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- List View
Trustworthy Hardware Design: Combinational Logic Locking Techniques (Analog Circuits and Signal Processing)
by Muhammad Yasin Jeyavijayan (JV) Rajendran Ozgur SinanogluWith the popularity of hardware security research, several edited monograms have been published, which aim at summarizing the research in a particular field. Typically, each book chapter is a recompilation of one or more research papers, and the focus is on summarizing the state-of-the-art research. Different from the edited monograms, the chapters in this book are not re-compilations of research papers. The book follows a pedagogical approach. Each chapter has been planned to emphasize the fundamental principles behind the logic locking algorithms and relate concepts to each other using a systematization of knowledge approach. Furthermore, the authors of this book are in a good position to be able to deliver such a book, as they contributed to this field significantly through numerous fundamental papers.
Trustworthy Internet
by Nicola Blefari-Melazzi Giuseppe Bianchi Luca SalgarelliThis book collects a selection of the papers presented at the 21st International Tyrrhenian Workshop on Digital Communications, organized by CNIT and dedicated this year to the theme "Trustworthy Internet". The workshop provided a lively discussion on the challenges involved in reshaping the Internet into a trustworthy reality, articulated around the Internet by and for People, the Internet of Contents, the Internet of Services and the Internet of Things, supported by the Network Infrastructure foundation. The papers have been revised after the workshop to take account of feedbacks received by the audience. The book also includes: i) an introduction by the Editors, setting the scene and presenting evolution scenarios; ii) five papers written by the session chairmen, reputed scientists, and each dedicated to a facet of the trustworthy Internet vision; iii) a concluding paper, reporting the outcomes of a panel held at the conclusion of the workshop, written by the two keynote speakers.
Trustworthy Machine Learning for Healthcare: First International Workshop, TML4H 2023, Virtual Event, May 4, 2023, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13932)
by Hao Chen Luyang LuoThis book constitutes the proceedings of First International Workshop, TML4H 2023, held virtually, in May 2023.The 16 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 30 submissions. The goal of this workshop is to bring together experts from academia, clinic, and industry with an insightful vision of promoting trustworthy machine learning in healthcare in terms of scalability, accountability, and explainability.
Trustworthy Multimodal Intelligent Systems for Independent Living (Cognitive Technologies)
by Md Zia UddinThis book is an essential guide for anyone interested in how artificial intelligence can enhance the quality of life for individuals who wish to maintain autonomy in their own homes. The author begins by introducing the reader to AI applications in independent living environments, such as smart assisted homes and AI-driven personalization, and thoughtfully explores the ethical challenges involved. With a strong focus on the intersection of technology and human needs, the book provides a detailed roadmap for building intelligent systems that promote safety, independence, and dignity, especially for elderly or vulnerable populations. The author offers both foundational knowledge and critical discussions around the opportunities and limitations of AI when applied to daily life scenarios. A major strength of the book lies in its thorough examination of multimodal systems. Readers are introduced to a rich array of sensor technologies including wearable devices, environmental sensors, vision-based systems, and sound-based inputs. These components are described not only in terms of their individual functionalities but also in how they interact and fuse data to support complex inference tasks. The text walks the reader through system architectures—centralized and distributed—while emphasizing data fusion, synchronization, and real-time versus batch processing. Through practical examples such as fall detection alerts and activity recognition, the book highlights the engineering challenges and solutions involved in building robust, responsive, and user-accepted assistive systems. Ethical deployment, user engagement, long-term maintenance, and family involvement are all addressed in ways that reflect real-world concerns and user diversity. The book also tackles some of the most pressing topics in AI today: data privacy, explainability, and trust. With an entire section dedicated to synthetic data, it explains how artificial data can be used to train effective models while safeguarding user privacy.
Trustworthy Online Controlled Experiments: A Practical Guide to A/B Testing
by Ya Xu Ron Kohavi Diane TangGetting numbers is easy; getting numbers you can trust is hard. This practical guide by experimentation leaders at Google, LinkedIn, and Microsoft will teach you how to accelerate innovation using trustworthy online controlled experiments, or A/B tests. Based on practical experiences at companies that each run more than 20,000 controlled experiments a year, the authors share examples, pitfalls, and advice for students and industry professionals getting started with experiments, plus deeper dives into advanced topics for practitioners who want to improve the way they make data-driven decisions. Learn how to • Use the scientific method to evaluate hypotheses using controlled experiments • Define key metrics and ideally an Overall Evaluation Criterion • Test for trustworthiness of the results and alert experimenters to violated assumptions • Build a scalable platform that lowers the marginal cost of experiments close to zero • Avoid pitfalls like carryover effects and Twyman's law • Understand how statistical issues play out in practice.
