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The Little Typer
by Daniel P. Friedman David Thrane ChristiansenAn introduction to dependent types, demonstrating the most beautiful aspects, one step at a time.A program's type describes its behavior. Dependent types are a first-class part of a language, and are much more powerful than other kinds of types; using just one language for types and programs allows program descriptions to be as powerful as the programs they describe. The Little Typer explains dependent types, beginning with a very small language that looks very much like Scheme and extending it to cover both programming with dependent types and using dependent types for mathematical reasoning. Readers should be familiar with the basics of a Lisp-like programming language, as presented in the first four chapters of The Little Schemer. The first five chapters of The Little Typer provide the needed tools to understand dependent types; the remaining chapters use these tools to build a bridge between mathematics and programming. Readers will learn that tools they know from programming—pairs, lists, functions, and recursion—can also capture patterns of reasoning. The Little Typer does not attempt to teach either practical programming skills or a fully rigorous approach to types. Instead, it demonstrates the most beautiful aspects as simply as possible, one step at a time.
The Logic of Connective Action
by W. Lance Bennett Alexandra SegerbergThe Logic of Connective Action explains the rise of a personalized digitally networked politics in which diverse individuals address the common problems of our times such as economic fairness and climate change. Rich case studies from the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany illustrate a theoretical framework for understanding how large-scale connective action is coordinated using inclusive discourses such as "We Are the 99%" that travel easily through social media. In many of these mobilizations, communication operates as an organizational process that may replace or supplement familiar forms of collective action based on organizational resource mobilization, leadership, and collective action framing. In some cases, connective action emerges from crowds that shun leaders, as when Occupy protesters created media networks to channel resources and create loose ties among dispersed physical groups. In other cases, conventional political organizations deploy personalized communication logics to enable large-scale engagement with a variety of political causes. The Logic of Connective Action shows how power is organized in communication-based networks, and what political outcomes may result.
The Logic of Responsibility Voids (Synthese Library #456)
by Hein DuijfThis book focuses on the problem of responsibility voids: these are cases where responsibility for a morally undesirable outcome cannot be attributed to any of the involved agents. Responsibility voids are thought to occur in collective decision-making and in the context of artificial intelligent systems. In these cases, philosophers worry that there is a shortfall of moral responsibility. In particular, such voids are often assumed to justify a notion of collective responsibility that cannot be reduced to individual responsibility. One of the aims of the book is to study how collective responsibility and joint action relate to individual responsibility and individual actions. The book offers a unifying framework for modelling moral responsibility by drawing from modal logic and game theory.The book investigates the possibility and scope of the problem of responsibility voids. One of its characteristics is its pluralistic perspective on moral responsibility: in contrast to giving a unique and all-encompassing definition of it, the book makes progress by spelling out and modelling several conceptions of moral responsibility. One of the appealing features of the book is that a relatively small range of models is used to investigate a variety of conceptions of moral responsibility. The unifying framework can thus be used to characterize the conditions under which responsibility voids are ruled out.
The Logic of Software. A Tasting Menu of Formal Methods: Essays Dedicated to Reiner Hähnle on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13360)
by Einar Broch Johnsen Wolfgang Ahrendt Bernhard Beckert Richard BubelThis Festschrift, dedicated to Reiner Hähnle on the occasion of his 60th birthday, contains papers written by many of his closest collaborators.After positions at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Chalmers University of Technology, since 2011 Reiner has been the chaired professor of Software Engineering at Technische Universität Darmstadt, where his team focuses on the formal verification of object-oriented software, the formal modeling and specification of highly adaptive software systems, and formal modeling and analysis in domains such as biological systems and railroad operations. His work is characterized by achievements in theory and in practical implementations, significant collaborations include the KeY project and the development of the ABS language. He has served as chair and editor of important related academic conferences, and coauthored almost 200 academic publications. The contributions in this volume reflect Reiner’s main research focus: formal methods, in particular applied to software verification.
