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Legal Ontology Engineering
by Núria CasellasEnabling information interoperability, fostering legal knowledge usability and reuse, enhancing legal information search, in short, formalizing the complexity of legal knowledge to enhance legal knowledge management are challenging tasks, for which different solutions and lines of research have been proposed. During the last decade, research and applications based on the use of legal ontologies as a technique to represent legal knowledge has raised a very interesting debate about their capacity and limitations to represent conceptual structures in the legal domain. Making conceptual legal knowledge explicit would support the development of a web of legal knowledge, improve communication, create trust and enable and support open data, e-government and e-democracy activities. Moreover, this explicit knowledge is also relevant to the formalization of software agents and the shaping of virtual institutions and multi-agent systems or environments. This book explores the use of ontologism in legal knowledge representation for semantically-enhanced legal knowledge systems or web-based applications. In it, current methodologies, tools and languages used for ontology development are revised, and the book includes an exhaustive revision of existing ontologies in the legal domain. The development of the Ontology of Professional Judicial Knowledge (OPJK) is presented as a case study.
Legal Photography
by Stan SholikWhile the number of assignments available in many photographic specialties is decreasing, there are still relatively untapped growth areas for still photographers and videographers. One of these specialty fields is legal photography.Legal photography involves working closely with lawyers in law firms to provide photographic or video documentation relevant to their civil, not criminal, cases. It can involve a range of other photographic specialties from macro photography to architectural photography. No matter what is involved in a legal photography assignment, it is generally interesting and presents a new, unique set of problems to solve. Legal photography is far more technical than creative, but it is also in demand and is financially rewarding.Civil cases brought to arbitration or jury trial range from simple to complex. Common to all cases is the need to present evidence in a fair and accurate manner. In this book, readers will learn how to take responsibility for ensuring that the images captured and delivered for presentation are a "fair and accurate representation" of the observed scene. That responsibility begins with the choice and use of the proper equipment (e.g., camera type, sensor size, capture mode, the correct focal-length lens for the job), through the techniques used during image capture (exposure, lighting, camera angle, camera-to-subject distance, white balance, etc.), to the processing of the captures for output. Sholik also points out that documentation is required for each step to ensure all parties that the representation is indeed fair and accurate-and the details of how this can be accomplished are outlined in this book as well.Also covered is information about how to proceed should you be asked to give testimony as to the accuracy of your work and information about the requirements to be deemed an "expert witness." For most photographers, doing assignments in the field of legal photography is the easy part. Getting the assignments can be more of a challenge, so the process of marketing yourself as a legal photographer is covered.
Legal Principles for Combatting Cyberlaundering
by Daniel Adeoyé LeslieThis volume deals with the very novel issue of cyber laundering. The book investigates the problem of cyber laundering legally and sets out why it is of a grave legal concern locally and internationally. The book looks at the current state of laws and how they do not fully come to grips with the problem. As a growing practice in these modern times, and manifesting through technological innovations, cyber laundering is the birth child of money laundering and cybercrime. It concerns how the internet is used for 'washing' illicit proceeds of crime. In addition to exploring the meaning and ambits of the problem with concrete real-life examples, more importantly, a substantial part of the work innovates ways in which the dilemma can be curbed legally. This volume delves into a very grey area of law, daring a yet unthreaded territory and scouring undiscovered paths where money laundering, cybercrime, information technology and international law converge. In addition to unearthing such complexity, the hallmark of this book is in the innovative solutions and dynamic remedies it postulates.
Legal Protection Insurance and Legal Technology: The Legal Framework for Offering Legal Technology with a Particular Focus on the German Market (SpringerBriefs in Law)
by Domenik H. Wendt Constantin JungThis book addresses the legal protection insurance market and continues the collection and analysis of data carried out by Legal Protection International aisbl (at the time, the International Association of Legal Protection Insurance) in recent years. Its first part covers the fundamentals of and recent advances in the legal protection insurance market, while the second presents a study on the relevant legal framework for offering Legal Technology services as a legal protection insurer in Germany. In this context, the study also defines the term “Legal Technology”, categorises Legal Technology services (“application-oriented categorisation”), analyses the relevant European legal framework and highlights the connections to the upcoming European Artificial Intelligence Act.
