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Cross-device Federated Recommendation: Privacy-Preserving Personalization (Machine Learning: Foundations, Methodologies, and Applications)
by Xiangjie Kong Lingyun Wang Mengmeng Wang Guojiang ShenThis book introduces the prevailing domains of recommender systems and cross-device federated learning, highlighting the latest research progress and prospects regarding cross-device federated recommendation. As a privacy-oriented distributed computing paradigm, cross-device federated learning enables collaborative intelligence across multiple devices while ensuring the security of local data. In this context, ubiquitous recommendation services emerge as a crucial application of device-side AI, making a deep exploration of federated recommendation systems highly significant. This book is self-contained, and each chapter can be comprehended independently. Overall, the book organizes existing efforts in federated recommendation from three different perspectives. The perspective of learning paradigms includes statistical machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and meta learning, where each has detailed techniques (e.g., different neural building blocks) to present relevant studies. The perspective of privacy computing covers homomorphic encryption, differential privacy, secure multi-party computing, and malicious attacks. More specific encryption and obfuscation techniques, such as randomized response and secret sharing, are involved. The perspective of federated issues discusses communication optimization and fairness perception, which are widely concerned in the cross-device distributed environment. In the end, potential issues and promising directions for future research are identified point by point. This book is especially suitable for researchers working on the application of recommendation algorithms to the privacy-preserving federated scenario. The target audience includes graduate students, academic researchers, and industrial practitioners who specialize in recommender systems, distributed machine learning, information retrieval, information security, or artificial intelligence.
Cross-device Web Search
by Dan Wu Jing Dong Shaobo LiangCross-device Web Search is the first book to examine cross-device search behavior, which takes place when people utilize multiple devices and several sessions to research the same topic. Providing a comprehensive examination of cross-device search behaviors, the book also models and analyses their most important features and, by doing so, helps to elucidate the motivations behind such behaviors. Drawing on a variety of methods and sources, including system design, user experiments, and qualitative and quantitative analysis, the book introduces cross-device search, relates it to relevant conceptual models, and identifies cross-device search topics. Providing discussion of a comprehensive range of behaviors in the context of cross-device search, including querying, gazing, clicking, and touching, the book also presents the design and development of a system to support cross-device search, explores cross-device search behavior modeling, and predicts users’ search performance. Cross-device Web Search will be of great interest to academics and students situated in the fields of library and information science, computer science, and management science. The book should also provide fascinating insights to practitioners and others interested in information search retrieval, information seeking behavior, and human-computer interaction communities.
Cross-platform Desktop Application Development: Electron, Node, NW.js, and React
by Dmitry SheikoBuild powerful cross-platform desktop applications with web technologies such as Node, NW.JS, Electron, and React About This Book • Build different cross-platform HTML5 desktop applications right from planning, designing, and deployment to enhancement, testing, and delivery • Forget the pain of cross-platform compatibility and build efficient apps that can be easily deployed on different platforms. • Build simple to advanced HTML5 desktop apps, by integrating them with other popular frameworks and libraries such as Electron, Node.JS, Nw.js, React, Redux, and TypeScript Who This Book Is For This book has been written for developers interested in creating desktop applications with HTML5. The first part requires essential web-master skills (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript). The second demands minimal experience with React. And finally for the third it would be helpful to have a basic knowledge of React, Redux, and TypeScript. What You Will Learn • Plan, design, and develop different cross-platform desktop apps • Application architecture with React and local state • Application architecture with React and Redux store • Code design with TypeScript interfaces and specialized types • CSS and component libraries such as Photonkit, Material UI, and React MDL • HTML5 APIs such as desktop notifications, WebSockets, WebRTC, and others • Desktop environment integration APIs of NW.js and Electron • Package and distribute for NW.JS and Electron In Detail Building and maintaining cross-platform desktop applications with native languages isn't a trivial task. Since it's hard to simulate on a foreign platform, packaging and distribution can be quite platform-specific and testing cross-platform apps is pretty complicated.In such scenarios, web technologies such as HTML5 and JavaScript can be your lifesaver. HTML5 desktop applications can be distributed across different platforms (Window, MacOS, and Linux) without any modifications to the code. The book starts with a walk-through on building a simple file explorer from scratch powered by NW.JS. So you will practice the most exciting features of bleeding edge CSS and JavaScript. In addition you will learn to use the desktop environment integration API, source code protection, packaging, and auto-updating with NW.JS. As the second application you will build a chat-system example implemented with Electron and React. While developing the chat app, you will get Photonkit. Next, you will create a screen capturer with NW.JS, React, and Redux. Finally, you will examine an RSS-reader built with TypeScript, React, Redux, and Electron. Generic UI components will be reused from the React MDL library. By the end of the book, you will have built four desktop apps. You will have covered everything from planning, designing, and development to the enhancement, testing, and delivery of these apps. Style and approach Filled with real world examples, this book teaches you to build cross-platform desktop apps right from scratch using a step-by-step approach.