The Logic, Philosophy, and History of the Lambda-Calculus: Theory and Applications (History of Analytic Philosophy)
by Levis ZerpaThis is the first book focused on the logico-philosophical aspects of the lambda-calculus since the inception of the field in 1932 in the pioneering work of Alonzo Church. The book starts a new field called “lambda-philosophy”: a branch of logic-based analytic philosophy in the tradition of Frege and Russell, directly constructed from the lambda-calculus. Another innovation of the book is a new graphical and intuitive logico-mathematical notation for the lambda-calculus called “the container notation”. The book covers in detail some episodes of the history of the subject, including three comparative studies of the lambda-calculus with Viète's algebra, Descartes' analytic geometry, and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. A didactic approach to the logico-mathematical aspects of the lambda-calculus, partially based on cognitive science, provides the technical basis for the analysis. In this way, the book provides a systematic and coherent treatment of diverse logico-philosophical aspects and applications of the lambda-calculus as part of the platform offered by lambda-philosophy. The book includes the following: a detailed treatment of the ambiguities of the concept of function (under the traditional or Euler’s notation); an elucidation of the notion of transformative philosophical analysis; an account of Church’s methodology which shows that the lambda-calculus is an adequate solution to the problem of a philosophical analysis of functions as rules of computation; a didactic treatment of the formal aspects of the lambda-calculus through the container notation; and diverse arithmetical and logical examples of the container notation. The book questions a dogma of algorithmic thinking by arguing that the lambda-calculus is more intuitive and natural than Turing machines. The Logic, Philosophy, and History of the Lambda-Calculus is essential reading for all scholars and researchers of the history of analytic philosophy and especially those focussing on logic-based analytic philosophy.
The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon Created the Information Age
by Paul J. NahinHow two pioneers of math and technology ushered in the computer revolutionBoolean algebra, also called Boolean logic, is at the heart of the electronic circuitry in everything we use—from our computers and cars, to home appliances. How did a system of mathematics established in the Victorian era become the basis for such incredible technological achievements a century later? In The Logician and the Engineer, Paul Nahin combines engaging problems and a colorful historical narrative to tell the remarkable story of how two men in different eras—mathematician and philosopher George Boole and electrical engineer and pioneering information theorist Claude Shannon—advanced Boolean logic and became founding fathers of the electronic communications age. Nahin takes readers from fundamental concepts to a deeper and more sophisticated understanding of modern digital machines, in order to explore computing and its possible limitations in the twenty-first century and beyond.
The Logo Brainstorm Book: A Comprehensive Guide for Exploring Design Directions
by Jim KrauseDon't Wait for Inspiration to StrikeWhether you're facing a new logo project or you've reached a block in your current work, The Logo Brainstorm Book will inspire you to consider fresh creative approaches that will spark appealing, functional and enduring design solutions.Award-winning designer Jim Krause (author of the popular Index series) offers a smart, systemic exploration of different kinds of logos and logo elements, including:SymbolsMonogramsTypographic LogosType and Symbol CombinationsEmblemsColor Palettes Through a combination of original, visual idea-starters and boundary-pushing exercises, The Logo Brainstorm Book will help you develop raw logo concepts into presentation-ready material.
The Long Conversation
by Oswaldo LorenzoFor many years companies have been investing in enterprise systems and IT initiatives butthey are now struggling to achieve the desired results. It takes a long time to make the best of your enterprise systems so businesses must stop looking for the next technology 'silver bullet' and instead maximize the value of existing IT investments. "
The Long Evolution of Brains and Minds
by Gerhard RothThe main topic of the book is a reconstruction of the evolution of nervous systems and brains as well as of mental-cognitive abilities, in short "intelligence" from simplest organisms to humans. It investigates to which extent the two are correlated. One central topic is the alleged uniqueness of the human brain and human intelligence and mind. It is discussed which neural features make certain animals and humans intelligent and creative: Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of "intelligence centers" inside the brains, the number of nerve cells inside the brain in total or in such "intelligence centers" decisive for the degree of intelligence, of mind and eventually consciousness? And which are the driving forces behind these processes? Finally, it is asked what all this means for the classical problem of mind-brain relationship and for a naturalistic theory of mind.
