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Public Opinion and Counter-Terrorism: Security and Politics in the UK (Routledge Critical Terrorism Studies)
by Michael ListerThis book examines the ways in which the views of the public inhabit the counter-terrorism policy space, with a focus on the UK case. Drawing insights from Critical Terrorism Studies, Critical Security Studies and studies of public opinion, the book develops an argument that the relationship between public opinion is complex, iterative and mutually instantiating. Rather than public opinion and counter-terrorism policy existing in a simple, uni-directional causal relationship, the book argues that whilst counter-terrorism policy actors are informed by public opinion, in important ways they also construct that very opinion. This argument is made through an empirical analysis of UK counter-terrorism policy. Drawing on primary research interviews with key counter-terrorism policy actors, and security professionals, as well as original analysis of parliamentary debates, the book demonstrates that rather than UK counter- terrorism politics being closed and elite-driven, there exists a complex, dialectical relationship between public opinion and both the making and the implementing of counter-terrorism policy. This book will be of much interest to students of critical terrorism studies, counter-terrorism, security studies, British politics and communication studies.
Public Opinion, Campaign Politics & Media Audiences: New Australian Perspectives
by Bridget Griffen-Foley Associate Professor Sean ScalmerThis timely book investigates the fascinating landscape of media-driven politics through the prisms of 'public opinion', political campaigning, and audiences.From Indigenous voting rights and climate change to talkback radio and right-wing populism, Public Opinion, Campaign Politics & Media Audiences showcases new research in political science, history and media studies. Contributors scrutinise the relationship between polls, party policy and voting behaviour, and evaluate the roles of oratory and the media in electioneering and political communication across Australia, Britain and the United States.The eight chapters are based on papers delivered at a symposium to honour Murray Goot FASSA, Emeritus Professor of Politics and International Relations, on his retirement from Macquarie University.
Public Policy Analytics: Code and Context for Data Science in Government (Chapman & Hall/CRC Data Science Series)
by Ken SteifPublic Policy Analytics: Code & Context for Data Science in Government teaches readers how to address complex public policy problems with data and analytics using reproducible methods in R. Each of the eight chapters provides a detailed case study, showing readers: how to develop exploratory indicators; understand ‘spatial process’ and develop spatial analytics; how to develop ‘useful’ predictive analytics; how to convey these outputs to non-technical decision-makers through the medium of data visualization; and why, ultimately, data science and ‘Planning’ are one and the same. A graduate-level introduction to data science, this book will appeal to researchers and data scientists at the intersection of data analytics and public policy, as well as readers who wish to understand how algorithms will affect the future of government.
Public Relations and the Rise of AI
by Regina Luttrell Adrienne A. WallaceThis book explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform public relations (PR) and offers guidance on maintaining authenticity in this new era of communication.One of the main challenges PR educators, researchers, and practitioners face in the AI era is the potential for miscommunication or unintended consequences of using AI tools. This volume provides insights on how to mitigate these risks and ensure that PR strategies are aligned, offering practical guidance on maintaining trust and authenticity in PR practices. Readers will learn to leverage AI for enhanced communication strategies and real-time audience engagement while navigating the ethical and legal implications of AI in PR. Featuring contributions from leading scholars, the book includes case studies and examples of AI-driven PR practices, showcasing innovative approaches and lessons from well-known brands. It offers a global perspective on AI’s impact on PR, with insights for practitioners and scholars worldwide.This book equips public relations educators, researchers, and professionals with the knowledge and tools they need in the changing landscape of communication in the age of AI.
Public Relations und Entscheidung: Zur kommunikativen Form der PR im digitalen Zeitalter (Organisationskommunikation)
by Anke OßwaldAnke Oßwald entwickelt in dem vorliegenden Buch eine entscheidungsorientierte Perspektive auf Public Relations. Aufbauend auf einem systemtheoretischen Kommunikationsverständnis konzipiert sie PR als spezifische Entscheidungspraxis und zeigt, welche weitergehenden Erkenntnismöglichkeiten damit verbunden sind. So lassen sich unter anderem Automatisierungsprozesse deutlich differenzierter darstellen und die Folgen für Öffentlichkeit diskutieren. Neue Impulse ergeben sich auch für die Schnittstelle von PR- und Organisationsstudien sowie für die kommunikationswissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Strategieforschung.
Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Summary of a Workshop on Current Knowledge and Research Gaps
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThis book presents a summary of the Workshop on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps, held April 13 and 14, 2010, in Washington, D.C., under the auspices of the National Research Council's Committee on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Needs. The workshop was structured to gather inputs and insights from social science researchers, technologists, emergency management professionals, and other experts knowledgeable about how the public responds to alerts and warnings, focusing specifically on how the public responds to mobile alerting.
Public Sector Transformation through E-Government: Experiences from Europe and North America (Routledge Studies in Innovation, Organizations and Technology)
by Christopher G. Reddick Vishanth WeerakkodyOver the last decade governments in Europe and North America have attempted to improve efficiency of public services through Information and Communication Technology, commonly branded as electronic government (e-government). Public Sector Transformation through E-Government explores the influence that e-government has on public sector organizations, the organizational complexities that result, and its impact on citizens and democratic society. This book examines e-government’s potential to transform public services from a theoretical perspective, and provides practical examples from leading public sector institutions that have utilized e-government as a basis to bring about change. It further investigates the relationship between citizens and government and how they are affected by e-government policies and programs. Aimed at students and researchers of public administration/management and information systems, this book serves as a welcome tool for examining and understanding e-government and transformational change.
Public Service Broadcasting Online
by Benedetta BreviniThis book investigates the extent to which a Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) ethos has been extended to the online world in Europe. It examines the most significant policy initiatives carried out by PSBs in Europe on online platforms, and analyzes how the public service philosophy is being reinvented by policy makers.
The Public Space of Social Media: Connected Cultures of the Network Society (Routledge Studies in New Media and Cyberculture)
by Therese TierneySocial media is restructuring urban practices–through ad-hoc experimentation, commercial software development, and communities of participation. This book is the first to consider how practices contained within social media are situated within a larger genealogy of public space, including theories of communal identity, civitas and democracy, the fete, and self-expression. Through empirical research, the actual social practices of participants of networked publics are described and analyzed. Documenting how online counterpublics use the Internet to transmit classified photos, mobilize activists, and challenge the status quo, Tierney argues that online activities do not stop in online conversations; they are physically grounded through mobile GPS coordinates which are then transformed into activities in physical space—the street, the plaza, the places where people have traditionally gathered to demonstrate and express their opinions publicly.
Public Spheres and Mediated Social Networks in the Western Context and Beyond
by Petros Iosifidis Mark WheelerSocial media is said to radically change the way in which public communication takes place: information diffuses faster and can reach a large number of people, but what makes the process so novel is that online networks can empower people to compete with traditional broadcasters or public figures. This book critically interrogates the contemporary relevance of social networks as a set of economic, cultural and political enterprises and as a public sphere in which a variety of political and socio-cultural demands can be met. It examines policy, regulatory and socio-cultural issues arising from the transformation of communication to a multi-layered sphere of online and social networks. The central theme of the book is to address the following questions: Are online and social networks an unstoppable democratizing and mobilizing force? Is there a need for policy and intervention to ensure the development of comprehensive and inclusive social networking frameworks? Social media are viewed both as a tool that allows citizens to influence policymaking, and as an object of new policies and regulations, such as data retention, privacy and copyright laws, around which citizens are mobilizing.
Public Transport Optimization
by Konstantinos GkiotsalitisThis textbook provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for new public transport modelers. It includes an introduction to mathematical modeling, continuous and discrete optimization, numerical optimization, computational complexity analysis, metaheuristics, and multi-objective optimization. These tools help engineers and modelers to use better existing public transport models and also develop new models that can address future challenges. By reading this book, the reader will gain the ability to translate a future problem description into a mathematical model and solve it using an appropriate solution method.The textbook provides the knowledge needed to develop highly accurate mathematical models that can serve as decision support tools at the strategic, tactical, and operational planning levels of public transport services. Its detailed description of exact optimization methods, metaheuristics, bi-level, and multi-objective optimization approaches together with the detailed description of implementing these approaches in classic public transport problems with the use of open source tools is unique and will be highly useful to students and transport professionals.