Cross-platform Localization for Native Mobile Apps with Xamarin
by Christopher MillerTailor your apps to appeal to a global market. Microsoft MVP Chris Miller steps you through the process of enabling multiple language support, while using a single shared set of language resources using the .NET Framework.You will learn to adapt a simple mobile application for the Android, iOS, and Windows platforms, and handle the localization and internationalization on each platform. You will test the application for localization support and to avoid common pitfalls. Using Xamarin Forms and Visual Studio, the app will be implemented for Android, iOS, and Windows 10 UWP, and 99% of the code will be shared across the platforms.What You Will Learn:What localization and internationalization are and why they matterSupport multiple languages on each platformHandle cultural differences such as dates and currenciesUse tools such as Microsoft’s Multilingual App Toolkit to manage language resourcesCreate a localized, cross-platform app with Android Studio, Xcode, Xamarin, and Visual Studio toolsGet help translating the text from the applicationWho This Book Is For:Mobile app developers currently writing native apps for Windows Phone, Android, and iOS
Cross-platform UI Development with Xamarin.Forms
by Paul F. JohnsonCreate a fully operating application and deploy it to major mobile platforms using Xamarin.Forms About This Book * Create standard user interfaces on Windows Mobile, Android, and iOS and then make those interfaces look good with ease * Design a full-blown application in very little time with just about the entire code being shared * Learn how to access platform-specific features and still have the same core code with this handy guide Who This Book Is For This book is intended for mobile software developers who are fed up with having three different code sets for the same application. If you want to put your code on all mobile platforms with minimum fuss, and just want to develop but haven't got the time to be digging too far into a particular platform, this is the book for you. Basic knowledge of C# is assumed. What You Will Learn * Create a responsive UI, modified to suit the target platform * Understand the basics of designing an application, and the considerations needed for target platforms * Construct a complete app using a single codebase * Develop attractive user interfaces * Bind information to the code behind to generate a reactive application * Design an effective portable class library (PCL) * Include a Windows Mobile application within your standard Xamarin.Forms application * Extend your applications using the Xamarin.Forms Labs library In Detail Xamarin is an IDE used for the development of native iOS, Android, and Windows, and cross-platform mobile applications in C#. For the mobile developer, that means learning three different languages to create the same application. Even if you use the Xamarin toolchain, you still need to work with three different user interface construction sets. Xamarin is essentially a container in which developers can write any application in C# and use the Xamarin compiler to package and deploy on Android, iOS, or Windows platforms. To top this, Xamarin.Forms plays the role of a single codebase for mobile applications. This book will show you, with fully-coded examples, how to use both the Xamarin toolchain and the Xamarin.Forms library to code once for the three platforms. It goes from the concept and design of a mobile messenger application to its execution. You will be introduced to Messenger--the messaging app--which includes key features such as push notifications, UI, maps, databases, and web services. Next, you will learn to plan the UI using Xamarin.Forms for cross-mobile platform development, and move on to creating custom buttons, extending the UI, and connecting to social sites such as Facebook and Twitter. You will also learn about the limitations of PCL libraries and how they make coding easier. This will be followed by the creation of a SQLite database and a database manager, and the SQLite database's reflection within the database manager. You will then be taken through the use of hardware features with ample coverage of iOS, Android, and Windows Mobile. Finally, the book will conclude by introducing common strategies that allow you to create applications that "just work" without having to reinvent the wheel each time. Style and approach A fun and informal approach to creating a mobile application using the most up-to-date cross-platform approach. Each coding chapter includes fully working code examples available for download from the Packt Publishing website.