The Long Game: Inside Sinn Féin
by Aoife MooreInside the rise of the political party, once subordinate to the IRA, that is on the brink of taking power in Ireland Sinn Féin, long widely-regarded as the political wing of the Provisional IRA, is the most popular political party in both Northern Ireland and the Republic. A movement once synonymous with a paramilitary campaign is on the brink of taking real power through purely democratic means. But if Sinn Féin has mastered the art of electoral politics, it remains strangely opaque. Who really runs the party? How is it funded? And what can we expect of it as a party of government?Aoife Moore, Irish Journalist of the Year 2021. explores these and other burning questions in The Long Game. Drawing on exclusive interviews with current and former members of Sinn Féin, she builds up a picture of a party undergoing a profound, and still incomplete, transformation. She looks at the key individuals and moments that put the party on its present course, and she explores tensions within the party and the wider republican movement.Packed with revelatory details, The Long Game is a groundbreaking telling of contemporary Ireland's biggest and most elusive political story.
The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More
by Chris AndersonAnderson shows how the future of commerce and culture isn't in the high-volume head of a demand curve but in the endlessly long tail of that same curve.
The Loop: How Technology Is Creating a World Without Choices and How to Fight Back
by Jacob WardThis eye-opening narrative journey into the rapidly changing world of artificial intelligence reveals the dangerous ways AI is exploiting the unconscious habits of our minds, and the real threat it poses to humanity: "The best book I have ever read about AI" (New York Times bestselling author Roger McNamee). Artificial intelligence is going to change the world as we know it. But the real danger isn't some robot that's going to enslave us: It's our own brain. Our brains are constantly making decisions using shortcuts, biases, and hidden processes—and we're using those same techniques to create technology that makes choices for us. In The Loop, award-winning science journalist Jacob Ward reveals how we are poised to build all of our worst instincts into our AIs, creating a narrow loop where each generation has fewer, predetermined, and even dangerous choices. Taking us on a world tour of the ongoing, real-world experiment of artificial intelligence, The Loop illuminates the dangers of writing dangerous human habits into our machines. From a biometric surveillance state in India that tracks the movements of over a billion people, to a social media control system in China that punishes deviant friendships, to the risky multiple-choice simplicity of automated military action, Ward travels the world speaking with top experts confronting the perils of their research. Each stop reveals how the most obvious patterns in our behavior—patterns an algorithm will use to make decisions about what's best for us—are not the ones we want to perpetuate. Just as politics, marketing, and finance have all exploited the weaknesses of our human programming, artificial intelligence is poised to use the patterns of our lives to manipulate us. The Loop is call to look at ourselves more clearly—our most creative ideas, our most destructive impulses, the ways we help and hurt one another-so we can put only the best parts of ourselves into the thinking machines we create.
The Lost Blogs: From Jesus to Jim Morrison
by Paul DavidsonThere are over 13 million people in the world currently blogging, but what about the blogs written by the iconic men and women who (unfortunately) died before the Internet was even invented? In this witty and original take on the most important technological development since spam, THE LOST BLOGS offers hundreds of blogs from the most famous minds in history, detailing their hysterically personal (and impersonal) revelations, such asJohn Lennons thoughts after meeting a young woman named Yoko Ono (and her strange interest in the Beatles publishing rights)Tips of the trade from Jesus Christs carpentry blog, including how to build a combination water and wine rackShakespeares treatment for a new play about two princes who misplace their horse and carriage and spend the entire play trying to locate itHow a stray hot dog nearly derailed Ghandis hunger strikeJim Morrisons original lyrics to Light My Fire (what does smell like a burning tire?)And the missing two cents from everyone else who matters, proving theres no such thing as too much information.
The Low Light Photography Field Guide: Go Beyond Daylight To Capture Stunning Low Light Images (Field Guide Ser.)
by Michael FreemanLike all the titles in this successful series, The Low Light Photography Field Guide offers advice from a respected expert and professional. In this volume, Michael Freeman looks at an area that remains problematic for photographers with even top-of-the range equipment: low light.Opening with a section on the qualities of different kinds of low light, the book then deals with ways of overcoming gloomy situations, whether you're shooting hand-held or on a tripod. Post-production fixes are also covered, allowing the reader to turn difficult shots into amazing images.
