, the book sheds light on the urgent need to reimagine city planning within a climate-conscious framework. This book presents a meticulous assessment of future uses and activities that generate greenhouse gas emissions, along with an examination of land use changes that impact the carbon-absorbing capacity of the soil. Mitigation strategies, such as leveraging renewable energy sources for self-generation, are explored and quantified whenever possible. Carbon Footprint Planning explains the essential activities that must be included in urban planning instrument applications for approval, emphasizing the significance of integrating ordinary or simplified strategic environmental assessment procedures. By doing so, potential environmental impacts, specifically in relation to climate change, are effectively evaluated and addressed. With the aid of the carbon footprint calculator, decision-makers will gain the ability to select the path of least carbon emissions from a range of alternatives, unveiling aspects that contribute to significant emissions during the early stages of urban development, such as master planning. In essence, this book equips urban planners and environmental enthusiasts alike with the tools and insights needed to navigate urban growth amidst the climate crisis, ensuring a sustainable and resilient future for our cities.
A Career Is a Promise: Finding Purpose, Success, and Fulfillment
by Robin LandaNo matter your field of interest, A Career is a Promise offers a proven framework for finding purpose, fulfillment, and success. Robin Landa, one of the world's leading experts on creativity and idea generation, reveals practical strategies that will help you identify a career worthy of your intelligence, aptitudes, and time. Much more than a how-to guide, the roadmaps, prompts, inner directed questions, and self-assessment tools will help you discover what most excites you professionally, how to set worthwhile career goals, find purpose in your career, achieve success, lead with compassion, find fulfillment, secure mentors and sponsors, and enhance your creative thinking to best compete in a global marketplace. Most of us don’t spend adequate time thinking about what ignites our souls and makes careers roar–well enough to forge a fruitful and satisfying career path. When you spend more than one third of your life working, your career should hold promise. A career is a promise you make to yourself.
A Career in Radio: Understanding the Key Building Blocks
by Sayed Mohammad AmirThis book gives an overview of the development, significance, and impact of radio as a medium of mass communication in modern society. It provides a thorough understanding of the various wings and functionaries of the radio industry. The book also covers aspects of commercial radio, the basics of understanding the pulse of radio listeners, formatting radio programming, making an effective sales pitch and producing great commercials to exhaustive advice on presenting a show, appearing for interviews, and public speaking. It also gives insight into the changes brought in by technology in terms of traditional radio broadcasts, such as digital radio, highlighting its advancements in audio quality and the diversity of programming options available, and satellite radio, subscription-based services, and exclusive access to specialised programming. An outcome of the author’s vast experience of working as a radio jockey and programme manager for over 17 years, his book will be an ideal textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students of journalism and mass communication, taking courses on radio, audio and podcasting, media production and digital media. Additionally, this book will be an invaluable companion to existing radio professionals as a resource-book for their professional development.
A Carver Policy Governance Guide, Adjacent Leadership Roles: CGO and CEO (J-B Carver Board Governance Series #42)
by John Carver Miriam Mayhew CarverThe Carver Policy Governance Guide series includes six booklets that offer board members a description of John Carver's Policy Governance model of board leadership. Policy Governance enables a board to fulfill its accountability to its organization's "owners," whether the owners are association members, city residents, company shareholders, or a community of interest. Policy Governance addresses the board's engagement in financial, programmatic, and personnel matters; roles of officers and committees; reporting and evaluation; agendas; and other aspects of the board job. For boards pursuing, or wanting to pursue, the Policy Governance model, Adjacent Leadership Roles: CGO and CEO examines the leadership roles needed in the boardroom and the executive suite. This guide reveals the two important and separate functions that are key to enabling both governance and management to have the benefit of optimal leadership. The Policy Governance model is based on the functions rather than the structure of a governing board. It outlines commonsense principles about governing that fit together into an entire system. The practices of the Policy Governance board, which are consistent with the principles, allow it to control without meddling, focus on long-term organizational outputs, powerfully delegate to a CEO and staff, and discharge its fiduciary responsibility in a visionary, strategic manner. Because the model is a total system, the Carver Policy Governance Guide series offers boards a complete set of principles for fulfilling their various obligations.