Crossbar-Based Interconnection Networks: Blocking, Scalability, And Reliability (Computer Communications and Networks)
by Mohsen Jahanshahi Fathollah BistouniThis unique text/reference provides an overview of crossbar-based interconnection networks, offering novel perspectives on these important components of high-performance, parallel-processor systems. A particular focus is placed on solutions to the blocking and scalability problems.Topics and features: introduces the fundamental concepts in interconnection networks in multi-processor systems, including issues of blocking, scalability, and crossbar networks; presents a classification of interconnection networks, and provides information on recognizing each of the networks; examines the challenges of blocking and scalability, and analyzes the different solutions that have been proposed; reviews a variety of different approaches to improve fault tolerance in multistage interconnection networks; discusses the scalable crossbar network, which is a non-blocking interconnection network that uses small-sized crossbar switches as switching elements.This invaluable work will be of great benefit to students, researchers and practitioners interested in computer networks, parallel processing and reliability engineering. The text is also essential reading for course modules on interconnection network design and reliability.
Crossing Fandoms: SuperWhoLock and the Contemporary Fan Audience
by Paul BoothThis book examines the fan-created combination of Doctor Who, Sherlock, and Supernatural as a uniquely digital fan experience, and as a metaphor for ongoing scholarship into contemporary fandom. What do you get when you cross the cult shows Doctor Who, Supernatural, and Sherlock? In this book, Paul Booth explores the fan-created crossover universe known as SuperWhoLock--a universe where Sherlock Holmes and Dean Winchester work together to fight monsters like the Daleks and the Weeping Angels; a world where John Watson is friends with Amy Pond; a space where the unique brands of fandom interact. Booth argues that SuperWhoLock represents more than just those three shows--it is a way of doing fandom. Through interviews with fans and analysis of fan texts, Crossing Fandoms: SuperWhoLock and the Contemporary Fan Audience also demonstrates how fan studies in the digital age can evolve to take into account changing fan activities and texts.
Crossing Numbers of Graphs (Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications)
by Marcus SchaeferCrossing Numbers of Graphs is the first book devoted to the crossing number, an increasingly popular object of study with surprising connections. The field has matured into a large body of work, which includes identifiable core results and techniques. The book presents a wide variety of ideas and techniques in topological graph theory, discrete geometry, and computer science. The first part of the text deals with traditional crossing number, crossing number values, crossing lemma, related parameters, computational complexity, and algorithms. The second part includes the rich history of alternative crossing numbers, the rectilinear crossing number, the pair crossing number, and the independent odd crossing number.It also includes applications of the crossing number outside topological graph theory. Aimed at graduate students and professionals in both mathematics and computer science The first book of its kind devoted to the topic Authored by a noted authority in crossing numbers
Crossing Platforms A Macintosh/Windows Phrasebook: A Dictionary for Strangers in a Strange Land
by David Pogue Adam EngstLike travelers in a foreign land, Mac users working in Windows or Windows users working on a Mac often find themselves in unfamiliar territory with no guidebook. Crossing Platforms: A Macintosh/Windows Phrasebook, with information presented in a translation dictionary-like format, offers users a handy way of translating skills and knowledge from one platform to the other. Whether it's explaining the difference between Macintoshaliases and Windows shortcuts or explaining how a Windows user would go about setting up Internet access on a Mac, this book provides readers a simple means to look up familiar interface elements and system features and learn how that element or feature works on the other platform.Crossing Platforms: A Macintosh/Windows Phrasebook includes:A general introduction to the key differences between the Mac and WindowsA to Z sections for each platform: one section where Mac users look up familiar Macintosh terms to find the equivalent function in Windows along with an explanation of the differences; and another section where Windows users find familiar Windows terms with pointers to the Macintosh equivalent along with full descriptions of how the function works on the Mac and important differences between the two platformsThe complete translation dictionary-like reference book,Crossing Platforms: A Macintosh/Windows Phrasebook provides a simple solution for everyone who has been confused and frustrated by the arbitrary and sometimes capricious differences between the Macintosh and Windows operating systems. This book bridges the Mac-PC knowledge gap many users are faced with when work or preference demands the use of both a PC and Mac. Whether you already know the Macintosh or Windows, this book helps you navigate in the other operating system using your existing skills and knowledge.
