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Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions
by Frank Flechtner Nico Sneeuw Wolf-Dieter SchuhSignificant advances in the scientific use of space based data were achieved in three joint interdisciplinary projects based on data of the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE within the R&D program GEOTECHNOLOGIEN. It was possible to explore and monitor changes related to the Earth's surface, the boundary layer between atmosphere and solid earth, and the oceans and ice shields. This boundary layer is our habitat and therefore is in the focus of our interests. The Earth's surface is subject to anthropogenetic changes, to changes driven by the Sun, Moon and planets, and by changes caused by processes in the Earth system. The state parameters and their changes are best monitored from space. The theme "Observation of the System Earth from Space" offers comprehensive insights into a broad range of research topics relevant to society including geodesy, oceanography, atmospheric science (from meteorology to climatology), hydrology and glaciology.
Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges (Springer Theses)
by Yuuki WadaThis book presents the first simultaneous detection of neutrons and positrons after a terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF), a highest-energy transient phenomenon on the earth, triggered by a lightning discharge, based on innovative ground-based observations made in the Hokuriku area of Japan. TGFs, known to be produced by lightning discharges since the 1990s, has been theoretically predicted to react with atmospheric nuclei via photonuclear reactions because they comprise high-energy photons of more than 10 MeV, but such photonuclear reactions by lightning discharges, which produce neutrons and unstable isotopes emitting positrons, were not observationally confirmed. The reactions and propagations of their products in the atmosphere are modeled with Monte Carlo simulations to quantitatively evaluate observations of TGFs, neutrons, and positrons at ground level. The successful comparison between observation and simulation is presented, and demonstrates that lightning discharges to trigger photonuclear reactions and to even produce isotopes in the atmosphere.
Observations on the Alewife, Pomolobus Pseudoharengus (University of Toronto Biological Series #6)
by Joseph J. GrahamThe major study in this investigation was one of growth and form, carried out to evaluate differences in growth rates and body proportions between landlocked Lake Ontario and the anadromous Atlantic alewives. Particular attention was also given to the nature of the annual mortality that is characteristic of P. pseudoharengus in Lake Ontario.
Observations, Modeling and Systems Analysis in Geomagnetic Data Interpretation
by Alexei Gvishiani Anatoly SolovievGeomagnetic field penetrates through all shells of the solid Earth, hydrosphere and atmosphere, spreading into space. The Earth Magnetic Field plays a key-role in major natural processes. Geomagnetic field variations in time and space provide important information about the state of the solid Earth, as well as the solar-terrestrial relationships and space weather conditions. The monograph presents a set of fundamental and, at the same time, urgent scientific problems of modern geomagnetic studies, as well as describes the results of the authors’ developments. The new technique introduced in the book can be applied far beyond the limits of Earth sciences. Requirements to corresponding data models are formulated. The conducted experimental investigations are combined with development and implementation of new methods of mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence, systems analysis and data science to solve the fundamental problems of geomagnetism. At that, formalism of Big Data and its application to Earth Sciences is presented as essential part of systems analysis. The book is intended for research scientists, tutors, students, postgraduate students and engineers working in geomagnetism and Earth sciences in general, as well as in other relevant scientific disciplines.
Observed Climate Variability and Change over the Indian Region
by M. N. Rajeevan Shailesh NayakThe objective of the book is to make a comprehensive documentation of the observed variability and change of the regional climate system over the Indian region using the past observed data. The book addresses all the important parameters of regional climate system so that a physically consistent view of the changes of the climate system is documented. The book contains 16 chapters written by the subject experts from different academic and research institutes in India. The book addresses all important components/parameters of the climate system, like rainfall, temperature, humidity, clouds, moisture, sea surface temperature and ocean heat content, sea level, glaciers and snow cover, tropical cyclones and monsoon depressions, extreme rainfall and rainstorms, heat waves and cold waves, meteorological droughts, aerosols, atmospheric aerosols, ozone and trace gases and atmospheric radiative fluxes. One chapter deals with the past monsoon using monsoon proxy data. The last chapter deals with the future climate change projections over the Indian region (rainfall and temperature) made using coupled climate models. Most of the analyses (especially on rainfall, temperature, extreme rainfall, sea surface temperature, meteorological droughts) are based on the data for a longer period of 110 years, 1901-2010. For some other parameters like moisture, clouds, heat waves and cold waves, atmospheric aerosols, ozone and trace gases and radiative fluxes, data of shorter period have been used. The articles documented inter-annual and decadal variability in addition to documenting long term trends of different parameters. The trends have been tested for statistical significance using standard techniques. It is expected that the present book will be an excellent reference material for researchers as well as for policy makers. These results will be useful in interpreting future climate change scenarios over the region being projected using coupled climate models. Further analysis of these results is required for attributing the observed variability and change to natural and anthropogenic activities.