Legal Services and Digital Infrastructures: A New Compass for Better Governance
by Daniela PianaThis book seeks to provide and promote a better understanding and a more responsive and inclusive governance of the automation and digital devices in public institutions, particularly the law and justice sector. Concerns related to AI design and use have been exacerbated recently with the recognition of the discriminatory potential that can be embedded into AI applications in public service institutions. This book examines issues relating to the assigning of responsibility in a public service produced and delivered on the basis of an automated mechanism. It encourages critical thinking about the legal services and the justice institutions as they are transformed by AI and automation. It raises awareness as to the prospect of transformation we face in terms of responsibility and of agency and the need to design a citizen-centered and human rights compliant system of technology assessment and AI monitoring and evaluation. The book calls for a comprehensive strategy to enable professional practitioners and decision makers to engage in the design of AI driven legal and justice services. The work draws on on-going research and consulting activities carried out by the author across different countries and different systems in the legal and justice sector. The book offers a critical approach to encourage a new mindset among legal professionals and the justice institutions thus empowering and training them to develop the necessary responsiveness and accountability in the justice sector and legal systems. It will also be of interest to researchers and academics working in the area of AI, Public Law, Human Rights and Criminal Justice.
Legal Tech and the New Sharing Economy (Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation)
by Toshiyuki Kono Nikolaus Forgó Marcelo Corrales Compagnucci Shinto Teramoto Erik P. M. VermeulenThe exponential growth of disruptive technology is changing our world. The development of cloud computing, big data, the internet of things, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and other related autonomous systems, such as self-driving vehicles, have triggered the emergence of new products and services. These significant technological breakthroughs have opened the door to new economic models such as the sharing and platform-based economy. As a result, companies are becoming increasingly data- and algorithm-driven, coming to be more like “decentralized platforms”. New transaction or payment methods such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, based on trust-building systems using Blockchain, smart contracts, and other distributed ledger technology, also constitute an essential part of this new economic model. The sharing economy and digital platforms also include the everyday exchange of goods allowing individuals to commodify their surplus resources. Information and innovation technologies are used in order to then match these resources with existing demand in the market. Online platforms such as Airbnb, Uber, and Amazon reduce information asymmetry, increase the value of unused resources, and create new opportunities for collaboration and innovation. Moreover, the sharing economy is playing a major role in the transition from exclusive ownership of personal assets toward access-based exploitation of resources. The success of online matching platforms depends not only on the reduction of search costs but also on the trustworthiness of platform operators. From a legal perspective, the uncertainties triggered by the emergence of a new digital reality are particularly urgent. How should these tendencies be reflected in legal systems in each jurisdiction? This book collects a series of contributions by leading scholars in the newly emerging fields of sharing economy and Legal Tech. The aim of the book is to enrich legal debates on the social, economic, and political meaning of these cutting-edge technologies. The chapters presented in this edition attempt to answer some of these lingering questions from the perspective of diverse legal backgrounds.
Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain (Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation)
by Helena Haapio Mark Fenwick Marcelo CorralesThere is a broad consensus amongst law firms and in-house legal departments that next generation “Legal Tech” – particularly in the form of Blockchain-based technologies and Smart Contracts – will have a profound impact on the future operations of all legal service providers. Legal Tech startups are already revolutionizing the legal industry by increasing the speed and efficiency of traditional legal services or replacing them altogether with new technologies. This on-going process of disruption within the legal profession offers significant opportunities for all business. However, it also poses a number of challenges for practitioners, trade associations, technology vendors, and regulators who often struggle to keep up with the technologies, resulting in a widening regulatory “gap.” Many uncertainties remain regarding the scope, direction, and effects of these new technologies and their integration with existing practices and legacy systems. Adding to the challenges is the growing need for easy-to-use contracting solutions, on the one hand, and for protecting the users of such solutions, on the other. To respond to the challenges and to provide better legal communications, systems, and services Legal Tech scholars and practitioners have found allies in the emerging field of Legal Design. This collection brings together leading scholars and practitioners working on these issues from diverse jurisdictions. The aim is to introduce Blockchain and Smart Contract technologies, and to examine their on-going impact on the legal profession, business and regulators.