Crossroads in New Media, Identity and Law
by Mireille Hildebrandt Wouter De Been Payal AroraThis volume brings together a number of timely contributions at the nexus of new media, politics and law. The central intuition that ties these essays together is that information and communication technology, cultural identity, and legal and political institutions are spheres that co-evolve and interpenetrate in myriad ways. Discussing these shifting relationships, the contributions all probe the question of what shape diversity will take as a result of the changes in the way we communicate and spread information: that is, are we heading to the disintegration and fragmentation of national and cultural identity, or is society moving towards more consolidation, standardization and centralization at a transnational level? In an age of digitization and globalization, this book addresses the question of whether this calls for a new civility fit for the 21st century.
Crossroads of Computability and Logic: 21st Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2025, Lisbon, Portugal, July 14–18, 2025, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #15764)
by Florin Manea Arnold Beckmann Isabel OitavemThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computability and Logic, CiE 2025, held in Lisbon, Portugal, during July 14–18, 2025. The 27 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 49 submissions. They focus on computability-related science, ranging over mathematics, computer science and applications in various natural and engineering sciences, such as physics and biology, as well as related fields, such as philosophy and history of computing. CiE 2025 hadas its motto Crossroads of Computability and Logic: Insights, Inspirations, and Innovations, drawing on the numerous interconnections between computability research and broader logical methodologies, considering both well-established perspectives as well as recent innovations.
Crossy Road Guía de Juego
by Hiddenstuff Entertainment António José Leite da Silva CorreiaComrpando este guia de jogo avançado e detalhado, eis o que irás obter: - Dicas profissionais e estratégias. - Cheats e Hacks. - Segredos, dicas, cheats, desbloqueadores e truques usados pelos jogadores Pro! - Como obter dinheiro e moedas em abundância. - E MUITO MAIS! Todas as versões deste guia têm imagens que te ajudam a compreender melhor o jogo. Não há um guia tão compreensivo e avançado como este. Estarás satisfeito com este guia e irás beneficiar muito mais quando comparado com outros guias que andam por aí. Compra agora e derrota os teus adversários. Torna-te hoje um jogador Pro!
Crow Flight
by Susan CunninghamThe curious flight patterns of crows lead a teen computer programmer down a path of mystery and romance.Gin trusts logic a little too much. She even designs programs to decide what to eat and how to spend her time. All that changes when she's paired with a new transfer student, Felix, on a computer modeling assignment to explain certain anomalies in the behavior of crows.Speaking of anomalies, why is Gin so disappointed that Felix isn't a match for her in the dating app she's designing with local gamers?As she enters Felix's world and digs further into the data behind crow behavior, Gin uncovers a terrible secret. And the wrong decision could equal disaster squared...
Crowd Assisted Networking and Computing
by Al-Sakib Khan PathanCrowd computing, crowdsourcing, crowd-associated network (CrAN), crowd-assisted sensing are some examples of crowd-based concepts that harness the power of people on the web or connected via web-like infrastructure to do tasks that are often difficult for individual users or computers to do alone. This creates many challenging issues like assessing reliability and correctness of crowd generated information, delivery of data and information via crowd, middleware for supporting crowdsourcing and crowd computing tasks, crowd associated networking and its security, Quality of Information (QoI) issues, etc. This book compiles the latest advances in the relevant fields.
Crowd Behavior Simulation of Pedestrians During Evacuation Process: Dem-based Approach (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Noorhazlinda Abd RahmanThis book introduces the use of the distinct element method (DEM) in modeling crowd behavior and simulating evacuation processes. Focusing on the mathematical computation of the uncertain behavior of evacuees, which is switching action behavior, it subsequently reproduces the crowd evacuation process under several conjectural scenarios using a DEM-based multi-agent model that has been modified by introducing the switching action behavior. The proposed switching action behavior model describes a person who has to change his/her destination due to the limited space capacity of the designated evacuation area. The change in the destination of a person is determined according to the motion of other individuals in the perception domain during the defined switching action time. The switching action time is formulated in the so-called switching action function, which is described by a convolution integral of the input and unit response functions. The newly developed switching action model is then validated using sensitivity analysis in which the primary focus is the crowd motion and flow of switching action behavior.
