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Theory of Liquids: From Excitations to Thermodynamics
by Kostya TrachenkoOf the three basic states of matter, liquid is perhaps the most complex. While its flow properties are described by fluid mechanics, its thermodynamic properties are often neglected, and for many years it was widely believed that a general theory of liquid thermodynamics was unattainable. In recent decades that view has been challenged, as new advances have finally enabled us to understand and describe the thermodynamic properties of liquids. This book explains the recent developments in theory, experiment and modelling that have enabled us to understand the behaviour of excitations in liquids and the impact of this behaviour on heat capacity and other basic properties. Presented in plain language with a focus on real liquids and their experimental properties, this book is a useful reference text for researchers and graduate students in condensed matter physics and chemistry as well as for advanced courses covering the theory of liquids.
Theory of Mountainurbanology
by Guangyu HuangThis book is about mountainurbanology grounded in Southwest China, where mountain is a typical landform for many towns and cities. From the multi-disciplinary perspective in a dynamic changing context, it presents a comprehensive framework including the location of mountain city, planning, design, building, transportation, disaster, aesthetics and governance in building up mountain cities based on investigation of natural, social and economic studies. The book also emphasizes ecological planning method based on topography in mountainous area through the lens of teaching and practice on urban planning for over half a century in Southwest China. It is a highly informative book providing academic insight for senior undergraduates, graduate students, lecturers, research professionals and decision makers with an interest in urban planning, ecology, planning and design in mountainous region development. Prof. Guangyu Huang is regarded as Founding Pioneer of mountainurbanology in China, a sub-discipline of urban planning.
Theory of Multipole Fluctuation Mediated Superconductivity and Multipole Phase: Important Roles of Many Body Effects and Strong Spin-Orbit Coupling (Springer Theses)
by Rina TazaiA strong spin-orbit interaction and Coulomb repulsion featuring strongly correlated d- and f-electron systems lead to various exotic phase transition including unconventional superconductivity and magnetic multipole order. However, their microscopic origins are long standing problem since they could not be explained based on conventional Migdal-Eliashberg theorem. The book focuses on many-body correlation effects beyond conventional theory for the d- and f-electron systems, and theoretically demonstrates the correlations to play significant roles in “mode-coupling” among multiple quantum fluctuations, which is called U-VC here. The following key findings are described in-depth: (i) spin triplet superconductivity caused by U-VC, (ii) being more important U-VC in f-electron systems due to magnetic multipole degrees of freedom induced by a spin-orbit interaction, and (iii) s-wave superconductivity stabilized cooperatively by antiferromagnetic fluctuations and electron-phonon interaction contrary to conventional understanding. The book provides meaningful step for revealing essential roles of many-body effects behind long standing problems in strongly correlated materials.
Theory of One-Dimensional Vlasov-Maxwell Equilibria: With Applications To Collisionless Current Sheets And Flux Tubes (Springer Theses)
by Oliver AllansonThis book describes and contextualises collisionless plasma theory, and in particular collisionless plasma equilibria. The Vlasov–Maxwell theory of collisionless plasmas is an increasingly important tool for modern plasma physics research: our ability to sustain plasma in a steady-state, and to mitigate instabilities, determines the success of thermonuclear fusion power plants on Earth; and our understanding of plasma aids in the prediction and mitigation of Space Weather effects on terrestrial environments and satellites. Further afield, magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous energy release mechanism throughout the Universe, and modern satellites are now able to make in-situ measurements with kinetic scale resolution. To keep pace with these challenges and technological developments, a modern scientific discussion of plasma physics must enhance, and exploit, its ‘literacy’ in kinetic theory. For example, accurate analytical calculations and computer simulations of kinetic instabilities are predicated on a knowledge of Vlasov–Maxwell equilibria as an initial condition. This book highlights new fundamental work on Vlasov–Maxwell equilibria, of potential interest to mathematicians and physicists alike. Possible applications involve two of the most significant magnetic structures known to confine plasma and store energy: current sheets and flux tubes.