The Low-Density University: 15 Scenarios for Higher Education
by Joshua Kim Edward J. MaloneyCOVID-19 has placed American higher education at a crossroads. This book is the roadmap.COVID-19 triggered an existential crisis for American higher education. Faced with few safe choices, most colleges and universities switched to remote learning during the 2020 spring semester. The future, however, provides more choices about how institutions can fulfill their mission of teaching and research. But how do we begin to make decisions in an uncertain and shifting environment? In this concise guide, authors Edward J. Maloney and Joshua Kim lay out clear ways colleges and universities can move forward in safe and effective ways.The Low-Density University presents fifteen scenarios for how colleges and universities can address the current crisis from a fully online semester to others with students in residence and in the classroom. How can changing the calendar or shifting to hybrid models of blended classrooms impact teaching, learning, and the college experience? Could we emerge from this crisis with new models that are better and more adapted to today's world? The Low-Density University focuses primarily on teaching and learning, but student life (housing, athletics, health, etc.) are core to the college experience. Can we devise safe and effective ways to preserve the best of that experience? The lessons here extend beyond the classroom. Just as the pandemic will change American higher education, the choices we make now will change what college looks like for generations to come.
The Ludotronics Game Design Methodology: From First Ideas to Spectacular Pitches and Proposals
by J. MartinThis book supports readers to transition to more advanced independent game projects by deepening their understanding of the concept development process. It covers how to make concepts sufficiently viable, ambitious, and innovative to warrant the creation of a polished prototype in preparation of a publisher pitch. The book is divided into six sections. After a brief tutorial (Preliminary Phase), readers embark on a journey along the book’s methodology. They travel through successive conceptual phases (Preparations, Procedures, Processes, and Propositions); advance through levels and action beats in each of these phases; master challenges (conceptual tasks) and overcome level bosses (design decisions) that become successively harder; collect items (fulfilled documentation tasks); and “win” the game by having progressed from a raw, initial idea to a full-fledged, polished game treatment. This book is designed to support junior and senior year BA or MA students in game design programs, as well as novice indie developers and those in the early stages of their game design career.
The MPEG Representation of Digital Media
by Leonardo ChiariglioneMore and more information, audio and video but also a range of other information type, is generated, processed and used by machines today, even though the end user may be a human. The result over the past 15 years has been a substantial increase in the type of information and change in the way humans generate, classify, store, search, access and consume information. Conversion of information to digital form is a prerequisite for this enhanced machine role, but must be done having in mind requirements such as compactness, fidelity, interpretability etc. This book presents new ways of dealing with digital information and new types of digital information underpinning the evolution of society and business.
The Mac is not a Typewriter (Second Edition): A style manual for creating professional-level type on your Macintosh
by Robin WilliamsOne of the most popular Macintosh books ever written, The Mac is not a typewriter has been called the "Strunk and White of typography." Best-selling author Robin Williams's simple, logical principles for using type to produce beautiful, professional documents are as true now as they were when the original edition was published in 1989. This updated edition includes new examples and expanded information dedicated to the practical advice that made the first edition an enduring bestseller. Throughout, Robin shows you the small details that separate the pros from the amateurs: typographer versus typewriter quotation marks, en and em dashes, tabs and indents, kerning, leading, white space, widows and orphans, and hanging punctuation. If you prepare documents, you'll find The Mac is not a typewriter, Second Edition an indispensable guide. And those who read your documents will recognize the work of a pro, even if they don't know a curly quote from curly fries.
The Machine Learning Solutions Architect Handbook: Create machine learning platforms to run solutions in an enterprise setting
by David PingBuild highly secure and scalable machine learning platforms to support the fast-paced adoption of machine learning solutionsKey FeaturesExplore different ML tools and frameworks to solve large-scale machine learning challenges in the cloudBuild an efficient data science environment for data exploration, model building, and model trainingLearn how to implement bias detection, privacy, and explainability in ML model developmentBook DescriptionWhen equipped with a highly scalable machine learning (ML) platform, organizations can quickly scale the delivery of ML products for faster business value realization. There is a huge demand for skilled ML solutions architects in different industries, and this handbook will help you master the design patterns, architectural considerations, and the latest technology insights you'll need to become one. You'll start by understanding ML fundamentals and how ML can be applied to solve real-world business problems. Once you've explored a few leading problem-solving ML algorithms, this book will help you tackle data management and get the most out of ML libraries such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. Using open source technology such as Kubernetes/Kubeflow to build a data science environment and ML pipelines will be covered next, before moving on to building an enterprise ML architecture using Amazon Web Services (AWS). You'll also learn about security and governance considerations, advanced ML engineering techniques, and how to apply bias detection, explainability, and privacy in ML model development. And finally, you'll get acquainted with AWS AI services and their applications in real-world use cases. By the end of this book, you'll be able to design and build an ML platform to support common use cases and architecture patterns like a true professional. What you will learnApply ML methodologies to solve business problemsDesign a practical enterprise ML platform architectureImplement MLOps for ML workflow automationBuild an end-to-end data management architecture using AWSTrain large-scale ML models and optimize model inference latencyCreate a business application using an AI service and a custom ML modelUse AWS services to detect data and model bias and explain modelsWho this book is forThis book is for data scientists, data engineers, cloud architects, and machine learning enthusiasts who want to become machine learning solutions architects. You'll need basic knowledge of the Python programming language, AWS, linear algebra, probability, and networking concepts before you get started with this handbook.