Publishers, Readers, and Digital Engagement
by Marianne MartensThis book demonstrates how the roles of "author," "marketer," and "reviewer" are being redefined, as online environments enable new means for young adults to participate in the books they love. Prior to the expansion of digital technologies around reading, teachers, parents and librarians were the primary gatekeepers responsible for getting books into the hands of young people. Now publishers can create disintermediated digital enclosures in which they can communicate directly with their reading audience. This book exposes how teens contribute their immaterial and affective labor as they engage in participatory reading experiences via publishers' and authors' interactive websites and use of social media, and how in turn publishers are able to use such labor as they get invaluable market research, peer-to-peer recommendations, and even content which can be used in other projects -- all virtually free-of-charge.
The Publishing Challenge for Independent Video game Developers: A Practical Guide
by Odile LimpachProfessor Odile Limpach gives independent developers everything they need to succeed in the world of video game publishing. The Publishing Challenge for Independent Video Game Developers: A Practical Guide defines what game publishing means for the indie developer and offers a concise framework to tackle the decision of whether to self-publish or not. Furthermore, the text establishes a catalogue of current known publishers with some salient characteristics and offers a list of useful publishing tools. Along with showcasing testimonials from several young and seasoned developers on their experiences with publishing and partners and recommendations from renown experts of the industry, this book offers tools, platforms, and guides to game publishing. Key features: Provides a broad overview of the game publishing market Explores criteria for choosing between a publishing partner or self-publishing Offers case studies and testimonials from indie game developers and publishers about the process. Professor Odile Limpach teaches economics and entrepreneurship at the Cologne Game Lab, TH Köln (Technical University of Cologne). She is also co-founder of the Acceleration Program SpielFabrique 360° and works as a Strategic Consultant for games and serious game projects. Between 2007 and 2014, she was the managing director of the German entertainment software studio Ubisoft Blue Byte. Before, she was the managing director of Ubisoft GmbH. She graduated from business school Institut Commercial de Nancy in France and completed her MBA in the United States. Odile Limpach is also involved as a volunteer in the areas of vocational training and acts as a German partner for Games for Change Europe. Furthermore, she acts as an advisor (Conseiller du Commerce Extérieur) for the French Ministry for International Business Development.
Publishing E-Books For Dummies
by Ali LukePublish, market, and sell your own e-book Although creating an e-book seems fairly straightforward, it is not. You need to select and create a variety of formats that will be read on a variety of e-reader devices--and market and sell your book in a variety of ways. Before you take the plunge, get this practical guide. With clear instruction and sensible advice, it will help you navigate the often confusing, time-consuming, and costly world of self-publishing an e-book. The book gives you solid marketing tips for selling your e-book, including using blogging and social media and how to build an online platform. It also discusses key technologies you'll encounter, including Smashwords, iBooks Author, Amazon, Microsoft Word, Open Office, Calibre, WordPress, E-junkie, and others.Helps readers navigate the confusing, time-consuming, and often costly world of self-publishing an e-book Provides both technical how-tos as well solid marketing advice on how to sell your e-book using Facebook, Twitter, Goodreads, and other social media sites Covers essential technologies, such as Smashwords, iBooks Author, Amazon, Microsoft Word, Open Office, Calibre, WordPress, and E-junkie Explores e-book devices, including Kindle, Kobo, Sony Reader, Nook, iPad, and other tablets Delves into the nitty-gritty of e-book formats Before you self-publish your e-book, start first with Publishing eBooks For Dummies.
