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Strategies for National Sustainable Development: A Handbook for their Planning and Implementation (Sustainable Development Set #8)
by Barry Dalal-Clayton Stephen Bass Robert Prescott-Allen Jeremy Carew-ReidThe IUCN Strategies for Sustainable Development Handbook Series This handbook is one in a series being produced by IUCN and its partners to assist countries and communities implement Agenda 21, the action programme of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The series will include handbooks on national strategies for sustainable development, local strategies, assessing progress towards sustainability, biodiversity action plans, .involving indigenous peoples, and on integrating population and resource use planning; and regular companion volumes of case studies addressing the key issues of concern to strategy implementation. Many international agreements and action plans now call for countries to undertake national strategies. These strategies seek to involve communities in united approaches to sustainable development. Some are sectoral, such as tropical forest strategies, others are thematic, covering topics such as biodiversity, education or climate change. Still others, such as national conservation strategies and national environment action plans, are evolving to become more comprehensive processes, drawing together economic, social and environmental development actions. This handbook is for people involved in strategies. It draws on experiences in different regions of the world to present options and examples of the role of strategies in sustainable development. Originally published in 1995
Strategies for Rapid Climate Mitigation: Wartime mobilisation as a model for action? (Routledge Advances in Climate Change Research)
by Laurence L DelinaTo keep the global average temperature from rising further than 2°C, emissions must peak soon and then fall steeply. This book examines how such rapid mitigation can proceed – in the scale and speed required for effective climate action – using an analogy provided by the mobilisation for a war that encompassed nations, the Second World War. Strategies for Rapid Climate Mitigation examines the wartime-climate analogy by drawing lessons from wartime mobilisations to develop contingency plans for a scenario where governments implement stringent mitigation programs as an ‘insurance policy’ where we pay for future benefits. Readers are provided a picture of how these programs could look, how they would work, what could trigger them, and the challenges in execution. The book analyses in detail one plausible approach to a crucial issue – an approach built upon knowledge of climate science and on proven and demonstrated mitigation measures. The book is meshed with a social and political analysis that draws upon narratives of mobilisations during the war to meet a transnational threat, while also addressing the shortcomings of the analogy and its strategies. The book will be of great interest to scholars, students, and practitioners of public policy, climate policy, energy policy, international relations, and strategic studies.
Strategies for Responsible Innovation: Perspectives, Projects, and Tools for Co-creating the Future We Want
by André Martinuzzi Alexander Graf Florian FindlerHow can responsible business work in the highly competitive areas of innovation? Focusing on business opportunities and illustrating how Responsible Innovation can be successfully implemented in practice, this book captures experiences and insights from key decision‑makers in business, politics, and academia, to answer this question. In addition to interviews with leading thinkers in the field, Strategies for Responsible Innovation describes the experiences of eight EU projects and provides tools for Responsible Innovation in the business sector.The examples in this book illustrate how to move from a vague societal aspiration to a business case for Responsible Innovation, and provide a compelling argument for collaboration at the important intersection between government, business, and academia. In this way, Responsible Innovation transcends a singular market-based approach to deliver value at many levels, co-creating in a truly inclusive manner. The book sheds light on the strategic benefits of applying the concept of Responsible Innovation in practice and offers concrete tools for its implementation.Aimed primarily at managers of innovation processes in organizations, and consultants and facilitators working on Responsible Innovation and sustainability management, the book also provides insight into the logic and principles of Responsible Innovation management for academics, policy-makers, and civil society organizations, helping them better communicate their requirements to business.
Strategies for Sustainability: Asia (Sustainable Development Set #10)
by Jeremy Carew-ReidIUCN – The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948 The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse' range of non-governmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 800 members in all, spread across some 136 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. The Strategies for Sustainability Programme The Strategies for Sustainability Programme of IUCN works to strengthen strategic planning, policy and implementation skills aimed at sustainable development at global, national and local levels. Working with Networks of strategy practitioners from member governments, partner institutions and NGOs, the Programme assists in the conceptual development and analysis of experience in strategies, the development of a range of strategic planning and action planning skills, and improved methods of assessing human and ecosystem well being. Originally published in 1996, the case studies in this volume were prepared by members of the IUCN/CESP Working Group of Strategies for Sustainability in Asia, including individuals who have been closely involved in the development and implementation of the strategies, and who are from the country concerned.