A Carver Policy Governance Guide, Ends and the Ownership (J-B Carver Board Governance Series #37)
by John Carver Miriam Mayhew Carver Carver Governance Design Inc.The Carver Policy Governance® Guide series includes six booklets that offer board members a description of John Carver's Policy Governance model of board leadership. Policy Governance enables a board to fulfill its accountability to its organization's "owners," whether the owners are association members, city residents, company shareholders, or a community of interest. Policy Governance addresses the board's engagement in financial, programmatic, and personnel matters; roles of officers and committees; reporting and evaluation; agendas; and other aspects of the board job. Ends and the Ownership helps boards distinguish between what an organization is for and what it does (ends versus means)—a basic feature of the innovative Policy Governance model. This important guide also discusses the concept of ownership and includes sample policies that can help board members effectively prioritize and govern. The Policy Governance model is based on the functions rather than the structure of a governing board. It outlines commonsense principles about governing that fit together into an entire system. The practices of the Policy Governance board, which are consistent with the principles, allow it to control without meddling, focus on long-term organizational outputs, powerfully delegate to a CEO and staff, and discharge its fiduciary responsibility in a visionary, strategic manner. Because the model is a total system, the Carver Policy Governance Guide series offers boards a complete set of principles for fulfilling their various obligations.
A Carver Policy Governance Guide, Evaluating CEO and Board Performance
by John Carver Carver Governance Design Inc. Miriam CarverThe Carver Policy Governance Guide series includes six booklets that offer board members a description of John Carver's Policy Governance model of board leadership. Policy Governance enables a board to fulfill its accountability to its organization's "owners," whether the owners are association members, city residents, company shareholders, or a community of interest. Policy Governance addresses the board's engagement in financial, programmatic, and personnel matters; roles of officers and committees; reporting and evaluation; agendas; and other aspects of the board job.Evaluating CEO and Board Performance offers board members information on the importance of evaluation as part of a greater systematic view of governance. The guide includes principles for effectively and honestly evaluating CEO and board performance.The Policy Governance model is based on the functions rather than the structure of a governing board. It outlines commonsense principles about governing that fit together into an entire system. The practices of the Policy Governance board, which are consistent with the principles, allow it to control without meddling, focus on long-term organizational outputs, powerfully delegate to a CEO and staff, and discharge its fiduciary responsibility in a visionary, strategic manner. Because the model is a total system, the Carver Policy Governance Guide series offers boards a complete set of principles for fulfilling their various obligations.
A Carver Policy Governance Guide, Implementing Policy Governance and Staying on Track (J-B Carver Board Governance Series #34)
by John Carver Miriam Mayhew CarverThe Carver Policy Governance Guide series includes six booklets that offer board members a description of John Carver's Policy Governance model of board leadership. Policy Governance enables a board to fulfill its accountability to its organization's "owners," whether the owners are association members, city residents, company shareholders, or a community of interest. Policy Governance addresses the board's engagement in financial, programmatic, and personnel matters; roles of officers and committees; reporting and evaluation; agendas; and other aspects of the board job. Implementing Policy Governance and Staying on Track shows boards how they can apply the principles of the Policy Governance model and change the way they govern in practice. The guide cuts across various aspects of the Policy Governance model and challenges board members to move from concepts to practice. The Policy Governance model is based on the functions rather than the structure of a governing board. It outlines commonsense principles about governing that fit together into an entire system. The practices of the Policy Governance board, which are consistent with the principles, allow it to control without meddling, focus on long-term organizational outputs, powerfully delegate to a CEO and staff, and discharge its fiduciary responsibility in a visionary, strategic manner. Because the model is a total system, the Carver Policy Governance Guide series offers boards a complete set of principles for fulfilling their various obligations.
A Carver Policy Governance Guide, The Governance of Financial Management (J-B Carver Board Governance Series #39)
by John Carver Miriam Mayhew CarverThe Carver Policy Governance Guide series includes six booklets that offer board members a description of John Carver's Policy Governance model of board leadership. Policy Governance enables a board to fulfill its accountability to its organization's "owners," whether the owners are association members, city residents, company shareholders, or a community of interest. Policy Governance addresses the board's engagement in financial, programmatic, and personnel matters; roles of officers and committees; reporting and evaluation; agendas; and other aspects of the board job. The Governance of Financial Management offers a proven strategic approach to the issues of finances and board responsibility. It reveals how a board can effectively govern an organization's financial planning by controlling budget values rather than budget numbers. The guide addresses the issue of actual fiscal conditions by creating policies that safeguard an organization's real fiscal health. The Policy Governance model is based on the functions rather than the structure of a governing board. It outlines commonsense principles about governing that fit together into an entire system. The practices of the Policy Governance board, which are consistent with the principles, allow it to control without meddling, focus on long-term organizational outputs, powerfully delegate to a CEO and staff, and discharge its fiduciary responsibility in a visionary, strategic manner. Because the model is a total system, the Carver Policy Governance Guide series offers boards a complete set of principles for fulfilling their various obligations.