Crowd Dynamics, Volume 4: Analytics and Human Factors in Crowd Modeling (Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology)
by Nicola Bellomo Livio GibelliThis contributed volume explores innovative research in the modeling, simulation, and control of crowd dynamics. Chapter authors approach the topic from the perspectives of mathematics, physics, engineering, and psychology, providing a comprehensive overview of the work carried out in this challenging interdisciplinary research field. The volume begins with an overview of analytical problems related to crowd modeling. Attention is then given to the importance of considering the social and psychological factors that influence crowd behavior – such as emotions, communication, and decision-making processes – in order to create reliable models. Finally, specific features of crowd behavior are explored, including single-file traffic, passenger movement, modeling multiple groups in crowds, and the interplay between crowd dynamics and the spread of disease.Crowd Dynamics, Volume 4 is ideal for mathematicians, engineers, physicists, and other researchers working in the rapidly growing field of modeling and simulation of human crowds.
Crowd Simulation
by Daniel Thalmann Soraia Raupp MusseResearch into the methods and techniques used in simulating crowds has developed extensively within the last few years, particularly in the areas of video games and film. Despite recent impressive results when simulating and rendering thousands of individuals, many challenges still exist in this area. The comparison of simulation with reality, the realistic appearance of virtual humans and their behavior, group structure and their motion, and collision avoidance are just some examples of these challenges. For most of the applications of crowds, it is now a requirement to have real-time simulations - which is an additional challenge, particularly when crowds are very large. Crowd Simulation analyses these challenges in depth and suggests many possible solutions. Daniel Thalmann and Soraia Musse share their experiences and expertise in the application of: · Population modeling · Virtual human animation · Behavioral models for crowds · The connection between virtual and real crowds · Path planning and navigation · Visual attention models · Geometric and populated semantic environments · Crowd rendering The second edition presents techniques and methods developed since the authors first covered the simulation of crowds in 2007. Crowd Simulation includes in-depth discussions on the techniques of path planning, including a new hybrid approach between navigation graphs and potential-based methods. The importance of gaze attention - individuals appearing conscious of their environment and of others - is introduced, and a free-of-collision method for crowds is also discussed.
Crowd-Powered Mobile Computing and Smart Things
by Seng W. LokeThis SpringerBrief provides a synergistic overview of technology trends by emphasizing five linked perspectives: crowd+cloud machines, extreme cooperation with smart things, scalable context-awareness, drone services for mobile crowds and social links in mobile crowds. The authors also highlight issues and challenges at the intersection of these trends. Topics covered include cloud computing, Internet of Things, mobile and wearable computing, crowd computing, the culture of thing sharing, collective computing, and swarm dynamics. The brief is a useful resource and a starting point for researchers, students or anyone interested in the contemporary computing landscape.
Crowdsourced Data Management: Hybrid Machine-Human Computing
by Guoliang Li Jiannan Wang Yudian Zheng Ju Fan Michael J. FranklinThis book provides an overview of crowdsourced data management. Covering all aspects including the workflow, algorithms and research potential, it particularly focuses on the latest techniques and recent advances. The authors identify three key aspects in determining the performance of crowdsourced data management: quality control, cost control and latency control. By surveying and synthesizing a wide spectrum of studies on crowdsourced data management, the book outlines important factors that need to be considered to improve crowdsourced data management. It also introduces a practical crowdsourced-database-system design and presents a number of crowdsourced operators. Self-contained and covering theory, algorithms, techniques and applications, it is a valuable reference resource for researchers and students new to crowdsourced data management with a basic knowledge of data structures and databases.