Strategies for Sustainability: Latin America (Sustainable Development Set #11)
by Arturo OrnatIUCN- The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948 The World Conservation Union brings together States government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership over 800 members in all, spread across some 136 countries. As a Union IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources to equitable and ecological sustainable. The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, Networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. The Strategies For Sustainability Programme. The Strategies For Sustainably Program of IUCN works to strengthen strategic planning, policy and implementation skills aimed at sustainability development at global, national and local levels. Working with networks of strategy practitioners from member governments, partner institutions and NGOs the programme assists in the conceptual development and analysis of experience of strategies, the development of a range of strategic planning and action planning skills and improved methods of assessing human and ecosystem well being. Originally published in 1996
Strategies for Sustainability: Africa (Sustainable Development Set #9)
by Adrian WoodThe World Conservation Union, Founded in 1948, brings together States government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership over 800 members in all, spread across some 136 countries. As a Union IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources to equitable and ecological sustainable. The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, Networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. The Strategies For Sustainably Program of IUCN works to strengthen strategic planning, policy and implementation skills aimed at sustainability development at global, national and local levels. Working with networks of strategy practitioners from member governments, partner institutions and NGOs the programme assists in the conceptual development and analysis of experience of strategies, the development of a range of strategic planning and action planning skills and improved methods of assessing human and ecosystem well being. This volume, originally published in 1996, reviews more than a decadeof experience for sustainability in 12 African countries. These countries provide examples of very different approaches to strategy development and implementation. Many have been involved in the development of the National Environmental Action Plans (NEAPs) at the request of the World Bank. Other countries have developed their strategies independently, or have prepared National Conservation Strategies withe support from the IUCN.
Strategies for Symbiotic Urban Neighbourhoods
by Suren Erkman Emmanuel Rey Sophie LufkinUtilizing the results of a case study on the Gare-Lac sector in the city of Yverdon-les-Bains - the site is currently a large urban brownfield, intended to host ca. 3,800 additional inhabitants and 1,200 jobs upon completion - this work examines how to design attractive urban neighbourhoods that generate endogenous economic activity and foster socio-cultural dynamics, while moving towards local energy self-sufficiency. Exploring the different dimensions influencing energy self-sufficiency at the neighbourhood scale by integrating parameters related to buildings, infrastructure, mobility, food, goods and services, the work focuses on three scenarios (technological, behavioural and symbiotic) for the future development of this neighbourhood through 2035. The scenarios test different design strategies related to industrial symbioses, production, storage, transportation, and urban agriculture.
Strategies for the Circular Economy: Circular Districts and Networks (Routledge-Giappichelli Studies in Business and Management)
by Pietro De Giovanni Pierroberto FolgieroThis book illustrates two approaches for firms to shape successful circular strategies, namely, the Circular Economy and Circular Districts. The former considers firms’ challenges when turning theoretical circular models into practice. Thus, it discusses the opportunities and difficulties in reshaping corporate strategies by reflecting on circular economy principles. The latter approach plays a new role within the new economy systems and this book conceptualizes and operationalizes its definition. The circular district can represent an effective way to accelerate the energy transition process by developing industrial collaborations and exploiting technology synergies to enhance circularity and achieve economic, environmental, and social targets. The book highlights how firms should adjust their strategic thinking, redesign their network of relationships, and reconsider the value creation process when the circular economy is a concrete option. Furthermore, it examines the evolution from circular economy to circular districts by revealing the motivations that push firms and supply chains to redesign their strategies by considering the perspective of a circular district. The book ends by analyzing business experiences in these two areas and proposes advancements for both the scientific community and the business world. The book offers a blend of theoretical frameworks and practical applications and will be of particular interest to scholars in the fields of sustainable operations, closed-loop supply chain, green supply chain management, and circular supply chains. Also, the operationalization of the concept of circular districts, offers a genuine and original theoretical contribution, thus targeting students from Executive programs, MBA programs, and PhD programs. The book will also attract managers, practitioners and professionals interested in real-world cases and experiences as well as practical developments in the domain.
Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy
by Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente Oana M. Driha Muhammad ShahbazThis book provides an in-depth analysis of and discussion about the relationship between green tourism, economic growth and globalization. It explores numerous topics relating to tourism including transport efficiency, foreign direct investment, clean energy, climate change dynamics and advances in sustainable tourism management. The book begins with discussion of sustainable tourism and economic growth, particularly focusing on management strategies. It then presents the relationship between energy use and tourism, looking at green energy and energy shock. It then discusses transport efficiency, tourism efficiency and financial growth in both developed and developing countries. This book is of interest to researchers, policymakers, and postgraduate students in the areas of energy, environmental and tourism economics.
Strategies Towards the New Sustainability Paradigm
by Odile Schwarz-Herion Abdelnaser OmranOn a historical global turning point, this book offers a thorough exploration of the "New Sustainability Paradigm", originally developed by the Global Scenario Group (GSG) of the Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI) as a starting point for analyzing real-life transitions and transformations. 11 contributors from 5 continents present detailed analyses of economic and political transitions in Western and Eastern Europe, the USA, the Middle East, and in Asia, discussing the role of different players in the implementation of the New Sustainability Paradigm. Part I offers an overview of the six scenarios developed by the GSG and a short discussion of significant papers published by the Great Transition Initiative (GTI) of the Tellus Institute. Next come examples of dramatic historical and current transitions in Western Europe, the USA, Eastern Europe, the Middle East (Arabian Spring), and Asia, as well as an analysis of the potential of humankind to manage a great transition to the new sustainability paradigm. Subsequent chapters highlight the role of culture and education and review the role of different players for the implementation of the new sustainability paradigm. The focus of Part II is on the ecological pillar of Sustainability. The discussion includes urgent ecological problems including climate engineering, eco-criminality, bioterrorism, biodiversity protection, water, energy, and food security. Part III deals with needed innovations in sustainable waste management and sustainable city architecture, especially big cities in developing and threshold countries, where a significant part of the world population is concentrated. The fourth and final section offers an analysis of insights developed throughout the book, and outlines recommendations for the implementation of the New Sustainability Paradigm by civil society, grass-root movements, scholars, politically neutral NGOs, sincere media players, and by open-minded and enlightened politicians to manage and steer the Great Transition towards sustainable global democracy.
Strategisches Management der Nachhaltigkeit: Eine praxisorientierte Methode für Unternehmen am Beispiel der SDGs (SDG - Forschung, Konzepte, Lösungsansätze zur Nachhaltigkeit)
by Robert Bodenstein Josef HergetDieses Buch setzt sich mit der konkreten Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien in Unternehmen auseinander. Damit die Strategie wirkungsvoll umgesetzt werden kann, wurde eine modellbasierte Methode entwickelt, die einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz ermöglicht, ohne dass die Komplexität den Blick für das Wesentliche verstellt. Das vorgeschlagene Konzept der Nachhaltigkeits-Exzellenz stellt eine Vorgehensweise zur Verfügung, die sowohl Herausforderungen in großen Unternehmen als auch begrenzte Ressourcen in kleinen Unternehmen berücksichtigt. Die entwickelte Methode eignet sich für alle gewählten Konzepte zur Nachhaltigkeit. Die praktische Umsetzung der vorgestellten Methode wird am Beispiel der Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) der Vereinten Nationen (UN) konkret dargestellt. Die Integration der Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie in die Unternehmenskultur erhält eine besondere Betrachtung. Abgerundet wird das Werk mit zahlreichen Checklisten sowie Hintergrundinformationen zu Chancen und Risiken des Managements von Nachhaltigkeit in Unternehmen. Das Buch richtet sich an Manager, Eigentümer, Berater und alle, die an Strategien zur Nachhaltigkeit in Unternehmen interessiert sind.
