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The Propagandists' Playbook: How Conservative Elites Manipulate Search and Threaten Democracy
by Francesca Bolla TripodiAn examination of what algorithmic polarization means for society and how conservative elites use media literacy tactics to spread propagandaThe Propagandists&’ Playbook peels back the layers of the right-wing media manipulation machine to reveal why its strategies are so effective and pervasive, while also humanizing the people whose worldviews and media practices conservatism embodies. Based on interviews and ethnographic observations of two Republican groups over the course of the 2017 Virginia gubernatorial race—including the author&’s firsthand experience of the 2017 Unite the Right rally—the book considers how Google algorithms, YouTube playlists, pundits, and politicians can manipulate audiences, reaffirm beliefs, and expose audiences to more extremist ideas, blurring the lines between reality and fiction. Francesca Tripodi argues that conservatives who embody the Christian worldview give authoritative weight to original texts and interrogate the media using the same tools taught to them in Bible study—for example, using Google to &“fact check&” the news. The result of this practice, tied to conservative marketing tactics, is more than a reaffirmation of existing beliefs: it is a radicalization of content and a changing of narratives adopted by the media. Tripodi also demonstrates the pervasiveness of white supremacy in the conservative media ecosystem, as well as its mainstream appeal, scope, and spread.
The Propagation of Misinformation in Social Media: A Cross-platform Analysis
by Richard RogersThere is growing awareness about how social media circulate extreme viewpoints and turn up the temperature of public debate. Posts that exhibit agitation garner disproportionate engagement. Within this clamour, fringe sources and viewpoints are mainstreaming, and mainstream media are marginalized. This book takes up the mainstreaming of the fringe and the marginalization of the mainstream. In a cross-platform analysis of Google Web Search, Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, Twitter, Instagram, 4chan and TikTok, the authors found that hyperpartisan web operators, alternative influencers and ambivalent commentators are in ascendency. The book can be read as a form of platform criticism. It puts on display the current state of information online, noting how social media platforms have taken on the mantle of accidental authorities, privileging their own on-platform performers and at the same time adjudicating between claims of what is considered acceptable discourse.
The Proper Way to Educate the Deaf: A Modern Annotated Translation
by The Abbé de l’EpéeThis volume presents the first complete English translation of the Abbé de l’Épée’s seminal work describing his methodology for educating deaf children. Originally published in French in 1798, this modern annotated edition offers readers a translation that is documentary in scope and that reflects historic attitudes toward deaf people and deaf education while maintaining the conventions of contemporary English. De l’Épée provides an anecdotal account of his methods and philosophy for educating deaf children using a sign system based on the French Sign Language of the era but adapted to visually represent the linguistic features of spoken and written French. His work laid the foundation for the use of the “manual method,” or sign language, in deaf education. One section of the text, originally published in Latin, outlines the intellectual clash between de l’Épée and Samuel Heinicke, an early proponent of oral education who contested the use of sign language. De l’Épée’s text holds significant cultural and historical value for the fields of deaf studies and deaf education. This English language translation reveals de l’Épée’s own story of how he came to be known as the “father of the deaf” and is enriched by scholarly contributions that provide essential historical context and a framework for modern understanding.
The Prosody of Dubbed Speech: Beyond the Character's Words (Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting)
by Sofía Sánchez-MompeánThis book offers a descriptive and practical analysis of prosody in dubbed speech, examining the most distinctive traits that typify dubbed dialogue at the prosodic level. The author's unique perspective - as both a translation studies researcher and a voice-over professional - helps to bring these two aspects of the dubbing process together into a coherent study for the first time. Supported by corpus analysis of English and Spanish episodes of US TV show How I Met Your Mother, she examines aspects of prosody in source and target languages, including features such as intonation, loudness, tempo, rhythm and tension. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of translation and interpreting, media studies, television and film production, as well as dubbing professionals.
The Psychology of Facial Expression
by James A. Russell José Miguel Fernández-DolsThis reference work provides broad and up-to-date coverage of the major perspectives - ethological, neurobehavioral, developmental, dynamic systems, componential - on facial expression. It reviews Darwin's legacy in the theories of Izard and Tomkins and in Fridlund's recently proposed Behavioral Ecology theory. It explores continuing controversies on universality and innateness. It also updates the research guidelines of Ekman, Friesen and Ellsworth. This book anticipates emerging research questions: what is the role of culture in children's understanding of faces? In what precise ways do faces depend on the immediate context? What is the ecology of facial expression: when do different expressions occur and in what frequency? The Psychology of Facial Expressions is aimed at students, researchers and educators in psychology anthropology, and sociology who are interested in the emotive and communicative uses of facial expression.