Observers of the Aurora Borealis in Europe: Journey into the Learned World of the Enlightenment
by Eric ChassefiereThe spectacular reappearance of the aurora borealis at the beginning of the 18th century, often observed simultaneously from different observatories in Europe, mobilized and federated a large community of astronomers on a European scale. It encouraged them to communicate the results of their observations and, in compiling exhaustive catalogs of information, has helped to establish a system of the aurora borealis that can be further studied in the future, according to the experimental method inherited from the previous century. This book is dedicated to some of the main aurora observers in Europe and to the human, institutional and philosophical context in which they evolved in the first half of the 18th century. Its reading should be seen as a retrospective journey through the scholarly world of the Enlightenment, during which the same scholars are frequently encountered and reencountered, yet each time in different contexts, or from different angles, with the aim of compiling an account of the swarming of ideas and encounters that constituted the development of experimental science in this pivotal period.
Observing Global Climate Change
by Arthur P. Cracknell Kyrill Ya KondratyevThis collaborative book aims to offer a comprehensive introduction to global climate, the way it is currently changing, the role of earth, air and satellite observation and monitoring, and subsequent climate modelling. It focuses on the interaction between natural and anthropogenic human- made change factors. The book emphasizes the importance of capturing climatic data and the use of that data in computer-based climatic modelling.
Observing God's World
by Abeka BooksObserving God's World, is a Science by Abeka, for homeschooling, or schools to use for 6th grade studies.
Observing Weather And Climate From The Ground Up: Nationwide Network Of Networks
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesDetailed weather observations on local and regional levels are essential to a range of needs from forecasting tornadoes to making decisions that affect energy security, public health and safety, transportation, agriculture and all of our economic interests. As technological capabilities have become increasingly affordable, businesses, state and local governments, and individual weather enthusiasts have set up observing systems throughout the United States. However, because there is no national network tying many of these systems together, data collection methods are inconsistent and public accessibility is limited. This book identifies short-term and long-term goals for federal government sponsors and other public and private partners in establishing a coordinated nationwide "network of networks" of weather and climate observations.
Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication (Advances in Volcanology)
by Carina J. Fearnley Deanne K. Bird Katharine Haynes William J. McGuire Gill JollyThis open access book provides a comprehensive overview of volcanic crisis research, the goal being to establish ways of successfully applying volcanology in practice and to identify areas that need to be addressed for future progress. It shows how volcano crises are managed in practice, and helps to establish best practices. Consequently the book brings together authors from all over the globe who work with volcanoes, ranging from observatory volcanologists, disaster practitioners and government officials to NGO-based and government practitioners to address three key aspects of volcanic crises. First, the book explores the unique nature of volcanic hazards, which makes them a particularly challenging threat to forecast and manage, due in part to their varying spatial and temporal characteristics. Second, it presents lessons learned on how to best manage volcanic events based on a number of crises that have shaped our understanding of volcanic hazards and crises management. Third, it discusses the diverse and wide-ranging aspects of communication involved in crises, which merge old practices and new technologies to accommodate an increasingly challenging and globalised world. The information and insights presented here are essential to tapping established knowledge, moving towards more robust volcanic crises management, and understanding how the volcanic world is perceived from a range of standpoints and contexts around the globe.
Ocala National Forest (Images of America)
by Dr Rob Norman Gene GallantThe Ocala National Forest, founded on November 24, 1908, by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, is the oldest national forest in the eastern continental United States. The forest is one of Central Florida's last remaining expanses of forested lands with magnificent palms, towering live oaks, and the largest sand pine scrub population in the world. The Ocala National Forest contains major springs, including Salt Springs, Silver Glen, Alexander, and Juniper Run. In addition to several wilderness areas for visitors seeking primitive conditions and solitude, the forest has visitor centers, nature trails, and a section of the Florida Trail. Images of America: Ocala National Forest is filled with fascinating stories and exciting facts on the history of the steamboats, logging, trails, movie sets (including The Yearling, based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings), Cracker cowboys, modern conservation efforts, and more.