Strategizing Agricultural Management for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
by Suhaib A. BandhThis volume aims to raise awareness and stimulate research on how agricultural management could help to mitigate climate change impacts, and focuses on technical progressions and innovations in climate change mitigation and adaptation. It addresses new innovations in agricultural technology and management with the goal of balancing agricultural production and its associated climate effects in a sustainable manner. The major topics covered include crop and soil management, techniques and technologies for emission reduction, irrigation, land degradation, pest and disease management, farmers' perspectives, and climate-smart agriculture policy. The book is geared towards students, researchers, and professionals in the fields of environmental science, agriculture science, and climate change.
Strategy and Leadership as Service: How the Access Economy Meets the C-Suite
by Sara DawStrategy and Leadership as Service isn’t just a nice idea; it is a practical, alternative vision of the future of work for senior executives that is starting to gain significant interest and is being adopted by businesses globally. Disrupting and challenging the traditional full-time employment model, the Strategy and Leadership as Service framework provides businesses with access to the complete range of functional, emotional, and collective intelligence at the C-suite level by moving their positions from the “pay-roll” to an “access-role.”Many entrepreneurial and growing businesses don’t need, don’t want, and can’t afford full-time C-suite executives. For larger organisations, it is becoming harder to find the skills and knowledge required to fulfil all the obligations of a functional C-suite with a fixed group of individuals. By moving to the Strategy and Leadership as Service framework, the outcomes are better for all stakeholders: more engagement, access to the right skillsets and mindsets at the right time and in the right quantity to match the changing business agenda, more flexibility for senior leaders, and strengthened risk management. Through presenting a working business model, and real-world case studies throughout, this book provides executives and leaders with a complete understanding of this ground-breaking approach and its key benefits, the theory upon which it is based, its essential ingredients, the mindset change required and, most importantly, how to apply it in practice.The book provides business leaders, C-suite portfolio executives, human resource professionals, strategy consultants, leadership coaches, organisational development consultants, recruiters, professional service firms, academics, and forward-thinking business students with a radical new view of how the access economy can be applied to business strategy and leadership for more sustainable futures.
Strategy and Sustainability: A Hardnosed and Clear-Eyed Approach to Environmental Sustainability For Business (IESE Business Collection)
by Mike RosenbergBusiness and environmental sustainability are not natural bedfellows. Business is about making money; sustainability is about protecting the planet. Business is measured in months and quarters; sustainability often requires significant short term costs to secure a sometimes uncertain long-term benefit. To some activists, all executives are exploitative, selfish “1 percenters”. To some executives, all activists are irresponsible, unyielding extremists.And yet engaging with the issue isn’t optional – all businesses must have a strategy to deal with sustainability and, like any strategy, this involves making choices. Strategy and Sustainability encourages its readers to filter out the noise and make those choices in a hard-nosed and clear-eyed way. Rosenberg’s nuanced and fact-based point of view recognizes the complexity of the issues at hand and the strategic choices businesses must make. He blends the work of some of the leading academic thinkers in the field with practical examples from a variety of business sectors and geographies and offers a framework with which Senior Management might engage with the topic, not (just) to save the planet but to fulfil their short, medium, and long-term responsibilities to shareholders and other stakeholders.
Strategy, Finance and Sustainable Value Creation (Routledge International Studies in Money and Banking)
by Claudio ScardoviStrategy and finance are generally viewed as two separate subjects. Once regarded with fascination, they have become the subject of strong criticism, the first considered too theoretical and long term to be of any use and the second too speculative and short term to contribute to value creation. This book argues, however, that strategy and finance are in fact value twins, both of which need a thorough overhaul, from their toolkits to their end goals. The author contends that we rely on strategic and financial frameworks that were developed decades ago, but, in an increasingly complex and risky environment, these need to undergo a profound transformation, one that follows an intertwined approach, enabling companies to achieve the twin goals of value creation and sustainability consistently and successfully.The book provides a fresh and innovative view of strategy and finance. It discusses the concept of strategy extensively, examining its history, application, and importance in modern business. It also explores how strategy has evolved and how it can be adapted to better serve companies in a rapidly changing business landscape. The book emphasizes the role of finance in corporate strategy, suggesting that it is a crucial element in achieving sustainable business success, and explores how financial tools and concepts can be integrated with strategic planning to drive growth and value creation. Further, it investigates how strategic and financial planning can be used to manage business risks effectively. Readers are given useful insights via the inclusion of case studies from numerous industries, including corporations, banks, and wealth and asset managers; these real-world examples serve to close the gap between theory and practice.