The Psychology of Political Communication: Politicians Under the Microscope
by Peter Bull Maurice WaddleContemporary politics is mass-communication politics. Politicians are not only seen and heard, they are seen and heard in close-up through television appearances, speeches, interviews, and on social media. In this book, the authors analyse the ways in which politicians communicate with each other, the media, and the electorate; they also discuss the implications of contemporary political discourse on the democratic process as a whole. Politicians in interviews are typically castigated for their evasiveness. However, microanalytic research shows that there is more to political discourse than this apparent ambiguity. This book reveals how equivocation, interruptions, and personal antagonism can offer valuable insights into a politician’s communicative style. The authors review their empirical research not only on political interviews, but also on speeches, parliamentary debates, and political journalism. Further insights include how political speakers interact with their audiences, how party leaders engage in adversarial discourse at PMQs, and how the spoken messages of politicians can be affected by modern journalistic editing techniques. Thereby, this research generates greater awareness of communicative practices in a diverse range of political contexts. While the interviews and parliamentary debates analysed pertain to UK politics, the speeches also draw on the USA, and European and Far Eastern nations. This engaging book is a fascinating resource for students and academics in psychology, politics, communication, and other related disciplines such as sociology and linguistics. The research is also extremely relevant to policy makers and practitioners in politics and political journalism.
The Psychology of Pro-Environmental Communication: Beyond Standard Information Strategies
by Christian A. KlöcknerThe environment is part of everyone's life but there are difficulties in communicating complex environmental problems, such as climate change, to a lay audience. In this book Klöckner defines environmental communication, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the issues involved in encouraging pro-environmental behaviour.
The Psychology of Television
by John CondryThis volume addresses the content of television -- both programs and advertisements -- and the psychological effects of the content on the audience. The author not only reports new research, but explains its practical applications without jargon. Issues are discussed and described in terms of psychological mechanisms and causal routes of influence. While primarily referring to the American television industry and American governmental regulations, the psychological principles discussed are applicable to television viewers world wide.
The Psychology of Television
by John CondryThis volume addresses the content of television -- both programs and advertisements -- and the psychological effects of the content on the audience. The author not only reports new research, but explains its practical applications without jargon. Issues are discussed and described in terms of psychological mechanisms and causal routes of influence. While primarily referring to the American television industry and American governmental regulations, the psychological principles discussed are applicable to television viewers world wide.
The Psychology of Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach
by Séverine Hubscher-Davidson Caroline LehrDrawing on work from scholars in both psychology and translation studies, this collection offers new perspectives on what Holmes (1972) called ‘translation psychology’. This interdisciplinary volume brings together contributions addressing translation from the vantage point of different applied branches of psychology, including critical-developmental psychology, occupational psychology, and forensic psychology. Current theoretical and methodological practices in these areas have the potential to strengthen and diversify how translators’ decision-making and problem-solving behaviours are understood, but many sub-branches of psychology have lacked visibility so far in the translation studies literature. The Psychology of Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach therefore seeks to expand our understanding of translator behaviour by bringing to the fore new schools of thought and conceptualisations. Some chapters report on empirical studies, while others provide a review of research in a particular area of psychology of relevance to translation and translators. Written by a range of leading figures and authorities in psychology and translation, it offers unique contributions that can enrich translation process research and provide a means of encouraging further development in the area of translation psychology. This book will be of interest to scholars working at the intersection of translation and psychology, in such fields as translation studies, affective science, narrative psychology, and work psychology, amongst other areas. It will be of particular interest to researchers and postgraduate students in translation studies.
The Psychology of Word Meanings (Cog Studies Grp of the Inst for Behavioral Research at UGA)
by Paula J. SchwanenflugelThis volume contains perspectives from a collection of cognitive scientists on the psychological, philosophical, and educational issues surrounding the meanings of words and how these meanings are learned and accessed. It features chapters covering the nature and structure of word meaning, how new word meanings are acquired in childhood and later on in life, and how research in word processing may tell us something about the way in which word meanings are represented and how they relate to the language processor.