Occupant-Centric Simulation-Aided Building Design: Theory, Application, and Case Studies
by William O’Brien Farhang TahmasebiOccupant-Centric Simulation-Aided Building Design promotes occupants as a focal point for the design process. This resource for established and emerging building designers and researchers provides theoretical and practical means to restore occupants and their needs to the heart of the design process. Helmed by leaders of the International Energy Agency Annex 79, this edited volume features contributions from a multi-disciplinary, globally recognized team of scholars and practitioners. Chapters on the indoor environment and human factors introduce the principles of occupant-centric design while chapters on selecting and applying models provide a thorough grounding in simulation-aided building design practice. A final chapter assembling detailed case studies puts the lessons of the preceding chapters into real-world context. In fulfillment of the International Energy Agency’s mission of disseminating research on secure and sustainable energy to all, Occupant-Centric Simulation-Aided Building Design is available as an Open Access Gold title. With a balance of fundamentals and design process guidelines, Occupant-Centric Simulation-Aided Building Design reorients the building design community toward buildings that recognize and serve diverse occupant needs, while aiming for superior environmental performance, based on the latest science and methods.
Occupational Health and Workplace Monitoring at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities
by National Research CouncilThe National Academies Press (NAP)--publisher for the National Academies--publishes more than 200 books a year offering the most authoritative views, definitive information, and groundbreaking recommendations on a wide range of topics in science, engineering, and health. Our books are unique in that they are authored by the nation's leading experts in every scientific field.
Occupy World Street: A Global Roadmap for Radical Economic and Political Reform
by Ross JacksonOrdinary citizens the world over have long paid the price for the swashbuckling behavior of the corporate and political elite. We've seen the reigning establishment widen the gap between rich and poor, champion endless growth on a finite planet, wreak havoc on developing nations, and ravage ecosystems in a mad race for natural resources.Now, as demonstrators worldwide demand change, Occupy World Street offers a sweeping vision of how to reform our global economic and political structures, break away from empire, and build a world of self-determining sovereign states that respect the need for ecological sustainability and uphold human rights.In this refreshingly detailed plan, Ross Jackson shows how a handful of small nations could take on a leadership role; create new alliances, new governance, and new global institutions; and, in cooperation with grassroots activists, pave the way for other nations to follow suit.
Occurence & Distribution of Selenium
by Milan IhnatA comprehensive and critical assessment of selenium levels in both natural and man-made materials and systems is presented in this publication. The book begins with a treatment of the chemistry and analytical chemistry of the element and an important discussion of the status and reliability of analytical data together with the approach to be followed in extracting, managing and presenting the information. An in-depth treatment of selenium is arranged according to groupings of the different materials and systems. Each chapter discusses the occurrence of selenium in and distribution among components of the specified system. Additionally, easy reference compilations of concentration data based on critical assessment of the selenium literature are provided, along with a comprehensive listing of the pertinent literature. The book concludes with chapters on the biogeochemistry of selenium in natural systems. Throughout, consideration is given to both total selenium and its compounds.
Ocean (DK Eyewitness)
by DKImmense shoals of barracuda, forests of giant kelp, and the world&’s largest volcano – these are just a few of the majestic sights in the world&’s oceans.Our seas are by far the largest habitat on Earth and are home to an astonishing 90 percent of the world&’s biodiversity. Life itself began in the oceans and has proliferated to include innumerable numbers of marine species, from single-celled archaea to giant manta rays, sea turtles, and blue whales.Ocean is your guide to this most mysterious part of the natural world. It explores the geography of the oceans, which includes volcanoes forming a "Ring of Fire", trenches 10 km (6 miles) deep, hydrothermal vents, ice shelves, and hundreds of sea mountains and even waterfalls. This stunning and comprehensive book unveils how the underwater world operates: its tidal rhythms, currents, tsunamis, and typhoons. It also showcases some of the most beautiful and diverse marine flora, including seaweeds such as limey petticoats, giant kelp, and oyster thief, as well as coastal fish and marine creatures such as the lanternfish, adapted to live in the remotest part of the ocean&’s depths.Ocean captures the beauty and scientific complexity of this vital habitat and at a time when global warming poses a real threat, it is essential reading for everyone interested in marine conservation.