Theory of Phase Transitions in Polypeptides and Proteins
by Alexander V. YakubovichThere are nearly 100 000 different protein sequences encoded in the human genome, each with its own specific fold. Understanding how a newly formed polypeptide sequence finds its way to the correct fold is one of the greatest challenges in the modern structural biology. The aim of this thesis is to provide novel insights into protein folding by considering the problem from the point of view of statistical mechanics. The thesis starts by investigating the fundamental degrees of freedom in polypeptides that are responsible for the conformational transitions. This knowledge is then applied in the statistical mechanics description of helix coil transitions in polypeptides. Finally, the theoretical formalism is generalized to the case of proteins in an aqueous environment. The major novelty of this work lies in combining (a) a formalism based on fundamental physical properties of the system and (b) the resulting possibility of describing the folding unfolding transitions quantitatively. The clear physical nature of the formalism opens the way to further applications in a large variety of systems and processes.
Theory of Radioisotopic and Chemical Homeostasis of Marine Ecosystems (Springer Oceanography)
by Victor EgorovThe book is dedicated to the study and mathematical definition of the biogeochemical patterns of organic and inorganic matter interaction with the marine environment's radioactive and chemical components. This book describes the radioisotope and mineral exchange theory between organic and inorganic matters in the marine environment on a time scale of metabolic processes and trophic interactions. The approach is parametrically compatible with modern techniques describing the matter and energy balance in aquatic ecosystems. The criteria for assessing the ecological capacity, biogeocenoses assimilation capacity, and water masses radio capacity, which form the basis of the theory of radioisotope and mineral homeostasis of marine ecosystems, are substantiated. This book presents methods to implement sustainable development of the Black Sea's critical and recreational zones according to the marine pollution factors. This book does that by regulating the balance between the consumption of water quality resources and their reproduction as a result of natural biogeochemical processes are proposed. The book is of interest to scientists working in marine geology, marine ecology, biogeophysics, and biogeochemistry. This book is also necessary for professionals working in institutions and administrations coordinating maritime activities, environmental projects, and developing aquaculture technologies.
Theory of Satellite Geodesy: Applications of Satellites to Geodesy (Dover Earth Science)
by William M. KaulaThe main purpose of this classic text is to demonstrate how Newtonian gravitational theory and Euclidean geometry can be used and developed in the earth's environment. The second is to collect and explain some of the mathematical techniques developed for measuring the earth by satellite.Book chapters include discussions of the earth's gravitational field, with special emphasis on spherical harmonies and the potential of the ellipsoid; matrices and orbital geometry; elliptic motion, linear perturbations, resonance, and other aspects of satellite orbit dynamics; the geometry of satellite observations, including time and precise definition of coordinates, and observability conditions; and statistical implications and date analysis.The completion of a first-year course in physics and a first-year course in calculus is assumed.
Theory of Spinors and Its Application in Physics and Mechanics
by Vladimir A. ZhelnorovichThis book contains a systematic exposition of the theory of spinors in finite-dimensional Euclidean and Riemannian spaces. The applications of spinors in field theory and relativistic mechanics of continuous media are considered. The main mathematical part is connected with the study of invariant algebraic and geometric relations between spinors and tensors. The theory of spinors and the methods of the tensor representation of spinors and spinor equations are thoroughly expounded in four-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. Very useful and important relations are derived that express the derivatives of the spinor fields in terms of the derivatives of various tensor fields.The problems associated with an invariant description of spinors as objects that do not depend on the choice of a coordinate system are addressed in detail. As an application, the author considers an invariant tensor formulation of certain classes of differential spinor equations containing, in particular, the most important spinor equations of field theory and quantum mechanics. Exact solutions of the Einstein–Dirac equations, nonlinear Heisenberg’s spinor equations, and equations for relativistic spin fluids are given. The book presents a large body of factual material and is suited for use as a handbook. It is intended for specialists in theoretical physics, as well as for students and post-graduate students of physical and mathematical specialties.