The Psychology of Written Composition (Psychology of Education and Instruction Series)
by Carl Bereiter Marlene ScardamaliaFirst Published in 1987. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
The Public Core of the Internet: An international Agenda for Internet Governance (WRR Rapporten)
by Dennis BroedersThe growth and health of our digital economies and societies depend on the core protocols and infrastructure of the Internet. This technical and logical substructure of our digital existence is now in need of protection against unwarranted interference in order to sustain the growth and the integrity of the global Internet. The Internet's key protocols and infrastructure can be considered a global public good that provides benefits to everyone in the world. Countering the growing state interference with this 'public core of the Internet' requires a new international agenda for Internet governance that departs from the notion of a global public good. Core ingredients of this strategy are: - To establish and disseminate an international norm stipulating that the Internet's public core - its main protocols and infrastructure- should be considered a neutral zone, safeguarded against unwarranted intervention by governments. - To advocate efforts to clearly differentiate at the national and international level between Internet security (security of the Internet infrastructure) and national security (security through the Internet). - To broaden the arena for cyber diplomacy to include new coalitions of states (including the so called 'swing states') and private companies, including the large Internet companies as well as Internet intermediaries such as Internet Service Providers.
The Public Image: Photography and Civic Spectatorship
by Robert Hariman John Louis LucaitesEven as the media environment has changed dramatically in recent years, one thing at least remains true: photographs are everywhere. From professional news photos to smartphone selfies, images have become part of the fabric of modern life. And that may be the problem. Even as photography bears witness, it provokes anxieties about fraudulent representation; even as it evokes compassion, it prompts anxieties about excessive exposure. Parents and pundits alike worry about the unprecedented media saturation that transforms society into an image world. And yet a great news photo can still stop us in our tracks, and the ever-expanding photographic archive documents an era of continuous change. By confronting these conflicted reactions to photography, Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites make the case for a fundamental shift in understanding photography and public culture. In place of suspicions about the medium’s capacity for distraction, deception, and manipulation, they suggest how it can provide resources for democratic communication and thoughtful reflection about contemporary social problems. The key to living well in the image world is to unlock photography from viewing habits that inhibit robust civic spectatorship. Through insightful interpretations of dozens of news images, The Public Image reveals how the artistry of the still image can inform, challenge, and guide reflection regarding endemic violence, environmental degradation, income inequity, and other chronic problems that will define the twenty-first century. By shifting from conventional suspicions to a renewed encounter with the image, we are challenged to see more deeply on behalf of a richer life for all, and to acknowledge our obligations as spectators who are, crucially, also citizens.
The Public Opinion Process: How the People Speak (Routledge Communication Series)
by Irving CrespiWhat is public opinion? How can we best study it? This work presents a "process model" that answers these questions by defining public opinion in a way that also identifies an approach to studying it. The model serves as a framework into which the findings of empirical research are integrated, producing a comprehensive understanding of public opinion that encompasses the congeries of middle-range theories that have emerged from empirical research. The three-dimensional process model--and the way it is explicated--satisfies the diverse and sometimes divergent needs and interests of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, and communication specialists who study public opinion. This is achieved by clearly differentiating and interrelating the following: * individual opinions--the judgmental outcomes of a process in which attitudinal systems--comprised of beliefs, values/interests, and feelings--function as intervening variables that direct and structure perceptions of public issues; * collective opinions--the outcomes of communication from which mutual awareness emerges and that integrate separate individual opinions into a significant social force; and * political roles of collective and individual opinions--the outcomes of the extent to which collective and individual opinions have achieved legitimacy as the basis for governing a people. DON'T USE THIS PARAGRAPH FOR GENERAL CATALOGS... Each dimension of the model has its corresponding subprocess: transactions between individuals and their environments, communications among individuals and collectives, and political legitimation of public opinion. Since the process model is -- by definition -- interactional, none of the three dimensions has theoretical or sequential priority over the others. Instead of treating the psychological, political, and sociological aspects of public opinion as separate stages of an unidirectional process, the three aspects are modeled as dimensions of a complex, ongoing system in continuous interaction with each other. This conceptualization satisfies the need for a truly interdisciplinary theory in that it demands that each dimension be studied in terms of its defining sub-process. It also avoids the twin errors of reductionism and reification in the study of public opinion.