A Carver Policy Governance Guide, The Policy Governance Model and the Role of the Board Member
by John Carver Carver Governance Design Inc. Miriam CarverThe Carver Policy Governance Guide series includes six booklets that offer board members a description of John Carver's Policy Governance model of board leadership. Policy Governance enables a board to fulfill its accountability to its organization's "owners," whether the owners are association members, city residents, company shareholders, or a community of interest. Policy Governance addresses the board's engagement in financial, programmatic, and personnel matters; roles of officers and committees; reporting and evaluation; agendas; and other aspects of the board job.The Policy Governance Model and the Role of the Board Member sets out a clear vision for excellence in board leadership. It gives board members an understanding of the concepts and principles that are at the very heart of John Carver's innovative Policy Governance model. This guide details members' main tasks and presents the guidelines needed to transform a board into an effective group that consistently leads powerfully.The Policy Governance model is based on the functions rather than the structure of a governing board. It outlines commonsense principles about governing that fit together into an entire system. The practices of the Policy Governance board, which are consistent with the principles, allow it to control without meddling, focus on long-term organizational outputs, powerfully delegate to a CEO and staff, and discharge its fiduciary responsibility in a visionary, strategic manner. Because the model is a total system, the Carver Policy Governance Guide series offers boards a complete set of principles for fulfilling their various obligations.
A Case for Shareholders' Fiduciary Duties in Common Law Asia (International Corporate Law and Financial Market Regulation)
by Ernest LimThis book reconceptualises the role of the general meeting and shareholders in the listed companies in four leading common law jurisdictions in Asia (Singapore, Hong Kong, India and Malaysia) as one that should include fiduciary duties. It demonstrates why, when, by whom and how fiduciary duties should be imposed and how they could be enforced. In so doing, it refutes the long-standing common law rule that shareholders can generally vote as they please. The book advances the debate on a central notion of corporate law, namely, the interests of the company. It addresses the deficiencies in the law regulating conflicts of interest involving controlling shareholders and institutional shareholders and provides solutions to the problem of activist and passive minority institutional investors. This book challenges us to rethink the meaning and implementation of the long-term success of the company and shows how corporate governance should and could be made.
A Case of Successful Adjustment
by Bijan B. Aghevli Jorge Mrquez-RuarteA report from the International Monetary Fund.
A Casebook of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Towards Business Sustainability (CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance)
by Ananda Das GuptaThis casebook argues that corporate sustainability agendas should look beyond stakeholder demands and desires, towards strategic opportunities to achieve social and commercial benefits simultaneously. It encourages shifting focus from a strategic approach to a sustainable business practice. As the cases in the book highlight, it is in every company’s best interest to identify a manageable number of sustainability initiatives whose shared benefits—for society at large and the company—are significant and also substantially help the company strategically position itself in the competitive marketplace. Strategic sustainable business practices can lead to shared value creation, strengthening the company’s competitiveness and establishing a symbiotic relationship. Companies can achieve solid profits by doing good things for the environment; it is a “win-win” for society and for business. This casebook provides examples of multi-stakeholder partnerships that aim to create sustainable enterprises. Ideal for teaching purposes, after a brief introduction to the case method, the cases are presented with no comments or criticisms.
A Casebook of Transformational and Transactional Leadership
by Fil J. ArenasFeaturing more than twenty-five case studies of leaders throughout history, A Casebook of Transformational and Transactional Leadership supplements existing texts on transformational leadership and the full range model to promote higher levels of understanding of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. Beginning with an overview of transformational and transactional behavior components, Arenas describes the original tenets of leadership researchers, demonstrating how practicing the principles of full range leadership can aid those who guide or manage others. The subsequent chapters examine influential figures from various organizational environments to provide readers with examples that connect with core full range leadership concepts. Finally, each chapter ends with a discussion question, helping to engage students with the material and encouraging further reflection and study. A Casebook of Transformational and Transactional Leadership is essential reading for both graduate and undergraduate students of leadership development, as well as military and non-military professionals in leadership, leadership development, business and management, and education.
A Century of American Economic Review: Insights on Critical Factors in Journal Publishing
by Benno Torgler Marco PiattiBy using information collected from numerous American Economic Review publications from the last 100 years, Torgler and Piatti examine the top publishing institutions to determine their most renowned AER papers based on citation success.
A Century of Crisis and Conflict in the International System: Theory and Evidence: Intellectual Odyssey III
by Michael BrecherThis book is designed to present a fully developed theory of international crisis and conflict, along with substantial evidence of these two closely related phenomena. The book begins with a discussion of these topics at a theoretical level, defining and elaborating on core concepts: international crisis, interstate conflict, severity, and impact. This is followed by a discussion of the international system, along with two significant illustrations, the Berlin Blockade crisis (1948) and the India-Pakistan crisis over Kashmir (1965-66). The book then presents a unified model of crisis, focusing on the four phases of an international crisis, which incorporate the four periods of foreign policy crises for individual states. Findings from thirteen conflicts representing six regional clusters are then analyzed, concluding with a set of hypotheses and evidence on conflict onset, persistence, and resolution.