Theory of Thermodynamic Measurements of Quantum Systems Far from Equilibrium (Springer Theses)
by Abhay ShastryThis thesis presents several related advances in the field of nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics. The central result is an ingenious proof that the local temperature and voltage measurement in a nonequilibrium system of fermions exists and is unique, placing the concept of local temperature on a rigorous mathematical footing for the first time. As an intermediate step, a proof of the positivity of the Onsager matrix of linear response theory is given -- a statement of the second law of thermodynamics that had lacked an independent proof for 85 years. A new experimental method to measure the local temperature of an electron system using purely electrical techniques is also proposed, which could enable improvements to the spatial resolution of thermometry by several orders of magnitude. Finally, a new mathematically-exact definition for the local entropy of a quantum system in a nonequilibrium steady state is derived. Several different measures of the local entropy are discussed, relating to the thermodynamics of processes that a local observer with varying degrees of information about the microstates of the system could carry out, and it is shown that they satisfy a hierarchy of inequalities. Proofs of the third law of thermodynamics for generic open quantum systems are presented, taking into account the entropic contribution due to localized states. Appropriately normalized (per-state) local entropies are defined and are used to quantify the departure from local equilibrium.
Theory of Urban Space Development
by Jin DuanThis book is a systematic monograph on urban space development theory, exploring the laws of urban space development and the basic principles of planning and design. It clarifies the connotation and methods of urban space development research, highlights the deep structure and four laws of urban space development, expounds the obvious characteristics of urban and regional forms, and discusses the interventional role of urban planning and the development mode of Chinese urban space. It also discusses the methodological change of modern urban design, and forms the principles and core content of China's national spatial planning. Guided by the fundamental principles and methods of development theory, this book follows logical progression from concept to method, from deep structure to manifest form, from macro to micro and from law to planning. By providing readers with a comprehensive and systematic urban space development research system, this book is a valuable read for both researchers and graduate students in urban studies and architectural design. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.
Theory of the Nuclear Magnetic 1/T1 Relaxation Rate in Conventional and Unconventional Magnets
by Andrew SmeraldOne of the best ways to "lift the lid" on what is happening inside a given material is to study it using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Of particular interest are NMR 1/T1 relaxation rates, which measure how fast energy stored in magnetic nuclei is transferred to surrounding electrons. This thesis develops a detailed, quantitative theory of NMR 1/T1 relaxation rates, and shows for the first time how they could be used to measure the speed at which energy travels in a wide range of magnetic materials. This theory is used to make predictions for"Quantum Spin Nematics", an exotic form of quantum order analogous to a liquid crystal. In order to do so, it is first necessary to unravel how spin nematics transport energy. This thesis proposes a new way to do this, based on the description of quarks in high-energy physics. Experiments to test the ideas presented are now underway in laboratories across the world.
Theory of the Spread of Epidemics and Movement Ecology of Animals: An Interdisciplinary Approach using Methodologies of Physics and Mathematics
by V. M. Kenkre Luca GiuggioliExploiting powerful techniques from physics and mathematics, this book studies animal movement in ecology, with a focus on epidemic spread. Pulmonary syndrome is not only feared in epidemics of recent times, such as COVID-19, but is also characteristic of epidemics studied earlier such as Hantavirus. The Hantavirus is one of the book's central topics. Correlations between epidemic outbreaks and precipitation events like El Niño are analyzed and spatial reservoirs of infection in off-period of the epidemic, known as refugia, are studied. Predicted traveling waves of infection are successfully compared to field observations. Territoriality in scent-marking animals is presented, with parallels drawn with the theory of melting. The flocking and herding of birds and mammals are described in terms of collective excitations. For scientists interested in movement ecology and epidemic spread, this book provides effective solutions to long-standing problems.
Therapeutic Landscape Research Evidence in Eco-neighbourhood Design
by Monika TrojanowskaThis book presents how to recreate therapeutic landscapes in everyday places of eco-neighbourhoods. The concept of eco-neighbourhoods goes beyond the traditional form of a residential district. Eco-neighbourhoods are characterized by many aspects related to sustainability, including protection of the environment, building social capital, ensuring a high quality of life with low economic costs, and promoting social and environmental justice. The presented work aims to systematize these phenomena and interpret them.The action to take care of our common home, the Earth, starts locally. Creating townscapes that can promote everyday health could improve the standards of living on our planet. In both hemispheres, the majority of people live in cities; therefore, examples of good practices described in this book come from all inhabited continents. Education is the most empowering tool, which can change the future for many. Implementing eco-neighbourhoods may bring well-deserved change and hope to people in less-favoured locations of the globe.This book will be of interest to practitioners and students of architecture, civil and environmental engineering, landscape design, spatial management, urban planning, and related fields.