Truth and Fake in the Post-Factual Digital Age: Distinctions in the Humanities and IT Sciences
by Peter Klimczak Thomas ZoglauerThe increase in fake news, the growing influence on elections, increasing false reports and targeted disinformation campaigns are not least a consequence of advancing digitalisation. Information technology is needed to put a stop to these undesirable developments. With intelligent algorithms and refined data analysis, fakes must be detected more quickly in the future and their spread prevented. However, in order to meaningfully recognize and filter fakes by means of artificial intelligence, it must be possible to distinguish fakes from facts, facts from fictions, and fictions from fakes. This book therefore also asks questions about the distinctions of fake, factual and fictional. The underlying theories of truth are discussed, and practical-technical ways of differentiating truth from falsity are outlined. By considering the fictional as well as the assumption that information-technical further development can profit from humanities knowledge, the authors hope that content-related, technical and methodological challenges of the present and future can be overcome.
Truth in Our Times: Inside the Fight for Press Freedom in the Age of Alternative Facts
by David E. McCrawDavid E. McCraw recounts his experiences as the top newsroom lawyer for the New York Times during the most turbulent era for journalism in generations.In October 2016, when Donald Trump's lawyer demanded that The New York Times retract an article focused on two women that accused Trump of touching them inappropriately, David McCraw's scathing letter of refusal went viral and he became a hero of press freedom everywhere. But as you'll see in Truth in Our Times, for the top newsroom lawyer at the paper of record, it was just another day at the office.McCraw has worked at the Times since 2002, leading the paper's fight for freedom of information, defending it against libel suits, and providing legal counsel to the reporters breaking the biggest stories of the year. In short: if you've read a controversial story in the paper since the Bush administration, it went across his desk first. From Chelsea Manning's leaks to Trump's tax returns, McCraw is at the center of the paper's decisions about what news is fit to print.In Truth in Our Times, McCraw recounts the hard legal decisions behind the most impactful stories of the last decade with candor and style. The book is simultaneously a rare peek behind the curtain of the celebrated organization, a love letter to freedom of the press, and a decisive rebuttal of Trump's fake news slur through a series of hard cases. It is an absolute must-have for any dedicated reader of The New York Times.
Truth-Seeking in an Age of (SUNY series, Humanities to the Rescue)
by David R. Castillo, Siwei Lyu, Christina Milletti, and Cynthia StewartThe unprecedented spread of false and misleading information is the flip side of the Internet's promise of universal access and information democratization. This volume features original contributions from scholars working on the challenge of misinformation across a wide range of STEM, humanities, and art disciplines. Modeling a collaborative, multidisciplinary "convergence approach," Truth-Seeking in an Age of (Mis)Information Overload is structured in three parts. Part 1, "Misinformation and Artificial Intelligence," confronts the danger of outsourcing judgement and decision-making to AI instruments in key areas of public life, from the processing of loan applications to school funding, policing, and criminal sentencing. Part 2, "Science Communication," foregrounds the need to rethink how scientific findings are communicated to the public, calling on scientists to cooperate with colleagues in other disciplines and community representatives to help minimize the negative effects of mis/disinformation in such vital areas as climate change science and public health. Part 3, "Building Trust," further advocates for and explores instances of trust-building initiatives as a necessary precondition of both community-oriented scholarly activity and effective intervention strategies in high impact areas such as public health.
Tube Ritual: Jumpstart Your Journey to 5000 YouTube Subscribers
by Brian G. JohnsonEverybody begins their YouTube journey from zero.You have to start with no videos, views, or subscribers. Furthermore, more than 400 minutes of content is uploaded to YouTube each minute. To say that it&’s challenging to grow a channel is an understatement! In fact, less than 3% of YouTube channels ever gain more than 10,000 subscribers. Yet, in a one-year period, Brian G Johnson gained 10,623 subscribers and drove over half a million video views. Truly beginning from zero. Brian had no previous YouTube success to draw from and had to learn the myriad of camera settings, editing options, and technical details that often become a roadblock. Furthermore, he did it in a small and competitive niche, the YouTube video marketing niche.How, you ask?By researching, testing, and tweaking various video growth methods over a one-year period in order to identify why the YouTube algorithm promotes one video over another. Ultimately, this led to the creation of a video ritual based on his findings—a series of actions according to a prescribed order. More than a mere guide, Tube Ritual is a one-year case study with the goal being to drive more views and convert more viewers into subscribers. For those already creating videos or who want to in the future, Tube Ritual contains detailed, step-by-step information that plain works. From Branding to thumbnails, video structure, YouTube SEO, video calls to action, playlist strategies, channel strategies and more, Tube Ritual leaves no stone unturned.
Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet
by Andrew Blum“Andrew Blum plunges into the unseen but real ether of the Internet in a journey both compelling and profound….You will never open an email in quite the same way again.”—Tom Vanderbilt, New York Times bestselling author of TrafficWhen your Internet cable leaves your living room, where does it go? Almost everything about our day-to-day lives—and the broader scheme of human culture—can be found on the Internet. But what is it physically? And where is it really? Our mental map of the network is as blank as the map of the ocean that Columbus carried on his first Atlantic voyage. The Internet, its material nuts and bolts, is an unexplored territory. Until now.In Tubes, journalist Andrew Blum goes inside the Internet's physical infrastructure and flips on the lights, revealing an utterly fresh look at the online world we think we know. It is a shockingly tactile realm of unmarked compounds, populated by a special caste of engineer who pieces together our networks by hand; where glass fibers pulse with light and creaky telegraph buildings, tortuously rewired, become communication hubs once again. From the room in Los Angeles where the Internet first flickered to life to the caverns beneath Manhattan where new fiber-optic cable is buried; from the coast of Portugal, where a ten-thousand-mile undersea cable just two thumbs wide connects Europe and Africa, to the wilds of the Pacific Northwest, where Google, Microsoft, and Facebook have built monumental data centers—Blum chronicles the dramatic story of the Internet's development, explains how it all works, and takes the first-ever in-depth look inside its hidden monuments.This is a book about real places on the map: their sounds and smells, their storied pasts, their physical details, and the people who live there. For all the talk of the "placelessness" of our digital age, the Internet is as fixed in real, physical spaces as the railroad or telephone. You can map it and touch it, and you can visit it. Is the Internet in fact "a series of tubes" as Ted Stevens, the late senator from Alaska, once famously described it? How can we know the Internet's possibilities if we don't know its parts?Like Tracy Kidder's classic The Soul of a New Machine or Tom Vanderbilt's recent bestseller Traffic, Tubes combines on-the-ground reporting and lucid explanation into an engaging, mind-bending narrative to help us understand the physical world that underlies our digital lives.
Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet
by Andrew BlumAn engaging, narrative tour behind the scenes of our everyday lives to see the dark beating heart of the Internet itself.We are all connected now. But connected to what, exactly? In Tubes, journalist Andrew Blum takes readers on a fascinating journey to find out.When former Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska famously described the Internet as “a series of tubes,” he seemed hopelessly, foolishly trapped in an old way of knowing the world. But he wasn’t wrong. After all, as Blum writes, the Internet exists: for all the talk of the “placelessness” of our digital age, the Internet is as fixed in real, physical places as any railroad or telephone ever was. It fills enormous buildings, converges in some places and avoids others, and it flows through tubes under ground, up in the air, and under the oceans all over the world. You can map it, you can smell it, and you can even visit it—and that’s just what Blum does in Tubes.From the room in Berkeley where the Internet flickered to life to the busiest streets in Manhattan as new fiber optic cable is laid down; from the coast of Portugal as a 10,000-mile undersea cable just two thumbs’ wide is laid down to connect Europe and West Africa to the wilds of the Pacific Northwest, where Google, Microsoft and Facebook have built monumental data centers—Blum visits them all to chronicle the dramatic story of the Internet’s development, explain how it all works, and capture the spirit of the place/Like Tracy Kidder’s classic The Soul of a New Machine or Tom Vanderbilt’s recent bestseller Traffic, Tubes combines deep reporting and lucid explanation into an engaging quest to understand the everyday world we live in.