Ocean - The Secret of Planet Earth
by Carlos M. DuarteThe ocean characterises planet Earth and differentiates it from the more than 5000 known planets. It is also the habitat where life emerged as a singularity in the universe. However, we know less about the oceans than we do about some remote planets such as Mars.This book provides basic facts for understanding the oceans, their properties and their importance to mankind through the ages. The long relationship between the ocean and humanity, which permeates all areas of our culture, is at a crossroads where human activity is profoundly affecting its functioning and the integrity of marine ecosystems. However, the intelligent and rational use of the ocean holds, in large part, the key to providing the resources needed to sustain our quality of life in the future. Unlocking, through scientific research, the secrets that the ocean still holds is an essential challenge for humanity. This book informs the reader about all these aspects of the ocean through a text that combines scientific rigour with personal reflections based on the author's own experiences, dedicated to exploring and learning more about the ocean.
Ocean Acidification
by Research Committee on the Development of an Integrated Science Strategy for Ocean Acidification Monitoring Impacts AssessmentOver recent years, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide gas emitted to the atmosphere--and the amount that dissolves into the ocean. Now, so much carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the ocean that the chemistry of seawater is changing, causing the ocean to become more acidic. Based on a National Research Council report, this booklet describes the well-understood chemistry of ocean acidification and explores the many questions that remain: How will ocean acidification impact marine life such as fish, corals, and shellfish? How will the effects on individual species scale up to whole ecosystems? What will ocean acidification mean for aquaculture, the fishing industry, and coastal tourism?
Ocean Acoustics (Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment)
by Konstantin Pokazeev Anatoly Kistovich Tatiana ChaplinaThis book presents a comprehensive overview of hydroacoustics and describes the physical basis of acoustic processes observed in the sea. In addition, it discusses the basic concepts and provides simplified models of sound propagation and acoustic phenomena at the boundary between environments. Lastly, the book examines in detail a number of applications of ocean acoustics and methods. The ocean is the last reserve of natural resources. It is also an essential element in the biosphere, ensuring the latter’s balance, and plays a pivotal role in the Earth’s climate system and global warming. Consequently, studying the ocean is one of humankind’s most critical scientific tasks, but penetrating its mysteries is no mean feat. Acoustics (hydroacoustics) is one of the most powerful tools for examining the water layer and beyond, since sound waves are the only type of radiation that can propagate over distances of hundreds and even thousands of kilometers in the ocean.This unique resource appeals to specialists working in the fields of ocean and atmosphere physics, students and postgraduate students studying sea physics and oceanology, and anyone who is interested in the problems the ocean is currently facing.
Ocean Activities for Kids: 20 Hands-On Projects to Explore the Sea (Science Scouts)
by Laura PetrusicInspire kids to explore like a scientist with an illustrated ocean activity guide for ages 8 to 12.Calling all ocean lovers: Are you ready to think like a scientist and adventure like an explorer? This fun and interactive guide shows you how to discover the seas with an active mind for learning. Travel down into the depths with 20 lessons and 20 activities that show you how different parts of the ocean work together, and explore all the unbelievable things the ocean does, such as moving with the moon, changing the shape of shorelines, and providing a home to millions of amazing creatures!Explore and play—See ocean science in action with fun experiments such as creating a tide pool, dissolving the earth's crust, simulating how jellyfish release their venom, and so much more.The 5 Science Scout skills—Practice the key skills that scientists and explorers use to discover the world as you Observe, Ask, Imagine, Test, and Reflect.Start an ocean journal—Use the journal pages and writing prompts to record your ideas and observations as you try the experiments—or create some marine memories if you visit the ocean yourself!Introduce curious kids to marine science and exploration with Ocean Activities for Kids—part of the Science Scouts series!