Legal and Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence from an International Law Perspective (Law, Governance and Technology Series #46)
by Themistoklis TzimasThis book focuses on the legal regulation, mainly from an international law perspective, of autonomous artificial intelligence systems, of their creations, as well as of the interaction of human and artificial intelligence. It examines critical questions regarding both the ontology of autonomous AI systems and the legal implications: what constitutes an autonomous AI system and what are its unique characteristics? How do they interact with humans? What would be the implications of combined artificial and human intelligence? It also explores potentially the most important questions: what are the implications of these developments for collective security –from both a state-centered and a human perspective, as well as for legal systems? Why is international law better positioned to make such determinations and to create a universal framework for this new type of legal personality? How can the matrix of obligations and rights of this new legal personality be construed and what would be the repercussions for the international community? In order to address these questions, the book discusses cognitive aspects embedded in the framework of law, offering insights based on both de lege lata and de lege ferenda perspectives.
LegalTech and Legal-AI in Business: Major and Promising Sectors of Economy (Intelligent Systems Reference Library #276)
by Agnessa Inshakova Denis Matytsin Iolanta BaltutiteThis book offers an interdisciplinary scientific study and ecosystem description of organizational and institutional mechanisms for the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies, digital technologies and robotic systems in the legal support of business processes, the development of regulatory mechanisms to protect the rights of business entities in the digital economy, and the formation of the sixth technological mode. This book includes the study of legal support of the main and promising areas of business, in the regulation of which robotics, digital technologies, and artificial intelligence are actively used to increase efficiency, protect the rights of participants, minimize business risks, improve quality, and stimulate innovation in companies and high-tech production. This book provides applied recommendations for preventing and managing business risks in the context of the application of artificial intelligence and robotics in law.
Legislative XML for the Semantic Web
by Giovanni Sartor Maria Angela Biasiotti Monica Palmirani Enrico FrancesconiThis volume examines the basic layers of the standard-based creation and usage of legislation. In particular, it addresses the identification of legislative documents, their structure, the basic metadata and legislative changes. Since mature technologies and established practices are already in place for these layers, a standard-based approach is a necessary aspect of the up-to-date management of legislative resources. Starting out with an overview of the context for the use of XML standards in legislation, the book next examines the rationale of standard-based management of legislative documents. It goes on to address such issues as naming, the Akoma-Ntoso document model, the contribution of standard-based document management to handling legislative dynamics, meta-standards and interchange standards. The volume concludes with a discussion of semantic resources and a review on systems and projects.
Lego Mindstorms EV3 Essentials
by Abid H. MujtabaIf you are a robot enthusiast who wants to quickly get the most out of Lego Mindstorms EV3, this is the book for you. Prior programming experience is useful to get the most out of this book, but not necessary.
Lehr-Lern-Labore: Konzepte und deren Wirksamkeit in der MINT-Lehrpersonenbildung
by Jürgen Roth Burkhard PriemerAn verschiedenen Hochschulen werden in den MINT-Fächern Schülerlabore in die Lehrpersonenbildung integriert. In diesen - als Lehr-Lern-Labore bezeichneten - Einrichtungen werden MINT-Lernumgebungen für Schülerinnen und Schüler, Veranstaltungen der Lehrpersonenbildung und an vielen Standorten auch fachdidaktische Forschung fruchtbar miteinander verknüpft. Das Ziel ist dabei, evidenzbasiert innovative Lehrkonzepte für Schule und Hochschule zu entwickeln und zu implementieren. In diesem Band werden Lehr-Lern-Labore zunächst allgemein beschrieben und dann durch zahlreiche Beispiele von Konzepten verschiedener Hochschulstandorte illustriert. Darüber hinaus wird berichtet, welche Wirksamkeit Lehr-Lern-Labore bei der Förderung von Kompetenzen zukünftiger Lehrpersonen haben und wie Studierende diese Einrichtungen wahrnehmen. Die vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse, die aus einem Verbund von sechs Hochschulen stammen, sollen durch diesen Band weiteren Standorten zugänglich gemacht werden. Dieses Buch richtet sich an Studierende und Dozierende der Lehrpersonenbildung in Hochschulen - insbesondere in den MINT-Fachdidaktiken - sowie an Personen in Schule und Referendariat.