Publishing Python Packages: Test, share, and automate your projects
by Dane HillardCreate masterful, maintainable Python packages! This book includes pro tips for design, automation, testing, deployment, and even release as an open source project!In Publishing Python Packages you will learn how to: Build extensions and console script commands Use tox to automate packaging, installing, and testing Build a continuous integration pipeline using GitHub Actions Improve code quality and reduce manual review using black, mypy, and flake8 Create published documentation for your packages Keep packages up to date with pyupgrade and Dependabot Foster an open source community using GitHub features Publishing Python Packages teaches you how to easily share your Python code with your team and the outside world. Learn a repeatable and highly automated process for package maintenance that&’s based on the best practices, tools, and standards of Python packaging. This book walks you through creating a complete package, including a C extension, and guides you all the way to publishing on the Python Package Index. Whether you&’re entirely new to Python packaging or looking for optimal ways to maintain and scale your packages, this fast-paced and engaging guide is for you. Foreword by David Beazley. About the technology Successful Python packages install easily, run flawlessly, and stay reliably up to date. Publishing perfect Python packages requires a rigorous process that supports systematic testing and review, along with excellent documentation. Fortunately, the Python ecosystem includes tools and techniques to automate package creation and publishing. About the book Publishing Python Packages presents a practical process for sharing Python code in an automated and scalable way. Get hands-on experience with the latest packaging tools, and learn the ins and outs of package testing and continuous integration. You&’ll even get pro tips for setting up a maintainable open source project, including licensing, documentation, and nurturing a community of contributors. What's inside Build extensions and console script commands Improve code quality with automated review and testing Create excellent documentation Keep packages up to date with pyupgrade and Dependabot About the reader For intermediate Python programmers. About the author Dane Hillard has spent the majority of his development career using Python to build web applications. Table of Contents PART 1 FOUNDATIONS 1 The what and why of Python packages 2 Preparing for package development 3 The anatomy of a minimal Python package PART 2 CREATING A VIABLE PACKAGE 4 Handling package dependencies, entry points, and extensions 5 Building and maintaining a test suite 6 Automating code quality tooling PART 3 GOING PUBLIC 7 Automating work through continuous integration 8 Authoring and maintaining documentation 9 Making a package evergreen 10 Scaling and solidifying your practices 11 Building a community
Publishing with iBooks Author: An Introduction to Creating Ebooks for the iPad
by Nellie McKesson Adam WitweriBooks Author is the first tool of its kind. Never before have publishers, authors, and content creators had a tool for making dynamic, interactive ebooks in a WYSIWYG environment. This book is intended to get you up and writing in iBooks Author. You’ll learn what to expect from this new tool and what its strengths and limitations are. You’ll see how you can create beautifully designed pages and how you can bring those designs to life with interactive content in ways that, before now, were only possible in a web browser on the Internet. You’ll also find out how to navigate the occasionally tricky terrain of Apple’s ecosystem so that you can get your book published to the iBookstore.
Pugtato Babysits the Snouts
by ZondervanWhat do you get when you cross imaginative and loveable characters, enchanting and inspiring illustrations and a giggle-inducing story? ...Pugtato, a simple, good spud and a hilarious mashup of pet and vegetable characters by the inimitable illustrator Sophie Corrigan! Join Pugtato as he takes on the job of babysitting the Brussels Snouts.Pugtato thinks babysitting will be easy … how much trouble can baby Brussels Snouts get into? But as the day unfolds, the rambunctious little Snouts decide to show Pugtato they are not little babies, and prove that size doesn&’t matter when it comes to having lots of fun with your good spuddies.Pugtato Babysits the Snouts delivers:A delightful, giggle-inducing, rhyming, read-aloud story perfect for kids ages 4-8Imaginative, silly pet and vegetable mashups such as Pugtato, Tomatoad, Carrat, Cowbbage, Croccoli, Unicorn on the Cob and more!A beautiful, eye-catching cover, rich with color and embossed textureYoung children will learn invaluable lessons from Pugtato about:FriendshipAcceptanceResponsibilityCreativityYou&’ll also want to follow Pugtato&’s adventures in Pugtato, Let&’s Be Best Spuddies, Pugtato Finds a Thing, and Pugtato and Friends Audio Collection: 3 Books in 1.
Pugtato Finds a Thing
by ZondervanWhat do you get when you cross imaginative and loveable characters, enchanting and inspiring illustrations and a giggle-inducing story? Pugtato, a simple, good spud and a hilarious mashup of pet and vegetable characters by the inimitable illustrator Sophie Corrigan! Join Pugtato and his cute and quirky spuddies in this heartwarming picture book that celebrates the power of friendship, compassion, and believing in your own unique gifts.When Pugtato&’s simple, quiet life is disrupted after he digs up a strange object in his garden, he enlists his best &“spuddies&” to help (they are more clever than he is, after all). Tweetroot is certain it&’s a new egg for her nest. Tomatoad is quite sure it&’s a toy just for him. And Purrsnip simply won&’t stop scratching it! Luckily, Pugtato has another very special spuddy to ask …Pugtato Finds a Thing delivers:A delightful, giggle-inducing, rhyming , read-aloud story perfect for kids ages 4-8Imaginative, silly pet and vegetable mashups such as Pugtato, Tomatoad, Carrat, Cowbbage, Croccoli, Unicorn on the Cob and more!A beautiful eye-catching cover rich with color Young children will learn invaluable lessons from Pugtato about:FriendshipCompassionAcceptanceCreativity You&’ll also want to follow Pugtato&’s adventures in Pugtato Babysits the Snouts, Pugtato, Let&’s Be Best Spuddies, and Pugtato and Friends Audio Collection: 3 Books in 1.