The Public Relations Handbook
by Alison TheakerThe Public Relations Handbook, Fifth Edition provides an engaging overview and in-depth exploration of a dynamic and ever evolving industry. The diverse chapters are united by a set of student friendly features throughout, including clear chapter aims, analytical discussion questions, and key further reading. Featuring wide ranging contributions from key figures in the PR profession, the new edition presents a new chapter on public relations and activism, alongside discussion of key critical themes in public relations research and exploratory case studies on public relations practices in relation to a variety of different institutions, including The Bank of Scotland, Queen Margaret University, Diabetes UK, Continental Tyres, and Action for Children. Split into four parts exploring key conceptual themes of the context of public relations, strategic public relations, stakeholder public relations, and shaping the future, the book offers coverage of essential areas including: public relations, politics and the media media relations in the social media age using new technology effectively in public relations public relations and engagement in the not-for-profit sector business-to-business public relations the public relations of globalisation.
The Public Relations Handbook
by Robert L. DilenschneiderTo be a successful public relations professional, it&’s no longer enough to be great at writing press releases and establishing media contacts. You must also expertly navigate the digital world and be prepared to dovetail your skills with those of other professionals. The Public Relations Handbook is a comprehensive and invaluable guide for public relations practitioners in the 2020s and beyond, covering the multitude of skills needed in the current environment, including: Supporting a company&’s marketing and sales Leveraging social media Managing government relations Working with the media effectively Communicating with the investment community Supporting top management in the event of a crisis or scandal Positively positioning the company&’s commitment to environmental, social, and governance issues The Public Relations Handbook has been an indispensable guide for public relations professionals since the first edition was published in 1967. This new fifth edition explains how to navigate a far more complex and constantly changing digital world while facing new challenges in financial, economic, political, public health, and societal issues. Editor Robert L. Dilenschneider is a communications executive who has called on leading practitioners in the field to address the specific skill sets, strategies, and execution that public relations practitioners need today. The scope of public relations is always expanding. Today&’s professionals must be prepared to deal with a wide variety of people, issues, and topics. The Public Relations Handbook will help all practitioners in the field advance their personal growth, success and careers.
The Public Relations Handbook (Media Practice)
by Alison TheakerThe Public Relations Handbook, 6th edition provides an engaging, in-depth exploration of the dynamic and ever-evolving public relations industry. Split into four parts exploring key conceptual themes in public relations, the book offers an overview of topics including strategic public relations, politics and the media; media relations in the social media age; strategic communication management; public relations engagement in the not-for-profit sector; activism and public relations; and the effects of globalisation and technology on the field. Featuring wide-ranging contributions from key figures in the PR profession, this new edition presents fresh views on corporate social responsibility, public relations and politics, corporate communication, globalisation, not-for-profit, financial and public sector public relations. The book also includes a discussion of key critical themes in public relations research and exploratory case studies of PR strategies in a variety of institutions, including Extinction Rebellion, Queen Margaret University, Mettis Aerospace, and Battersea Cats’ and Dogs’ Home. Containing student-friendly features including clear chapter aims, analytical discussion questions, and key further reading throughout the text, The Public Relations Handbook is an ideal resource for students of public relations, corporate and strategic communications, and media studies.
The Public Relations Handbook (Media Practice)
by Theaker, AlisonThe Public Relations Handbook provides an engaging, in-depth exploration of the dynamic and ever-evolving public relations (PR) industry.Split into three parts exploring key conceptual themes in public relations, this book offers an overview of topics including: strategic PR; politics and the media; media relations in the social media age; strategic communication management; PR ethics; activism and PR; and the effects of globalisation and technology on the field. This book also includes a discussion of critical themes in PR research and exploratory case studies of PR strategies in a variety of institutions, including the Royal Society of Chemistry, Corps Security and The Chartered Institute of Public Relations. Featuring wide-ranging contributions from key figures in the PR profession, this new edition presents fresh views on AI, social media curation, and 'the decline of media', and is packed with student-friendly features including clear chapter aims, discussion questions and further reading suggestions throughout.The Public Relations Handbook is an ideal resource for students of public relations, corporate and strategic communications, and marketing communications.This book is supported by additional instructor resources, including brand-new classroom activities for every chapter available at www.routledge.com/9781032852683.
The Public Relations Writer's Handbook: The Digital Age
by Merry Aronson Don Spetner Carol AmesThe second edition of the Public RelationsWriters Handbook offers a simple, step-by-step approach to creating a wide range of writing, from basic news releases, pitch letters, biographies, and media alerts, to more complex and sophisticated speeches, media campaign proposals, crisis responses, and in-house publications. In addition, the thoroughly expanded and updated second edition shows how to keep up with the best practices of the public relations profession, as well as with the speed made possible and required by the digital age.