Lehrbuch Grundlagen der BIM-Arbeitsmethode: Fragen, Übungen, Fallbeispiele (erfolgreich studieren)
by Henriette Strotmann Habeb AstourEin allgemeingültiges BIM-Lehrbuch zu den Grundlagen der Arbeitsmethode BIM für Studierende und Lehrende an den deutschsprachigen Hochschulen. Jedes Kapitel schließt mit reflektierenden und zusammenfassenden Fragen und Übungen zu den vermittelten BIM-Kentnissen und -Fertigkeiten ab. Unabhängig von Institutionen und Software wird das Basiswissen neutral vermittelt. Videos zur Implementierung von BIM im Unternehmen runden das Lehbuch ab. Die Publikation erscheint in der Springer Vieweg Lehrbuchreihe erfolgreich studieren.
Lehrbuch für digitales Fertigungsmanagement: Manufacturing Execution Systems - MES
by Jürgen Kletti Rainer DeisenrothDie Anforderungen an IT-Systeme im Produktionsumfeld sind permanent gewachsen und die Digitalisierung der Fertigungsprozesse ist ohne den Einsatz von Manufacturing Execution Systemen (MES) nicht mehr vorstellbar. MES dienen mittlerweile dazu, alle an der Fertigung direkt oder indirekt beteiligten Systeme, Elemente und Ressourcen im Sinne einer zentralen Datendrehscheibe sowohl horizontal als auch vertikal zu vernetzen. Sie sind damit eine wichtige Plattform für eine lückenlose Digitalisierung und den Aufbau einer Smart Factory.Wendet man die aufgabenorientierte Sichtweise nach der VDI-Richtlinie 5600 an, werden Manufacturing Execution Systemen wichtige Aufgaben aus den produktionsnahen Bereichen Auftragsmanagement, Feinplanung und Feinsteuerung, Betriebsmittelmanagement, Datenerfassung, Materialmanagement, Personalmanagement, Energiemanagement, Informationsmanagement, Qualitätsmanagement und Leistungsanalyse übertragen. MES helfen mit ihren Echtzeitbetrachtungen, vergangenheitsbezogenen Analysen sowie den Feinplanungsfunktionen dabei, die täglichen Herausforderungen im Sinne einer effektiven Steuerung und permanenten Verbesserung der Produktionsprozesse zu bewältigen.Dieses Lehrbuch erläutert im Wesentlichen die Funktionen und den Einsatz der Manufacturing Execution Systeme.Die Zielgruppen• Studierende der Fachrichtungen Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen, Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Wirtschaftsinformatik• Praktiker in produzierenden Unternehmen in fertigungsnahen Bereichen, im Controlling und im Management
Leibniz on Binary: The Invention of Computer Arithmetic
by Lloyd Strickland Harry R. LewisThe first collection of Leibniz&’s key writings on the binary system, newly translated, with many previously unpublished in any language.The polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) is known for his independent invention of the calculus in 1675. Another major—although less studied—mathematical contribution by Leibniz is his invention of binary arithmetic, the representational basis for today&’s digital computing. This book offers the first collection of Leibniz&’s most important writings on the binary system, all newly translated by the authors with many previously unpublished in any language. Taken together, these thirty-two texts tell the story of binary as Leibniz conceived it, from his first youthful writings on the subject to the mature development and publication of the binary system. As befits a scholarly edition, Strickland and Lewis have not only returned to Leibniz&’s original manuscripts in preparing their translations, but also provided full critical apparatus. In addition to extensive annotations, each text is accompanied by a detailed introductory &“headnote&” that explains the context and content. Additional mathematical commentaries offer readers deep dives into Leibniz&’s mathematical thinking. The texts are prefaced by a lengthy and detailed introductory essay, in which Strickland and Lewis trace Leibniz&’s development of binary, place it in its historical context, and chart its posthumous influence, most notably on shaping our own computer age.