Therapeutic Landscapes (Geographies of Health Series)
by Allison WilliamsThe therapeutic landscape concept, first introduced early in the 1990s, has been widely employed in health/medical geography and gaining momentum in various health-related disciplines. This is the first book published in several years, and provides an introduction to the concept and its applications. Written by health/medical geographers and anthropologists, it addresses contemporary applications in the natural and built environments; for special populations, such as substance abusers; and in health care sites, a new and evolving area - and provides an array of critiques or contestations of the concept and its various applications. The conclusion of the work provides a critical evaluation of the development and progress of the concept to date, signposting the likely avenues for future investigation.
Therapeutic Landscapes: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Landscape and Health (essentials)
by Joachim RathmannJoachim Rathmann presents the interdisciplinary relationships between landscapes and health. Nature is to be regarded as an elementary health resource, because movement in near-natural surroundings has demonstrably positive influences on human health and is summarized in many ways in the concept of "therapeutic landscapes". Natural areas offer an important resource for strengthening health, especially to an aging society, which can also be measured economically. The author presents natural science, social science, and humanities research in a clear, understandable, and concise manner for a broad readership. At the same time he gives suggestions for a conscious handling of the sensitive resource landscape and for a regular observation of nature. This springer essential is a translation of the original German 1st edition essentials,Therapeutic landscapes by Joachim Rathmann, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2020.The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.
Therapeutische Landschaften: Landschaft und Gesundheit in interdisziplinärer Perspektive (essentials)
by Joachim RathmannJoachim Rathmann stellt die interdisziplinären Bezüge von Landschaften und Gesundheit dar. Die Natur ist als elementare Gesundheitsressource zu betrachten, denn Bewegung in naturnaher Umgebung hat nachweislich positive Einflüsse auf die menschliche Gesundheit und wird im Konzept der „Therapeutischen Landschaften“ vielfältig zusammengefasst. Naturräume bieten vor allem einer älter werdenden Gesellschaft eine wichtige, auch ökonomisch messbare Ressource für die Stärkung von Gesundheit. Der Autor bereitet natur-, sozial,- und geisteswissenschaftliche Untersuchungen für eine breit gefächerte Leserschaft verständlich, anschaulich und übersichtlich auf. Gleichzeitig gibt er Anregungen für einen bewussten Umgang mit der sensiblen Ressource Landschaft und zu einer regelmäßigen Naturbeobachtung.
There Goes Maine!
by John GouldMaine's nationally acclaimed chronicler proves here that "the entire history of North America began in Maine." Long before Columbus sold Isabella his idea of a passage to Cathay, Irish fishermen went ashore in Maine to dry their cod. It's all here in this wild surmising history, from a columnist for the Christian Science Monitor.
There Is a Garden in the Mind
by Paul A. LeeThere Is a Garden in the Mind presents an engaging look at the work and life of pioneering organic gardener Alan Chadwick and his profound influence on the organic farming movement. In this wide-ranging and philosophical memoir, author Paul Lee recounts his first serendipitous meeting with Chadwick in Santa Cruz, California, in 1967, and their subsequent founding of the Chadwick Garden at UC Santa Cruz, the first organic and biointensive garden at a U.S. university. Today, there are few who would dispute the ecological and health benefits of organically produced food, and the student garden project founded by Chadwick and Lee has evolved into a world-renowned research center that helps third-world farmers obtain high yields using organic gardening. But when Chadwick and Lee first broke ground in the 1960s, the term "organic" belonged to the university's chemists, and the Chadwick Garden spurred a heated battle against the whole system of industrial existence. Lee's memoir contextualizes this struggle by examining the centuries-old history of the conflict between industrial science and organic nature, the roots of the modern environmental movement and the slow food movement, and the origin of the term "organic." His account of Chadwick's work fills in a gap in the history of the sustainable agriculture movement and proposes that Chadwick's groundwork continues to bear fruit in today's burgeoning urban garden, locavore, and self-sufficiency movements.Table of contents:Chapter one The English Gardener ArrivesChapter two The English Gardener Goes to WorkChapter three The Garden PlotChapter four Goethe the Vitalist contra Newton the PhysicalistChapter five Urea! I Found It!Chapter six USA and Earth DayChapter seven The MethodChapter eight Chadwick DepartsChapter nine A Moral Equivalent of WarChapter ten The Death of ChadwickChapter eleven California Cuisine and the Homeless Garden ProjectChapter twelve A Biodynamic Garden on Long IslandChapter thirteen Chadwick's LegacyFrom the Trade Paperback edition.cy
There Was A Fire Here: A Memoir
by Risa NyeLess than a month before her 40th birthday, a devastating firestorm destroys Risa Nye’s home and neighborhood in Oakland, California. Already mourning the perceived loss of her youth, she now must face the loss of all tangible reminders of who she was before. There Was a Fire Here is the story of how Nye adjusts to the turning point that will forever mark the “before and after” in her life—and a chronicle of her attempts to honor the lost symbols of her past even as she struggles to create a new home for her family.