Tug of War: Surveillance Capitalism, Military Contracting, and the Rise of the Security State (Carleton Library Series #242)
by Jocelyn WillsSelling Earth observation satellites on their abilities to predict and limit adverse environmental change, politicians, business leaders, the media, and technology enthusiasts have spent sixty years arguing that space exploration can create a more peaceful, prosperous world. Capitalist states have also socialized the risk and privatized the profits of the commercial space industry by convincing taxpayers to fund surveillance technologies as necessary components of sovereignty, freedom, and democracy. Jocelyn Wills’s Tug of War reminds us that colonizing the cosmos has not only accelerated the arms race but also encouraged government contractors to compete for the military and commercial spoils of surveillance. Although Canadians prefer to celebrate their role as purveyors of peaceful space applications, Canada has played a pivotal part in the expansion of neoliberal policies and surveillance networks that now encircle the globe, primarily as a political ally of the United States and component supplier for its military-industrial complex. Tracing the forty-five-year history of Canada’s largest space company – MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) – through the lens of surveillance studies and a trove of oral history transcripts, government documents, trade journals, and other sources, Wills places capitalism’s imperial ambitions squarely at the centre of Canada-US relations and the privatization of the Canadian political economy. Tug of War confronts the mythic lure of technological progress and the ways in which those who profess little interest in war rationalize their leap into military contracting by avoiding the moral and political implications of their work.
Tumblr For Dummies
by Sue JenkinsCreate a Tumblelog and start posting--this fun, portable guide shows you howTumblr may be a microblogging platform, but there's nothing micro about it. There's no limit to what you can post in your blog--from text, photos, and links to audio, video, slideshows, and more. Now you can join the over 28 million Tumblelogs on Tumblr with this handy, portable guide. In the popular, For Dummies, easy-access style, this practical book shows you exactly what to do to get the most out of Tumblr. Set up your account, choose a theme, post from your computer or phone, see how to reblog content, and before you know it, you're off and Tumbling.Guides you in how to join and get the most out of Tumblr Shows you how to set up an account, choose a theme, customize your Tumblelog, and use the dashboard Explains how to follow other Tumblr users and reblog their content, and post from your browser, phone, or email Offers tips, trick, and techniques to make everything easyAll the detail you need to get up and running on this fun microblogging platform is here, in Tumblr For Dummies Portable Edition.
Tumblr®: How David Karp Changed the Way We Blog
by Aurelia JacksonIn the last few years, Tumblr has become one of the most popular social networking websites. Before Tumblr was the company we know today, however, it was just one of David Karp's smaller projects. Learn more about one of the most successful young people working in tech--and how he changed the way people share who they are and what they like. Discover the story behind David Karp's success--and find out what it takes to turn a new company into something amazing.
Tune Up Your PC In A Weekend (In A Weekend Ser.)
by Faithe WempenTachnical downtineAlmost everybody who has a computer wishes it would run better. Perhaps your beef is a game that won't run, a full hard disk, a printer that no longer prints, or some other difficulty. Or maybe your computer just runs sluggishly in general, and you wonder whether there's anything you can do to speed it up.
Tuning the Snowflake Data Cloud: Optimizing Your Data Platform to Minimize Cost and Maximize Performance
by Andrew CarruthersThis project-oriented book presents a hands-on approach to identifying migration and performance issues with experience drawn from real-world examples. As you work through the book, you will develop skills, knowledge, and deep understanding of Snowflake tuning options and capabilities while preparing for later incorporation of additional Snowflake features as they become available. Your Snowflake platform will cost less to run and will improve your customer experience. Written by a seasoned Snowflake practitioner, this book is full of practical, hands-on guidance and advice specifically designed to further accelerate your Snowflake journey. Tuning the Snowflake Data Cloud provides you a pathway to success by equipping you with the skills, knowledge, and expertise needed to elevate your Snowflake experience. The book shows you how to leverage what you already know, adds what you don’t, and helps you apply it toward delivering for your Snowflake accounts. Read this book to embark on a voyage of advancement and equip your organization to deliver consistent Snowflake performance. What You Will Learn Recognize and understand the root cause of performance bottlenecks Know how to resolve performance issues Develop a deep understanding of Snowflake performance tuning options Reduce expensive mistakes, remediate poorly performing code Manage Snowflake costs
Turbo Decoder Architecture for Beyond-4G Applications
by Cheng-Chi Wong Hsie-Chia ChangThis book describes the most recent techniques for turbo decoder implementation, especially for 4G and beyond 4G applications The authors reveal techniques for the design of high-throughput decoders for future telecommunication systems, enabling designers to reduce hardware cost and shorten processing time Coverage includes an explanation of VLSI implementation of the turbo decoder, from basic functional units to advanced parallel architecture. The authors discuss both hardware architecture techniques and experimental results, showing the variations in area/throughput/performance with respect to several techniques. This book also illustrates turbo decoders for 3GPP-LTE/LTE-A and IEEE 802. 16e/m standards, which provide a low-complexity but high-flexibility circuit structure to support these standards in multiple parallel modes. Moreover, some solutions that can overcome the limitation upon the speedup of parallel architecture by modification to turbo codec are presented here. Compared to the traditional designs, these methods can lead to at most 33% gain in throughput with similar performance and similar cost.