The Machine Learning Solutions Architect Handbook: Create machine learning platforms to run solutions in an enterprise setting
by David PingBuild highly secure and scalable machine learning platforms to support the fast-paced adoption of machine learning solutionsKey FeaturesExplore different ML tools and frameworks to solve large-scale machine learning challenges in the cloudBuild an efficient data science environment for data exploration, model building, and model trainingLearn how to implement bias detection, privacy, and explainability in ML model developmentBook DescriptionWhen equipped with a highly scalable machine learning (ML) platform, organizations can quickly scale the delivery of ML products for faster business value realization. There is a huge demand for skilled ML solutions architects in different industries, and this handbook will help you master the design patterns, architectural considerations, and the latest technology insights you’ll need to become one. You’ll start by understanding ML fundamentals and how ML can be applied to solve real-world business problems. Once you've explored a few leading problem-solving ML algorithms, this book will help you tackle data management and get the most out of ML libraries such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. Using open source technology such as Kubernetes/Kubeflow to build a data science environment and ML pipelines will be covered next, before moving on to building an enterprise ML architecture using Amazon Web Services (AWS). You’ll also learn about security and governance considerations, advanced ML engineering techniques, and how to apply bias detection, explainability, and privacy in ML model development. By the end of this book, you’ll be able to design and build an ML platform to support common use cases and architecture patterns like a true professional. What you will learnApply ML methodologies to solve business problemsDesign a practical enterprise ML platform architectureImplement MLOps for ML workflow automationBuild an end-to-end data management architecture using AWSTrain large-scale ML models and optimize model inference latencyCreate a business application using an AI service and a custom ML modelUse AWS services to detect data and model bias and explain modelsWho this book is forThis book is for data scientists, data engineers, cloud architects, and machine learning enthusiasts who want to become machine learning solutions architects. You’ll need basic knowledge of the Python programming language, AWS, linear algebra, probability, and networking concepts before you get started with this handbook.
The Machine Learning Solutions Architect Handbook: Practical strategies and best practices on the ML lifecycle, system design, MLOps, and generative AI
by David PingDesign, build, and secure scalable machine learning (ML) systems to solve real-world business problems with Python and AWS Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBookKey FeaturesGo in-depth into the ML lifecycle, from ideation and data management to deployment and scalingApply risk management techniques in the ML lifecycle and design architectural patterns for various ML platforms and solutionsUnderstand the generative AI lifecycle, its core technologies, and implementation risksBook DescriptionDavid Ping, Head of GenAI and ML Solution Architecture for global industries at AWS, provides expert insights and practical examples to help you become a proficient ML solutions architect, linking technical architecture to business-related skills. You'll learn about ML algorithms, cloud infrastructure, system design, MLOps , and how to apply ML to solve real-world business problems. David explains the generative AI project lifecycle and examines Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), an effective architecture pattern for generative AI applications. You’ll also learn about open-source technologies, such as Kubernetes/Kubeflow, for building a data science environment and ML pipelines before building an enterprise ML architecture using AWS. As well as ML risk management and the different stages of AI/ML adoption, the biggest new addition to the handbook is the deep exploration of generative AI. By the end of this book , you’ll have gained a comprehensive understanding of AI/ML across all key aspects, including business use cases, data science, real-world solution architecture, risk management, and governance. You’ll possess the skills to design and construct ML solutions that effectively cater to common use cases and follow established ML architecture patterns, enabling you to excel as a true professional in the field.What you will learnApply ML methodologies to solve business problems across industriesDesign a practical enterprise ML platform architectureGain an understanding of AI risk management frameworks and techniquesBuild an end-to-end data management architecture using AWSTrain large-scale ML models and optimize model inference latencyCreate a business application using artificial intelligence services and custom modelsDive into generative AI with use cases, architecture patterns, and RAGWho this book is forThis book is for solutions architects working on ML projects, ML engineers transitioning to ML solution architect roles, and MLOps engineers. Additionally, data scientists and analysts who want to enhance their practical knowledge of ML systems engineering, as well as AI/ML product managers and risk officers who want to gain an understanding of ML solutions and AI risk management, will also find this book useful. A basic knowledge of Python, AWS, linear algebra, probability, and cloud infrastructure is required before you get started with this handbook.