Ocean Ambient Noise
by Richard B. Evans William M. CareyThis monograph develops the theory of noise mechanisms and measurements, and describes general noise characteristics and computational methods. The vast ambient noise literature is concisely summarized using theory combined with key representative results. The air sea boundary interaction zone is described in terms of nondimensional variables requisite for future experiments. Noise field coherency, rare directional measurements, and unique basin scale computations and methods are presented. The use of satellite measurements in these basin scale models is demonstrated. A series of appendices provides in-depth mathematical treatments which will be of interest to graduate students and active researchers.
Ocean Anatomy Activities for Kids: Fun, Hands-On Learning (Anatomy Activities for Kids)
by Laura PetrusicExplore like a scientist with this illustrated ocean guide for kids ages 8 to 12 Dive into the big blue sea with Ocean Anatomy Activities for Kids! Travel around the world and down into the deep with illustrations and diagrams that show you how the different parts of the ocean work together. As you read about our amazing aquatic universe, you'll learn how to think like a marine scientist. Ocean Anatomy Activities for Kids goes beyond other marine biology books with: The world underwater—Discover 20 lessons that teach you about everything from kelp forests to coral reefs. Awesome activities—See ocean science in action with fun experiments like creating mini ocean currents and finding out what makes fish float. Your own ocean journal—Answer cool questions after each activity to figure out even more about what makes the ocean so special. Learn all about marine life as you journey the seas with this colorful kids' guide to ocean anatomy.
Ocean Animals and Their Ecosystems: A Nature Reference Book for Kids
by Erica ColónMeet marine animals and their ecosystems—a book of ocean exploration for kids 8 to 12The ocean covers 71 percent of the Earth's surface—and it's swimming with wild and beautiful marine animals. Packed with beautiful photos and interesting facts, this guide goes beyond other nature books for kids, taking you under the sea and into the homes of incredible ocean dwellers.This guide takes you into vibrant coral reefs, jagged coastlines, and icy polar regions. You'll explore how each ecosystem has changed, discover amazing ocean animals through exciting photos, and learn how a rich biodiversity contributes to a healthy ecosystem.This standout among nature books for kids includes:Packed with ocean animals—From powerful sharks to smart octopuses to fascinating deep sea creatures, swim with ocean animals and get to know them through fun facts, such as their diet, lifespan, and weight.Into the deep—Dive deeper than other nature books for kids with in-depth looks at the world's oceans, their ecosystems, and their habitats.Stunning photographs—Vivid, big, colorful photographs not found in other nature books for kids give you an up-close look at these wonderful marine animals and their environment.If you're looking for nature books for kids but aren't sure where to start, this guide will let you swim with and save our marine friends!
Ocean Animals for Kids: A Junior Scientist's Guide to Whales, Sharks, and Other Marine Life (Junior Scientists)
by Bethanie Hestermann Josh HestermannExplore the big world under the waves with the Junior Scientists series for kids ages 6 to 9 The oceans are full of creatures that are beautiful and strange. Whether you're a fan of sharks, snakes, penguins, or polar bears, Ocean Animals for Kids is full of fascinating critters to meet! Get ready to learn all about the mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and invertebrates that call the ocean home.Dive deeper than other ocean books for kids with:Animal profiles—Take a look at dozens of marine species, from sea spiders to sponges, and find out where they live, what they eat, and more!An intro to marine science—This standout among ocean books for kids investigates currents, tides, climate, and what's hiding in the deepest, darkest parts of the ocean.Fun facts—Jump into the best in ocean books for kids and find out which sea-dwellers can open jars, who has pink poop, and what happens when marine iguanas sneeze!See what's happening underwater with this exciting entry into ocean books for kids.
Ocean Circulation
by John C. Chiang Andreas Schmittner Sidney R. HemmingPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 173.The ocean's meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is a key factor in climate change. <P><P>The Atlantic MOC, in particular, is believed to play an active role in the regional and global climate variability. It is associated with the recent debate on rapid climate change, the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation (AMO), global warming, and Atlantic hurricanes.This is the first book to deal with all aspects of the ocean's large-scale meridional overturning circulation, and is a coherent presentation, from a mechanistic point of view, of our current understanding of paleo, present-day, and future variability and change. It presents the current state of the science by bringing together the world's leading experts in physical, chemical, and biological oceanography, marine geology, geochemistry, paleoceanography, and climate modeling. A mix of overview and research papers makes this volume suitable not only for experts in the field, but also for students and anyone interested in climate change and the oceans.