Strategy for Sustainability
by Adam WerbachThe definitive work on business strategy for sustainability by the most authoritative voice in the conversation.More than ever before, consumers, employees, and investors share a common purpose and a passion for companies that do well by doing good. So any strategy without sustainability at its core is just plain irresponsible - bad for business, bad for shareholders, bad for the environment. These challenges represent unprecedented opportunities for big brands - such as Clorox, Dell, Toyota, Procter & Gamble, Nike, and Wal-Mart - that are implementing integral, rather than tangential, strategies for sustainability. What these companies are doing illuminates the book's practical framework for change, which involves engaging employees, using transparency as a business tool, and reaping the rewards of a networked organizational structure.Leave your quaint notions of corporate social responsibility and environmentalism behind. Werbach is starting a whole new dialogue around sustainability of enterprise and life as we know it in organizations and individuals. Sustainability is now a true competitive strategic advantage, and building it into the core of your business is the only means to ensure that your company - and your world - will survive.
Strategy for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Surviving Declining Demand and China's Global Development (Routledge Research in Organizational Behavior and Strategy)
by Ian ChastonDue to the adverse outcomes of the recent global recession and the public deficit crisis in the USA and Europe, Western companies can expect flattening or declining sales in their domestic markets. They will also face growing competition as Chinese firms seek to block the activities of foreign companies in their domestic market and expand their own operations in overseas markets. Survival and growth for Western companies is unlikely to come from sustaining current business practices based upon utilization of conventional approaches to strategic management; success will depend on exploiting new knowledge to stay ahead of competition. This book examines the strategic issues associated with the entrepreneurial utilization of new knowledge to create innovative products and services, accompanied by the development of leading edge, highly productive internal organizational processes. Through the use of appropriate theories and illustrative case examples, the text is designed to assist managers in Western organizations and business school students understand how to counter the increasing threats that are posed by the globalization of companies from emerging countries such as the BRIC nations.
STRATI 2013: First International Congress on Stratigraphy At the Cutting Edge of Stratigraphy (Springer Geology)
by João Pais Rogério Rocha José Carlos Kullberg Stanley FinneyThe 1st International Congress on Stratigraphy (STRATI 2013), hold in Lisbon, 1–7 July 2013, follows the decision to internationalize the conferences previously organized by the French Committee of Stratigraphy (STRATI), the last one of which was held in Paris in 2010. Thus, the congress possesses both the momentum gained from an established conference event and the excitement of being the first International Congress on Stratigraphy. It is held under the auspices of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS) and it is envisaged that this first congress will lead to others being held in the future.This book includes all papers accepted for oral or poster presentation at the 1st International Congress on Stratigraphy. Papers include a short abstract, main text, figures, tables and references. Each paper has been reviewed by two internationally renowned scientists.
Strati 2013
by Rogério Rocha João Pais José Carlos Kullberg Stanley FinneyThe 1st International Congress on Stratigraphy (STRATI 2013), hold in Lisbon, 1-7 July 2013, follows the decision to internationalize the conferences previously organized by the French Committee of Stratigraphy (STRATI), the last one of which was held in Paris in 2010. Thus, the congress possesses both the momentum gained from an established conference event and the excitement of being the first International Congress on Stratigraphy. It is held under the auspices of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (IUGS) and it is envisaged that this first congress will lead to others being held in the future. This book includes all papers accepted for oral or poster presentation at the 1st International Congress on Stratigraphy. Papers include a short abstract, main text, figures, tables and references. Each paper has been reviewed by two internationally renowned scientists.
Stratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of Fossil Taxa in Time and Space
by Mark E. Patzkowsky Steven M. HollandWhether the fossil record should be read at face value or whether it presents a distorted view of the history of life is an argument seemingly as old as many fossils themselves. In the late 1700s, Georges Cuvier argued for a literal interpretation, but in the early 1800s, Charles Lyell’s gradualist view of the earth’s history required a more nuanced interpretation of that same record. To this day, the tension between literal and interpretive readings lies at the heart of paleontological research, influencing the way scientists view extinction patterns and their causes, ecosystem persistence and turnover, and the pattern of morphologic change and mode of speciation. With Stratigraphic Paleobiology, Mark E. Patzkowsky and Steven M. Holland present a critical framework for assessing the fossil record, one based on a modern understanding of the principles of sediment accumulation. Patzkowsky and Holland argue that the distribution of fossil taxa in time and space is controlled not only by processes of ecology, evolution, and environmental change, but also by the stratigraphic processes that govern where and when sediment that might contain fossils is deposited and preserved. The authors explore the exciting possibilities of stratigraphic paleobiology, and along the way demonstrate its great potential to answer some of the most critical questions about the history of life: How and why do environmental niches change over time? What is the tempo and mode of evolutionary change and what processes drive this change? How has the diversity of life changed through time, and what processes control this change? And, finally, what is the tempo and mode of change in ecosystems over time?
Stratigraphy: A Modern Synthesis
by Andrew D. MiallA Comprehensive review of modern stratigraphic methods. The stratigraphic record is the major repository of information about the geological history of Earth, a record stretching back for nearly 4 billion years. Stratigraphic studies fill out our planet's plate-tectonic history with the details of paleogeography, past climates, and the record of evolution, and stratigraphy is at the heart of the effort to find and exploit fossil fuel resources. Modern stratigraphic methods are now able to provide insights into past geological events and processes on time scales with unprecedented accuracy and precision, and have added much to our understanding of global tectonic and climatic processes. It has taken 200 years and a modern revolution to bring all the necessary developments together to create the modern, dynamic science that this book sets out to describe. Stratigraphy now consists of a suite of integrated concepts and methods, several of which have considerable predictive and interpretive power. The new, integrated, dynamic science that Stratigraphy has become is now inseparable from what were its component parts, including sedimentology, chronostratigraphy, and the broader aspects of basin analysis.
Stratigraphy: Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, Volume 11
by Wang NaiwenThis volume presents the proceedings of Symposium I "Stratigraphy" of the 30th International Geological Congress at Beijing. The proceedings aim to present a view of contemporary geology and should be of interest to researchers in the geological sciences.
Stratigraphy and Paleolimnology of the Green River Formation, Western USA
by Michael Elliot Smith Alan R. CarrollThis volume presents a suite of detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic investigations of the Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, one of the world's foremost terrestrial archives of lacustrine and alluvial deposition during the warmest portion of the early Cenozoic. Its twelve chapters encompass the rich and varied record of lacustrine stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochronology, geochemistry and paleontology. Chapters 2-9 provide detailed member-scale synthesis of Green River Formation strata within the Greater Green River, Fossil, Piceance Creek and Uinta Basins, while its final two chapters address its enigmatic evaporite deposits and ichnofossils at broad, interbasinal scale.
Stratigraphy Around the Permian–Triassic Boundary of South China (New Records of the Great Dying in South China)
by Wei-Hong He G. R. Shi Jian-Xin Yu Dao-Liang Chu Ke-Xin Zhang Hai-Shui Jiang Ting-Lu Yang Yi-Fan XiaoThis book timely provides high-quality records of 32 PTB sections across different depositional settings from terrestrial to marine facies in South China, including descriptions of lithologies, high-resolution correlation of key boundaries and fossil occurrences at each section. This book also analyzes the patterns and processes of the community and ecosystem evolution over space and through time in the lead to the end-Permian mass extinction, and critically analyzes the mostly debated hypothesis, anoxia and volcanism, which were considered as the causes of mass extinction, based on the data from the studied sections of South China, together with materials from other regions of the world.