Turbo Message Passing Algorithms for Structured Signal Recovery (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Xiaojun Yuan Zhipeng XueThis book takes a comprehensive study on turbo message passing algorithms for structured signal recovery, where the considered structured signals include 1) a sparse vector/matrix (which corresponds to the compressed sensing (CS) problem), 2) a low-rank matrix (which corresponds to the affine rank minimization (ARM) problem), 3) a mixture of a sparse matrix and a low-rank matrix (which corresponds to the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) problem). The book is divided into three parts. First, the authors introduce a turbo message passing algorithm termed denoising-based Turbo-CS (D-Turbo-CS). Second, the authors introduce a turbo message passing (TMP) algorithm for solving the ARM problem. Third, the authors introduce a TMP algorithm for solving the RPCA problem which aims to recover a low-rank matrix and a sparse matrix from their compressed mixture. With this book, we wish to spur new researches on applying message passing to various inference problems. Provides an in depth look into turbo message passing algorithms for structured signal recoveryIncludes efficient iterative algorithmic solutions for inference, optimization, and satisfaction problems through message passingShows applications in areas such as wireless communications and computer vision
Turing Machine Universality of the Game of Life
by Paul RendellThis book presents a proof of universal computation in the Game of Life cellular automaton by using a Turing machine construction. It provides an introduction including background information and an extended review of the literature for Turing Machines, Counter Machines and the relevant patterns in Conway's Game of Life so that the subject matter is accessibly to non specialists. The book contains a description of the author's Turing machine in Conway's Game of Life including an unlimited storage tape provided by growing stack structures and it also presents a fast universal Turing machine designed to allow the working to be demonstrated in a convenient period of time.
Turing's Cathedral
by George Dyson"It is possible to invent a single machine which can be used to compute any computable sequence," twenty-four-year-old Alan Turing announced in 1936. In Turing's Cathedral, George Dyson focuses on a small group of men and women, led by John von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, who built one of the first computers to realize Alan Turing's vision of a Universal Machine. Their work would break the distinction between numbers that mean things and numbers that do things--and our universe would never be the same. Using five kilobytes of memory (the amount allocated to displaying the cursor on a computer desktop of today), they achieved unprecedented success in both weather prediction and nuclear weapons design, while tackling, in their spare time, problems ranging from the evolution of viruses to the evolution of stars. Dyson's account, both historic and prophetic, sheds important new light on how the digital universe exploded in the aftermath of World War II. The proliferation of both codes and machines was paralleled by two historic developments: the decoding of self-replicating sequences in biology and the invention of the hydrogen bomb. It's no coincidence that the most destructive and the most constructive of human inventions appeared at exactly the same time. How did code take over the world? In retracing how Alan Turing's one-dimensional model became John von Neumann's two-dimensional implementation, Turing's Cathedral offers a series of provocative suggestions as to where the digital universe, now fully three-dimensional, may be heading next.
Turing's Legacy: Developments from Turing's Ideas in Logic
by Rod DowneyAlan Turing was an inspirational figure who is now recognised as a genius of modern mathematics. In addition to leading the Allied forces' code-breaking effort at Bletchley Park in World War II, he proposed the theoretical foundations of modern computing and anticipated developments in areas from information theory to computer chess. His ideas have been extraordinarily influential in modern mathematics and this book traces such developments by bringing together essays by leading experts in logic, artificial intelligence, computability theory and related areas. Together, they give insight into this fascinating man, the development of modern logic, and the history of ideas. The articles within cover a diverse selection of topics, such as the development of formal proof, differing views on the Church–Turing thesis, the development of combinatorial group theory, and Turing's work on randomness which foresaw the ideas of algorithmic randomness that would emerge many years later.