Lens on Life: Documenting Your World Through Photography
by Stephanie C. RobertsMostly candid and spontaneous, documentary photography serves to preserve a moment in time. In Lens on Life, celebrated documentary photographer Stephanie Calabrese Roberts inspires you to explore, shoot, and share documentary photographs, guiding you as you define your own style. Illustrated with the author's striking artwork as well as that of eight seasoned photographers who have visually documented stories all over the world, this book will sharpen your artistic intuition and give you the confidence to take on personal or professional documentary assignments. Full of advice that will challenge you and strengthen your photography, Lens on Life shows you how to capture an authentic view of your world.
Lensbaby: Bending your perspective
by Corey HilzIf you've ever wished you could learn about all of the creative possibilities the Lensbaby offers, this is the book for you! Seeing subjects with a new perspective is at the heart of the Lensbaby experience, and with the essential information found in this book, you'll be able to take your creative exploration to the next level. Written by Lensbaby Guru Corey Hilz, Lensbaby: Bending Your Perspective starts off with an overview of each lens in the Lensbaby suite. Then comes the fun stuff! Packed with tips on composition and techniques for capturing your best images, you'll be immersed in the wonderful world of Lensbaby in no time. On nearly every page you'll find a full color image created by a Lensbaby expert to inspire your own shooting. You'll also find complete coverage of all of the Lensbaby accessories, from the Optic Swap System to a macro kit, creative aperture discs, and a super wide angle lens. With this gorgeous and practical book by your side, you'll never see the world in the same way again.
Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies
by Ben Shneiderman2003 IEEE-USAB Award for Distinguished Literary Contributions Furthering Public Understanding of the Profession. and Selected as a Finalist in the category of Computer/Internet in the 2002 Independent Publisher Book Awards (IPPYs) presented by Independent Publisher Magazine Ben Shneiderman's book dramatically raises computer users' expectations of what they should get from technology. He opens their eyes to new possibilities and invites them to think freshly about future technology. He challenges developers to build products that better support human needs and that are usable at any bandwidth. Shneiderman proposes Leonardo da Vinci as an inspirational muse for the "new computing." He wonders how Leonardo would use a laptop and what applications he would create. Shneiderman shifts the focus from what computers can do to what users can do. A key transformation is to what he calls "universal usability," enabling participation by young and old, novice and expert, able and disabled. This transformation would empower those yearning for literacy or coping with their limitations. Shneiderman proposes new computing applications in education, medicine, business, and government. He envisions a World Wide Med that delivers secure patient histories in local languages at any emergency room and thriving million-person communities for e-commerce and e-government. Raising larger questions about human relationships and society, he explores the computer's potential to support creativity, consensus-seeking, and conflict resolution. Each chapter ends with a Skeptic's Corner that challenges assumptions about trust, privacy, and digital divides.
Les Essentiels du Piratage Informatique
by Adidas WilsonLe Guide du débutant à la piraterie informatique éthique et le test de pénétration. À l'origine, le terme "hacker" désignait un programmeur qui maîtrisait les systèmes d'exploitation informatiques et le code machine. Aujourd'hui, il s'agit de toute personne qui pratique des activités de piratage informatique. Le piratage est l'acte de changer les caractéristiques d'un système pour atteindre un but qui l'est. À l'origine, le terme "hacker" désignait un programmeur qui maîtrisait les systèmes d'exploitation informatiques et le code machine. Aujourd'hui, il s'agit de toute personne qui pratique des activités de piratage informatique. Le piratage est l'acte de modifier les caractéristiques d'un système pour atteindre un but qui n'est pas dans le but original du créateur. Le mot "piratage" est généralement perçu négativement, surtout par les personnes qui ne comprennent pas le travail d'un pirate éthique. Dans le monde du hacking, les hackers éthiques sont des gentils. Quel est leur rôle ? Ils utilisent leur vaste connaissance des ordinateurs pour de bonnes raisons plutôt que pour des raisons malveillantes. Ils recherchent les vulnérabilités dans la sécurité informatique des organisations et des entreprises pour empêcher les mauvais acteurs d'en profiter. Pour quelqu'un qui aime le monde de la technologie et des ordinateurs, il serait sage d'envisager une carrière de piratage éthique. Vous êtes payé (un bon montant) pour pénétrer dans les systèmes. Le début ne sera pas une promenade dans le parc, comme pour toute autre carrière. Cependant, si vous êtes déterminé, vous pouvez vous lancer dans une carrière lucrative. Lorsque vous déciderez de commencer ce voyage, vous devrez cultiver la patience. La première étape pour beaucoup de gens est habituellement d'obtenir un diplôme en informatique. Vous pouvez également obtenir une certification A+ (CompTIA) - vous devez passer et réussir deux examens différents. Pour p