The Machine Learning Workshop: Get ready to develop your own high-performance machine learning algorithms with scikit-learn, 2nd Edition
by Hyatt SalehTake a comprehensive and step-by-step approach to understanding machine learning Key Features Discover how to apply the scikit-learn uniform API in all types of machine learning models Understand the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning models Reinforce your understanding of machine learning concepts by working on real-world examples Book Description Machine learning algorithms are an integral part of almost all modern applications. To make the learning process faster and more accurate, you need a tool flexible and powerful enough to help you build machine learning algorithms quickly and easily. With The Machine Learning Workshop, you'll master the scikit-learn library and become proficient in developing clever machine learning algorithms. The Machine Learning Workshop begins by demonstrating how unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms work by analyzing a real-world dataset of wholesale customers. Once you've got to grips with the basics, you'll develop an artificial neural network using scikit-learn and then improve its performance by fine-tuning hyperparameters. Towards the end of the workshop, you'll study the dataset of a bank's marketing activities and build machine learning models that can list clients who are likely to subscribe to a term deposit. You'll also learn how to compare these models and select the optimal one. By the end of The Machine Learning Workshop, you'll not only have learned the difference between supervised and unsupervised models and their applications in the real world, but you'll also have developed the skills required to get started with programming your very own machine learning algorithms. What you will learn Understand how to select an algorithm that best fits your dataset and desired outcome Explore popular real-world algorithms such as K-means, Mean-Shift, and DBSCAN Discover different approaches to solve machine learning classification problems Develop neural network structures using the scikit-learn package Use the NN algorithm to create models for predicting future outcomes Perform error analysis to improve your model's performance Who this book is for The Machine Learning Workshop is perfect for machine learning beginners. You will need Python programming experience, though no prior knowledge of scikit-learn and machine learning is necessary.
The Machine Penalty: The Consequences of Seeing Artificial Intelligence as Less Than Human
by Daniel B. ShankThis book makes the argument that comparing AI to humans leads us to diminish similar outcomes from AI across situations. This may be taking a human&’s advice for a restaurant recommendation over an AI&’s or believing that AI can&’t be as biased as people can when denying loans to others. This machine penalty is caused both by comparing humans and AI in terms of appearance, identity, behavior, mind, and essence, and by situations involving controllable, personal, important, subjective, or moral decisions. It can be applied across many different situations, where we diminish different AI outcomes. We penalize machines&’ influence when they give advice, fairness when they evaluate people, blame when they cause harm, value when they produce art, and satisfaction when they provide companionship. The result is immediate consequences in those domains and downstream consequences for society. This monograph brings together diverse research from human-computer interaction, psychology, sociology, and communication including theories such as Computers Are Social Actors, anthropomorphism, mind perception, and algorithm aversion to present an expansive argument and evidence for the machine penalty.
The Macintosh Way
by Guy KawasakiThe Macintosh Way is the take-no-prisoners guide to guerrilla marketing warfare in the personal computer software industry, celebrating passion, competition, excellence, and hard work.
The Mac® Hacker's Handbook
by Dino Dai Zovi Charlie MillerAs more and more vulnerabilities are found in the Mac OS X (Leopard) operating system, security researchers are realizing the importance of developing proof-of-concept exploits for those vulnerabilities. This unique tome is the first book to uncover the flaws in the Mac OS X operating system-and how to deal with them. Written by two white hat hackers, this book is aimed at making vital information known so that you can find ways to secure your Mac OS X systems, and examines the sorts of attacks that are prevented by Leopard's security defenses, what attacks aren't, and how to best handle those weaknesses.