Crowdsourced Health: How What You Do on the Internet Will Improve Medicine
by Elad Yom-TovHow data from our health-related Internet searches can lead to discoveries about diseases and symptoms and help patients deal with diagnoses. Most of us have gone online to search for information about health. What are the symptoms of a migraine? How effective is this drug? Where can I find more resources for cancer patients? Could I have an STD? Am I fat? A Pew survey reports more than 80 percent of American Internet users have logged on to ask questions like these. But what if the digital traces left by our searches could show doctors and medical researchers something new and interesting? What if the data generated by our searches could reveal information about health that would be difficult to gather in other ways? In this book, Elad Yom-Tov argues that Internet data could change the way medical research is done, supplementing traditional tools to provide insights not otherwise available. He describes how studies of Internet searches have, among other things, already helped researchers track to side effects of prescription drugs, to understand the information needs of cancer patients and their families, and to recognize some of the causes of anorexia. Yom-Tov shows that the information collected can benefit humanity without sacrificing individual privacy. He explains why people go to the Internet with health questions; for one thing, it seems to be a safe place to ask anonymously about such matters as obesity, sex, and pregnancy. He describes in detrimental effects of “pro-anorexia” online content; tells how computer scientists can scour search engine data to improve public health by, for example, identifying risk factors for disease and centers of contagion; and tells how analyses of how people deal with upsetting diagnoses help doctors to treat patients and patients to understand their conditions.
Crowdsourced Health: How What You Do on the Internet will Improve Medicine
by Elad Yom-TovMost of us have gone online to search for information about health. What are the symptoms of a migraine? How effective is this drug? Where can I find more resources for cancer patients? Could I have an STD? Am I fat? A Pew survey reports more than 80 percent of American Internet users have logged on to ask questions like these. But what if the digital traces left by our searches could show doctors and medical researchers something new and interesting? What if the data generated by our searches could reveal information about health that would be difficult to gather in other ways? In this book, Elad Yom-Tov argues that Internet data could change the way medical research is done, supplementing traditional tools to provide insights not otherwise available. He describes how studies of Internet searches have, among other things, already helped researchers track to side effects of prescription drugs, to understand the information needs of cancer patients and their families, and to recognize some of the causes of anorexia. Yom-Tov shows that the information collected can benefit humanity without sacrificing individual privacy. He explains why people go to the Internet with health questions; for one thing, it seems to be a safe place to ask anonymously about such matters as obesity, sex, and pregnancy. He describes in detrimental effects of "pro-anorexia" online content; tells how computer scientists can scour search engine data to improve public health by, for example, identifying risk factors for disease and centers of contagion; and tells how analyses of how people deal with upsetting diagnoses help doctors to treat patients and patients to understand their conditions.
Crowdsourcing
by Daren C. BrabhamEver since the term "crowdsourcing" was coined in 2006 by Wired writer Jeff Howe, group activities ranging from the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary to the choosing of new colors for M&Ms have been labeled with this most buzz-generating of media buzzwords. In this accessible but authoritative account, grounded in the empirical literature, Daren Brabham explains what crowdsourcing is, what it is not, and how it works. Crowdsourcing, Brabham tells us, is an online, distributed problem solving and production model that leverages the collective intelligence of online communities for specific purposes set forth by a crowdsourcing organization -- corporate, government, or volunteer. Uniquely, it combines a bottom-up, open, creative process with top-down organizational goals. Crowdsourcing is not open source production, which lacks the top-down component; it is not a market research survey that offers participants a short list of choices; and it is qualitatively different from predigital open innovation and collaborative production processes, which lacked the speed, reach, rich capability, and lowered barriers to entry enabled by the Internet. Brabham describes the intellectual roots of the idea of crowdsourcing in such concepts as collective intelligence, the wisdom of crowds, and distributed computing. He surveys the major issues in crowdsourcing, including crowd motivation, the misconception of the amateur participant, crowdfunding, and the danger of "crowdsploitation" of volunteer labor, citing real-world examples from Threadless, InnoCentive, and other organizations. And he considers the future of crowdsourcing in both theory and practice, describing its possible roles in journalism, governance, national security, and science and health.