Pull
by David SiegelThe first clear guide to the Semantic Web and its upcoming impact on the business world Imagine that, in 1992, someone handed you a book about the future of something called the World Wide Web. This book claimed that through a piece of software called a "browser", which accesses "web sites", the world economy and our daily lives would change forever. Would you have believed even 10 percent of that book? Did you take advantage of the first Internet wave and get ahead of the curve? Pull is the blueprint to the next disruptive wave. Some call it Web 3.0; others call it the semantic web. It's a fundamental transition from pushing information to pulling, using a new way of thinking and collaborating online. Using the principles of this book, you will slash 5-20 percent off your bottom line, make your customers happier, accelerate your industry, and prepare your company for the twenty-first century. It isn't going to be easy, and you don't have any choice. By 2015, your company will be more agile and your processes more flexible than you ever thought possible. The semantic web leads to possibilities straight from science fiction, such as buildings that can order their own supplies, eliminating the IRS, and lawyers finally making sense. But it also leads to major changes in every field, from shipping and retail distribution to health care and financial reporting. Through clear examples, case studies, principles, and scenarios, business strategist David Siegel takes you on a tour of this new world. You'll learn: -Which industries are already ahead. -Which industries are already dead. -How to make the power shift from pushing to pulling information. -How software, hardware, media, and marketing will all change. -How to plan your own strategy for embracing the semantic web. We are at the beginning of a new technology curve that will affect all areas of business. Right now, you have a choice. You can decide to start preparing for the exciting opportunities that lay ahead or you can leave this book on the shelf and get left in the dust like last time.
Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880–1945 (Studies in Industry and Society)
by Lars HeideAt a time when Internet use is closely tracked and social networking sites supply data for targeted advertising, Lars Heide presents the first academic study of the invention that fueled today’s information revolution: the punched card. Early punched cards helped to process the United States census in 1890. They soon proved useful in calculating invoices and issuing pay slips. As demand for more sophisticated systems and reading machines increased in both the United States and Europe, punched cards served ever-larger data-processing purposes. Insurance companies, public utilities, businesses, and governments all used them to keep detailed records of their customers, competitors, employees, citizens, and enemies. The United States used punched-card registers in the late 1930s to pay roughly 21 million Americans their Social Security pensions, Vichy France used similar technologies in an attempt to mobilize an army against the occupying German forces, and the Germans in 1941 developed several punched-card registers to make the war effort—and surveillance of minorities—more effective. Heide’s analysis of these three major punched-card systems, as well as the impact of the invention on Great Britain, illustrates how different cultures collected personal and financial data and how they adapted to new technologies.This comparative study will interest students and scholars from a wide range of disciplines, including the history of technology, computer science, business history, and management and organizational studies.
Punching Up in Stand-Up Comedy: Speaking Truth to Power
by Rashi Bhargava Richa ChilanaPunching Up in Stand-Up Comedy explores the new forms, voices and venues of stand-up comedy in different parts of the world and its potential role as a counterhegemonic tool for satire, commentary and expression of identity especially for the disempowered or marginalised. The title brings together essays and perspectives on stand-up and satire from different cultural and political contexts across the world which raise pertinent issues regarding its role in contemporary times, especially with the increased presence of OTT platforms and internet penetration that allows for easy access to this art form. It examines the theoretical understanding of the different aspects of the humour, aesthetics and politics of stand-up comedy, as well as the exploration of race, gender, politics and conflicts, urban culture and LGBTQ+ identities in countries such as Indonesia, Finland, France, Iran, Italy, Morocco, India and the USA. It also asks the question whether, along with contesting and destabilising existing discursive frameworks and identities, a stand-up comic can open up a space for envisaging a new social, cultural and political order? This book will appeal to people interested in performance studies, media, popular culture, digital culture, sociology, digital sociology and anthropology, and English literature.