The Public Relations Writer’s Handbook
by Whitney LehmannFrom pitches and press releases to news and feature stories to social media writing and more, this new book by author Whitney Lehmann and a handful of experienced contributors breaks down the most widely used types of public relations writing needed to become a PR pro. The Public Relations Writer&’s Handbook serves as a guide for those both in the classroom and in the field who want to learn, and master, the style and techniques of public relations writing. Eighteen conversational chapters provide an overview of the most popular forms of public relations writing, focusing on media relations, storytelling, writing for the web/social media, business and executive communications, event planning and more. Chapters include user-friendly writing templates, exercises and AP Style skill drills and training. Whether you&’re a PR major or PR practitioner, this book is for you. Lehmann has combined her industry and classroom experience to create a handbook that&’s accessible for PR students and practitioners alike. A dedicated eResource also supports the book, with writing templates and answer keys (for instructors) to the end-of-chapter exercises in the text. www.routledge.com/9780815365280.
The Public Relations of Everything: The Ancient, Modern and Postmodern Dramatic History of an Idea (Routledge New Directions in PR & Communication Research)
by Robert E. BrownThe public relations of "everything" takes the radical position that public relations is a profoundly different creature than a generation of its scholars and teachers have portrayed it. Today, it is clearly no longer limited, if it ever has been, to the management of communication in and between organizations. Rather, it has become an activity engaged in by everyone, and for the most basic human reasons: as an act of self-creation, self-expression, and self-protection. The book challenges both popular dismissals and ill-informed repudiations of public relations, as well as academic and classroom misconceptions. In the age of digitization and social media, everyone with a smart phone, Twitter and Facebook accounts, and the will and skill to use them, is in the media. The PR of everything – the ubiquitousness of public relations – takes a perspective that is less concerned with ideas of communication and information than with experience and drama, a way of looking at public relations inside out, upside down and from a micro rather than a macro level. Based on a combination of the research of PR practice and critical-thinking analysis of theory, and founded in the author’s extensive corporate experience, this book will be invaluable reading for scholars and practitioners alike in Public Relations, Communications and Social Media.
The Public Services under Reconstruction: Client experiences, professional practices, managerial control (Routledge Studies in Management, Organizations and Society)
by Marja GastelaarsThis book examines the services in and around the public domain. The author analyses a number of socio-cultural changes that are generally considered relevant to these services, including the rationalising efforts of the New Public Management and the introduction of IT. The book particularly addresses the diversity of services. It focuses on the local complexities of their day to day processes of service delivery, and on the diversity of client experiences and professional roles associated with various client relationships. A practical objective of this book is to encourage its readers to ‘redefine’ the services they professionally deal with, and move beyond the standard requirements of the New Public Management that are so often taken for granted as a starting point. Professional managers are, for instance, invited to reconsider their currently quite dominant ‘technical’ managerial perspective. Service professionals are encouraged to make sense of the risks and responsibilities involved with their day to day negotiations, including the impact of the services on the lives of their clients. Gastelaars adopts and interpretive approach to her subject, combining discourse analysis and ethnographic research to concentrate on the actual practices associated with service delivery, rather than on theories and justifications.
The Public Space of Social Media: Connected Cultures of the Network Society (Routledge Studies in New Media and Cyberculture)
by Therese TierneySocial media is restructuring urban practices–through ad-hoc experimentation, commercial software development, and communities of participation. This book is the first to consider how practices contained within social media are situated within a larger genealogy of public space, including theories of communal identity, civitas and democracy, the fete, and self-expression. Through empirical research, the actual social practices of participants of networked publics are described and analyzed. Documenting how online counterpublics use the Internet to transmit classified photos, mobilize activists, and challenge the status quo, Tierney argues that online activities do not stop in online conversations; they are physically grounded through mobile GPS coordinates which are then transformed into activities in physical space—the street, the plaza, the places where people have traditionally gathered to demonstrate and express their opinions publicly.
The Public Speaking Playbook
by Teri Kwal Gamble Michael W. GambleThe Public Speaking Playbook, Second Edition, shows students how to prepare, practice, and present their public speeches with the highest level of confidence. With a focus on actively building skills, Teri Kwal Gamble and Michael W. Gamble coach students in the fundamentals of the public speaking process, using brief interactive learning modules that allow students to practice—and improve—their public speaking. The highly anticipated Second Edition of this bestselling text features a more inclusive playbook analogy, exposing students to additional arenas—for example, politics, music, and business—to hone their skills and improve their performance. As students master the skills, they are also encouraged to think critically about what it means to “play fair” in public speaking, with a focus on diversity, ethics, and civic engagement.