Turing's Revolution
by Giovanni Sommaruga Thomas StrahmThis book provides an overview of the confluence of ideas in Turing's era and work and examines the impact of his work on mathematical logic and theoretical computer science. It combines contributions by well-known scientists on the history and philosophy of computability theory as well as on generalised Turing computability. By looking at the roots and at the philosophical and technical influence of Turing's work, it is possible to gather new perspectives and new research topics which might be considered as a continuation of Turing's working ideas well into the 21st century.
Turing's Vision: How AI is Shaping the World
by Pietro Perconti Alessio PlebeChat-GPT, humanoid robotics, and self-driving cars are just a few of the things that are changing our everyday lives. The rapid advancement of AI is eroding one by one all the cornerstones considered unique of human nature: language, consciousness, creativity, and moral responsibility. The book argues that the revolution we are facing is driven by Alan Turing's "vision". This vision rests on the idea that intelligence is not an intrinsic property of human beings, but is a way in which matter is functionally organized and an attribute we are naturally inclined to ascribe to certain entities. For decades we have pretended that this idea does not have the corrosive power that it actually does, perhaps more so than the Copernican and Darwinian revolutions. But now, given the achievements of new forms of computing based on deep learning and predictive coding, the most common intuitions can no longer avoid the dangerous Turing idea.The book is intended for scholars, researchers, and readers intrigued by the intersections across disciplines interested in understanding the philosophical, ethical, and social implications of Artificial Intelligence and its impact on human nature.
Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science
by Chris BernhardtIn 1936, when he was just twenty-four years old, Alan Turing wrote a remarkable paper in which he outlined the theory of computation, laying out the ideas that underlie all modern computers. This groundbreaking and powerful theory now forms the basis of computer science. In Turing's Vision, Chris Bernhardt explains the theory, Turing's most important contribution, for the general reader. Bernhardt argues that the strength of Turing's theory is its simplicity, and that, explained in a straightforward manner, it is eminently understandable by the nonspecialist. As Marvin Minsky writes, "The sheer simplicity of the theory's foundation and extraordinary short path from this foundation to its logical and surprising conclusions give the theory a mathematical beauty that alone guarantees it a permanent place in computer theory." Bernhardt begins with the foundation and systematically builds to the surprising conclusions. He also views Turing's theory in the context of mathematical history, other views of computation (including those of Alonzo Church), Turing's later work, and the birth of the modern computer.In the paper, "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem," Turing thinks carefully about how humans perform computation, breaking it down into a sequence of steps, and then constructs theoretical machines capable of performing each step. Turing wanted to show that there were problems that were beyond any computer's ability to solve; in particular, he wanted to find a decision problem that he could prove was undecidable. To explain Turing's ideas, Bernhardt examines three well-known decision problems to explore the concept of undecidability; investigates theoretical computing machines, including Turing machines; explains universal machines; and proves that certain problems are undecidable, including Turing's problem concerning computable numbers.
Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science
by Chris BernhardtTuring's fascinating and remarkable theory, which now forms the basis of computer science, explained for the general reader.In 1936, when he was just twenty-four years old, Alan Turing wrote a remarkable paper in which he outlined the theory of computation, laying out the ideas that underlie all modern computers. This groundbreaking and powerful theory now forms the basis of computer science. In Turing's Vision, Chris Bernhardt explains the theory, Turing's most important contribution, for the general reader. Bernhardt argues that the strength of Turing's theory is its simplicity, and that, explained in a straightforward manner, it is eminently understandable by the nonspecialist. As Marvin Minsky writes, “The sheer simplicity of the theory's foundation and extraordinary short path from this foundation to its logical and surprising conclusions give the theory a mathematical beauty that alone guarantees it a permanent place in computer theory.” Bernhardt begins with the foundation and systematically builds to the surprising conclusions. He also views Turing's theory in the context of mathematical history, other views of computation (including those of Alonzo Church), Turing's later work, and the birth of the modern computer.In the paper, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” Turing thinks carefully about how humans perform computation, breaking it down into a sequence of steps, and then constructs theoretical machines capable of performing each step. Turing wanted to show that there were problems that were beyond any computer's ability to solve; in particular, he wanted to find a decision problem that he could prove was undecidable. To explain Turing's ideas, Bernhardt examines three well-known decision problems to explore the concept of undecidability; investigates theoretical computing machines, including Turing machines; explains universal machines; and proves that certain problems are undecidable, including Turing's problem concerning computable numbers.