There's No Such Thing as Bad Weather: A Scandinavian Mom's Secrets for Raising Healthy, Resilient, and Confident Kids (from Friluftsliv to Hygge)
by Linda Åkeson Mcgurk“A perfect antidote to the hyper-vigilant, extra-electrified, standardized-tested, house-arrested, 21st-century childhood.” —Richard Louv, bestselling author of Last Child in the Woods and Vitamin N Bringing Up Bébé meets Last Child in the Woods in this lively, insightful memoir about a mother who sets out to discover if the nature-centric parenting philosophy of her native Scandinavia holds the key to healthier, happier lives for her American children.When Swedish-born Linda McGurk moved to small-town Indiana with her American husband to start a family, she quickly realized that her outdoorsy ways were not the norm. In Sweden children play outside all year round, regardless of the weather, and letting young babies nap outside in freezing temperatures is not only common—it is a practice recommended by physicians. In the US, on the other hand, she found that the playgrounds, which she had expected to find teeming with children, were mostly deserted. In preschool, children were getting drilled to learn academic skills, while their Scandinavian counterparts were climbing trees, catching frogs, and learning how to compost. Worse, she realized that giving her daughters the same freedom to play outside that she had enjoyed as a child in Sweden could quickly lead to a visit by Child Protective Services. The brewing culture clash finally came to a head when McGurk was fined for letting her children play in a local creek, setting off an online firestorm when she expressed her anger and confusion on her blog. The rules and parenting philosophies of her native country and her adopted homeland were worlds apart. Struggling to fit in and to decide what was best for her children, McGurk turned to her own childhood for answers. Could the Scandinavian philosophy of “there is no such thing as bad weather, only bad clothes” be the key to better lives for her American children? And how would her children’s relationships with nature change by introducing them to Scandinavian concepts like friluftsliv (“open-air living”) and hygge (the coziness and the simple pleasures of home)? McGurk embarked on a six-month-long journey to Sweden to find out. There’s No Such Thing as Bad Weather is a fascinating personal narrative that highlights the importance of spending time outdoors, and illustrates how the Scandinavian culture could hold the key to raising healthier, resilient, and confident children in America.