Les tableaux croisés dynamiques avec Excel
by A. J. WrightCe livre s’adresse à tout utilisateur d’Excel. On s’accorde à dire que soixante pour cent des utilisateurs d’Excel n’utilisent que vingt pour cent de ses capacités. Autrement dit, la plupart sont très loin de se servir de tous les outils intégrés. Parmi ces derniers, les plus féconds, et de loin, sont les tableaux et les graphiques croisés dynamiques. Bien que ces deux outils aient été la pierre angulaire d’Excel depuis plus de seize ans, ils restent les plus sous-utilisés de toute la suite MicroSoft Office. Puisque vous avez découvert ce livre, vous êtes assez informé pour en avoir déjà entendu parler, ou même les avoir utilisés à l’occasion. Vous avez compris qu’ils recèlent une puissance dont vous ne vous servez pas et voulez apprendre comment tirer parti de cette dernière pour améliorer rapidement votre productivité. À l’aide de ce simple livre, vous serez capable de générer des tableaux et graphiques croisés simples, d’augmenter votre rendement et de créer ces deux choses en quelques minutes au lieu de plusieurs heures. Dès le troisième chapitre, vous pourrez réaliser des tableaux croisés complexes munis d’analyses en profondeur avec leurs graphiques associés. Arrivé à la fin du livre, vous pourrez concevoir un système dynamique de génération de tableaux et graphiques croisés.
Lesion Segmentation in Surgical and Diagnostic Applications: MICCAI 2022 Challenges, CuRIOUS 2022, KiPA 2022 and MELA 2022, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2022, Singapore, September 18–22, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13648)
by Yiming Xiao Guanyu Yang Shuang SongThis book constitutes three challenges that were held in conjunction with the 25th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2022, which took place in Singapore in September 2022. The peer-reviewed 10 papers included in this volume stem from the following three challenges: Kidney Parsing Challenge 2022: Multi-Structure Segmentation for Renal Cancer Treatment (KiPA 2022) The 2022 Correction of Brain Shift with Intra-Operative Ultrasound-Segmentation Challenge (CuRIOUS-SEG 2022) The 2022 Mediastinal Lesion Analysis Challenge (MELA 2022)
Less Web Development Cookbook
by Bass Jobsen Amin MeyghaniAimed at those who want to overcome the limitations of CSS, through this book you will begin to harness the efficiency of Less by building advanced, responsive, and modern websites. Experienced web developers, students, and even web designers will find this guide very useful as they enhance their CSS skills.
Less Web Development Essentials
by Bass JobsenWritten in a practical and concise manner, this book is a crash-course in teaching you the fundamental concepts of Less with real-life examples and problems. If you use CSS(3) in your web development tasks and would love to learn how to create maintainable and reusable code with Less, this book is ideal for you. Although you need to have some experience in web development, even beginners will find that this book is useful.
Less Web Development Essentials - Second Edition
by Bass JobsenIf you use CSS for web development tasks and want to learn how to create maintainable and reusable code, this is the book for you. Basic knowledge of web development would be helpful.
Lessons Learned in Software Testing
by Cem Kaner James Bach Bret PettichordDecades of software testing experience condensed into the most important lessons learned. The world's leading software testing experts lend you their wisdom and years of experience to help you avoid the most common mistakes in testing software. Each lesson is an assertion related to software testing, followed by an explanation or example that shows you the how, when, and why of the testing lesson. More than just tips, tricks, and pitfalls to avoid, Lessons Learned in Software Testing speeds you through the critical testing phase of the software development project without the extensive trial and error it normally takes to do so. The ultimate resource for software testers and developers at every level of expertise, this guidebook features: * Over 200 lessons gleaned from over 30 years of combined testing experience * Tips, tricks, and common pitfalls to avoid by simply reading the book rather than finding out the hard way * Lessons for all key topic areas, including test design, test management, testing strategies, and bug reporting * Explanations and examples of each testing trouble spot help illustrate each lesson's assertion