Crowdsourcing (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series)
by Daren C. BrabhamA concise introduction to crowdsourcing that goes beyond social media buzzwords to explain what crowdsourcing really is and how it works.Ever since the term “crowdsourcing” was coined in 2006 by Wired writer Jeff Howe, group activities ranging from the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary to the choosing of new colors for M&Ms have been labeled with this most buzz-generating of media buzzwords. In this accessible but authoritative account, grounded in the empirical literature, Daren Brabham explains what crowdsourcing is, what it is not, and how it works.Crowdsourcing, Brabham tells us, is an online, distributed problem solving and production model that leverages the collective intelligence of online communities for specific purposes set forth by a crowdsourcing organization—corporate, government, or volunteer. Uniquely, it combines a bottom-up, open, creative process with top-down organizational goals. Crowdsourcing is not open source production, which lacks the top-down component; it is not a market research survey that offers participants a short list of choices; and it is qualitatively different from predigital open innovation and collaborative production processes, which lacked the speed, reach, rich capability, and lowered barriers to entry enabled by the Internet.Brabham describes the intellectual roots of the idea of crowdsourcing in such concepts as collective intelligence, the wisdom of crowds, and distributed computing. He surveys the major issues in crowdsourcing, including crowd motivation, the misconception of the amateur participant, crowdfunding, and the danger of “crowdsploitation” of volunteer labor, citing real-world examples from Threadless, InnoCentive, and other organizations. And he considers the future of crowdsourcing in both theory and practice, describing its possible roles in journalism, governance, national security, and science and health.
Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge: Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice
by Sarah Elwood Michael Goodchild Daniel SuiThe phenomenon of volunteered geographic information is part of a profound transformation in how geographic data, information, and knowledge are produced and circulated. By situating volunteered geographic information (VGI) in the context of big-data deluge and the data-intensive inquiry, the 20 chapters in this book explore both the theories and applications of crowdsourcing for geographic knowledge production with three sections focusing on 1). VGI, Public Participation, and Citizen Science; 2). Geographic Knowledge Production and Place Inference; and 3). Emerging Applications and New Challenges. This book argues that future progress in VGI research depends in large part on building strong linkages with diverse geographic scholarship. Contributors of this volume situate VGI research in geography's core concerns with space and place, and offer several ways of addressing persistent challenges of quality assurance in VGI. This book positions VGI as part of a shift toward hybrid epistemologies, and potentially a fourth paradigm of data-intensive inquiry across the sciences. It also considers the implications of VGI and the exaflood for further time-space compression and new forms, degrees of digital inequality, the renewed importance of geography, and the role of crowdsourcing for geographic knowledge production.
Crowdsourcing of Sensor Cloud Services
by Athman Bouguettaya Azadeh Ghari NeiatThis book develops a crowdsourced sensor-cloud service composition framework taking into account spatio-temporal aspects. This book also unfolds new horizons to service-oriented computing towards the direction of crowdsourced sensor data based applications, in the broader context of Internet of Things (IoT). It is a massive challenge for the IoT research field how to effectively and efficiently capture, manage and deliver sensed data as user-desired services. The outcome of this research will contribute to solving this very important question, by designing a novel service framework and a set of unique service selection and composition frameworks.Delivering a novel service framework to manage crowdsourced sensor data provides high-level abstraction (i.e., sensor-cloud service) to model crowdsourced sensor data from functional and non-functional perspectives, seamlessly turning the raw data into “ready to go” services. A creative indexing model is developed to capture and manage the spatio-temporal dynamism of crowdsourced service providers.Delivering novel frameworks to compose crowdsourced sensor-cloud services is vital. These frameworks focuses on spatio-temporal composition of crowdsourced sensor-cloud services, which is a new territory for existing service oriented computing research. A creative failure-proof model is also designed to prevent composition failure caused by fluctuating QoS.Delivering an incentive model to drive the coverage of crowdsourced service providers is also vital. A new spatio-temporal incentive model targets changing coverage of the crowdsourced providers to achieve demanded coverage of crowdsourced sensor-cloud services within a region.The outcome of this research is expected to potentially create a sensor services crowdsourcing market and new commercial opportunities focusing on crowdsourced data based applications. The crowdsourced community based approach adds significant value to journey planning and map services thus creating a competitive edge for a technologically-minded companies incentivizing new start-ups, thus enabling higher market innovation.This book primarily targets researchers and practitioners, who conduct research work in service oriented computing, Internet of Things (IoT), smart city and spatio-temporal travel planning, as well as advanced-level students studying this field. Small and Medium Entrepreneurs, who invest in crowdsourced IoT services and journey planning infrastructures, will also want to purchase this book.