Punk Playthings: Provocations for 21st Century Game Makers
by Sean Taylor Chris LowthorpePunk PlaythingsProvocations for 21st Century Game Makers "Punk was an attitude. It was never about having a Mohican haircut or wearing a ripped T-shirt. It was all about destruction, and the creative potential within that." Malcolm Mclaren Warning: If you want a silver bullet solution for efficient game making or a step-by-step guide to receiving Indie Game Dev hero worship, you’re in the wrong place. Put the book back on the shelf. Punk Playthings is an antidote to complacency and orthodoxy. Packed with probes and provocations that explore game making through fresh lenses for uncertain times, it challenges gaming monoculture by constructing a trading space for ideas and learning from across domains and cultures. Punk Playthings has zero respect for boundaries between mediums, industries, sectors, specialisms or disciplines. Instead, it challenges you to expand your cultural capital, think laterally and make new connections. Punk Playthings advocates a truly independent mindset and DIY approach for creating playful experiences with cultural resonance. It proclaims creative entrepreneurship as the true legacy of punk. Punk Playthings is not for everyone. But it might be for you.
Puppet: Mastering Infrastructure Automation
by Alessandro Franceschi Felix Frank Jaime Soriano Pastor Martin Alfke Thomas UphillisStart pulling the strings of your IT infrastructure effectively with Puppet – learn how to configure, customize and manage your systems more intelligently in an enterprise deployment. About This Book • Step-by-step instructions to jump start your Puppet deployment and automate your IT configurations • Design, implement, and deploy Puppet in your infrastructure and tackle everyday IT infrastructure challenges • Gain expert understanding of Puppet's latest and most advanced features Who This Book Is For If you're an experienced IT professional and a new Puppet user, this course will provide you with all you need to know to go from installation to advanced automation. What You Will Learn • Write and employ individual Puppet manifests • Understand how Puppet implements system abstraction • Use Puppet to manage network, cloud, and virtualization devices • Manage and test the Puppet code workflow • Tweak, hack, and adapt the Puppet extension points • Use exported resources to orchestrate change between machines • Debug a puppetserver using Java techniques In Detail Puppet is a configuration management tool that allows you to automate all your IT configurations, giving you control. It was written for and by system administrators to manage large numbers of systems efficiently and prevent configuration drifts. Puppet gives you control of what you do to each node, when you do it, and how you do it.This Learning Path will take you from the basics of Puppet to extending it and then mastering it. We will start off with a primer on Puppet, its installation and get a sneak peek under its hood. We will then move on to designing and deploying your Puppet architecture, learning best practices for writing reusable and maintainable code, and executing, testing, and deploying Puppet across your systems. Finally, we will deal with problems of scale and exceptions in your code, automate workflows, and support multiple developers working simultaneously.This course is based on the following books: 1. Puppet 4 Essentials - Second Edition 2. Extending Puppet - Second Edition 3. Mastering Puppet - Second Edition Style and approach This learning path follows a practical approach, starting from the basic commands to advanced aspects. Through a series of examples you will learn the most important skills essential to manage your IT infrastructure effectively.
Puppet 2.7 Cookbook
by John ArundelThis book is written in a Cookbook style showing you how to set up and expand your Puppet infrastructure. It progresses through detailed information on the language and features, external tools, reporting, monitoring, and troubleshooting, and concludes with many specific recipes for managing popular applications. The book assumes that the reader already has a working Puppet installation and perhaps has written some basic manifests or adapted some published modules. It also requires some experience of Linux systems administration, including familiarity with the command line, file system, and text editing. No programming experience is required.
Puppet 3 Beginner’s Guide
by John ArundelPresented in an easy-to-follow, step-by-step tutorial format, Puppet 3.0 Beginner's Guide will lead you through the basics of setting up your Puppet server with plenty of screenshots and real-world solutions.This book is written for system administrators and developers, and anyone else who needs to manage computer systems. You will need to be able to edit text files and run a few commands on the command line, but otherwise no system administration or programming experience is required.