A Century of Foreign Investment in the Third World (Routledge Studies in International Business and the World Economy)
by Michael TwomeyThe late twentieth century has witnessed a dramatic upsurge in foreign direct investment in the Third World. Based upon thorough statistical analysis, the book presents exhaustive case-studies of foreign investment policy in 'metropolitan' countries and of the experiences of 'host' countries throughout Africa, Asia and Latin America. With a wide geographical and historical focus, it also makes an important contribution to current debates on dependency theory.
A Century of Global Economic Crises: Monetary Policy in Search of An Anchor
by Lúcio Vinhas de SouzaThis book explores the end of the era of low inflation and stable price increases, known as “The Great Moderation”, and the impact this will have on monetary policy. The macroeconomic trends and economic policy issues observed within developed countries over the last 70 years are linked with the economic theory debates of the time to highlight how the current economic challenges came about. The limitations of past economic policies are highlighted to help create a new policy framework for an era defined by high inflation, low economic growth, large budget deficits, and increased private sector debt.This book presents a new understanding of monetary policy that engages with the changing behaviour of economic agents. It will be relevant to researchers and policymakers interested in monetary policy and the political economy.
A Century of Sovereign Ratings
by Norbert GaillardThe financial difficulties experienced by Greece since 2009 serve as a reminder that countries (i.e., sovereigns) may default on their debt. Many observers considered the financial turmoil was behind us because major advanced countries had adopted stimulus packages to prevent banks from going bankrupt. However, there are rising doubts about the creditworthiness of several advanced countries that participated in the bailouts. In this uncertain context, it is particularly crucial to be knowledgeable about sovereign ratings. This book provides the necessary broad overview, which will be of interest to both economists and investors alike. Chapter 1 presents the main issues that are addressed in this book. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 provide the key notions to understand sovereign ratings. Chapter 2 presents an overview of sovereign rating activity since the first such ratings were assigned in 1918. Chapter 3 analyzes the meaning of sovereign ratings and the significance of rating scales; it also describes the refinement of credit rating policies and tools. Chapter 4 focuses on the sovereign rating process. Chapters 5 and 6 open the black box of sovereign ratings. Chapter 5 compares sovereign rating methodologies in the interwar years with those in the modern era. After examining how rating agencies have amended their methodologies since the 1990s, Chapter 6 scrutinizes rating disagreements between credit rating agencies (CRAs). Chapters 7 and 8 measure the performances of sovereign ratings by computing default rates and accuracy ratios: Chapter 7 looks at the interwar years and Chapter 8 at the modern era. The two chapters assess which CRA assigns the most accurate ratings during the respective periods. Chapters 9 and 10 compare the perception of sovereign risk by the CRAs and market participants. Chapter 9 focuses on the relation between JP Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Global spreads and emerging countries' sovereign ratings for the period 1993-2007. Chapter 10 compares the eurozone members' sovereign ratings with Credit Default Swap-Implied Ratings (CDS-IRs) during the Greek debt crisis of November 2009-May 2010.
A Century of Wealth in America: A Study Of The Increasing Inequality Of Wealth In America (Twentieth Century Fund Papers)
by Edward N. WolffUnderstanding wealth—who has it, how they acquired it, how they preserve it—is crucial to addressing challenges facing the United States. Edward Wolff’s account of patterns in the accumulation and distribution of U.S. wealth since 1900 provides a sober bedrock of facts and analysis. It will become an indispensable resource for future public debate.
A Challenger's Strategy: Pinar Abay at ING Bank Turkey
by Gautam Mukunda Paul M. Healy Esel CekinIn 2013, Pinar Abay was appointed as the CEO of ING Bank Turkey. At 34, she was the youngest bank CEO in Turkey's history. Her appointment raised eyebrows because of her youth and because her career at McKinsey had given her no day-to-day bank management experience. ING, however, wanted a younger leader who could relate to Turkey's young and digitally savvy population. Upon her appointment, Abay determined that major changes were required in operations, personnel and culture. She adopted a variety of innovative approaches to making these changes, ranging from non-traditional hires to sitting for hours in call centers to personally answering customer complaints on Twitter. As Turkey's 12th largest bank, however, ING Turkey lacked scale, so Abay and her team considered a number of non-traditional ways to organize distribution and market the bank to promote growth.