There's a Map on My Lap! All About Maps: All About Maps (The Cat in the Hat's Learning Library)
by Tish RabeLaugh and learn with fun facts about mapmakers, geography, compasses, and more—all told in Dr. Seuss&’s beloved rhyming style and starring the Cat in the Hat! &“You may travel the world, but no matter how far, with a map on your lap you will know where you are.&” The Cat in the Hat&’s Learning Library series combines beloved characters, engaging rhymes, and Seussian illustrations to introduce children to non-fiction topics from the real world! Go on a journey and learn: • how to read the latitude and longitude lines on a map• why a hiker uses a topographical map• why mapmakers use a scale and legends• and much more! Perfect for story time and for the youngest readers, There&’s a Map on My Lap! All About Maps also includes an index, glossary, and suggestions for further learning. Look for more books in the Cat in the Hat&’s Learning Library series!If I Ran the Horse Show: All About HorsesClam-I-Am! All About the BeachMiles and Miles of Reptiles: All About ReptilesA Whale of a Tale! All About Porpoises, Dolphins, and WhalesSafari, So Good! All About African WildlifeOh, the Lavas That Flow! All About VolcanoesOut of Sight Till Tonight! All About Nocturnal AnimalsWhat Cat Is That? All About CatsOnce upon a Mastodon: All About Prehistoric MammalsOh Say Can You Say What's the Weather Today? All About WeatherThe Cat on the Mat: All About Mindfulness
There's a Rang-Tan in My Bedroom
by James SellickA stunning picture book about one little girl and her orangutan friend, based on the Greenpeace film that became a viral sensation.When a little girl discovers a mischievous orangutan on the loose in her bedroom, she can't understand why it keeps shouting OOO! at her shampoo and her chocolate. But when Rang-tan explains that there are humans running wild in her rainforest, burning down trees so they can grow palm oil to put in products, the little girl knows what she has to do: help save the orangutans! Published in collaboration with Greenpeace, featuring a foreword from Dame Emma Thompson and brought to life by award-winning illustrator Frann Preston-Gannon, this is a very special picture book with a vital message to share.Extra pages at the back include information about orangutans and palm oil plus exciting ideas about how young readers can make a difference.
Thermal Comfort in Hot Dry Climates: Traditional Dwellings in Iran (Routledge Research in Architecture)
by Ahmadreza ForuzanmehrWith increases in global temperatures, the risk of overheating is expected to rise around the world. This results in a much higher dependency upon energy-intensive cooling systems and air-conditioners to provide thermal comfort, but how sustainable is this in a world where problems with the production of electricity are predicted? Vernacular houses in hot and dry central Iran have been adapted to the climate through passive cooling techniques, and this book provides a valuable assessment of the thermal performance of such housing. Shedding new light on the ability of traditional housing forms to provide thermal comfort, Thermal Comfort in Hot Dry Climates identifies the main cooling systems and methods in traditional houses in central Iran, and examines how architectural elements such as central courtyards, distinct seasonal rooms, loggias, basements and wind-catchers can contribute to the provision of thermal comfort in vernacular houses.
Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials: A Literature Review of Applications for Buildings Materials (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by João M.P.Q. Delgado Joana C. Martinho Ana Vaz Sá Ana S. Guimarães Vitor AbrantesThis short book provides an update on various methods for incorporating phase changing materials (PCMs) into building structures. It discusses previous research into optimizing the integration of PCMs into surrounding walls (gypsum board and interior plaster products), trombe walls, ceramic floor tiles, concrete elements (walls and pavements), windows, concrete and brick masonry, underfloor heating, ceilings, thermal insulation and furniture an indoor appliances.Based on the phase change state, PCMs fall into three groups: solid–solid PCMs, solid–liquid PCMs and liquid–gas PCMs. Of these the solid–liquid PCMs, which include organic PCMs, inorganic PCMs and eutectics, are suitable for thermal energy storage. The process of selecting an appropriate PCM is extremely complex, but crucial for thermal energy storage. The potential PCM should have a suitable melting temperature, and the desirable heat of fusion and thermal conductivity specified by the practical application. Thus, the methods of measuring the thermal properties of PCMs are key.With suitable PCMs and the correct incorporation method, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) can be economically efficient for heating and cooling buildings. However, several problems need to be tackled before LHTES can reliably and practically be applied.
Thermal Ice Drilling Technology (Springer Geophysics)
by Pavel G. TalalayThis book provides a review of thermal ice drilling technologies, including the design, parameters, and performance of various tools and drills for making holes in ice sheets, ice caps, mountain glaciers, ice shelves, and sea ice. In recent years, interest in thermal drilling technology has increased as a result of subglacial lake explorations and extraterrestrial investigations. The book focuses on the latest ice drilling technologies, but also discusses the historical development of ice drilling tools and devices over the last 100 years to offer valuable insights into what is possible and what not to do in the future. Featuring numerous figures and pictures, many of them published for the first time, it is intended for specialists working in ice-core sciences, polar oceanography, drilling engineers and glaciologists, and is also a useful reference for researchers and graduate students working in engineering and cold-regions technology.