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Carbon Responsibility and Embodied Emissions: Theory and Measurement (Routledge Studies In Ecological Economics Ser.)
by João F. Rodrigues Tiago M. Domingos Alexandra P.S. MarquesClimate change policy and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are currently discussed at all scales, ranging from the Kyoto Protocol to the increasingly frequent advertisement of ''carbon neutrality'' in consumer products. However, the only policy option usually considered is the reduction of direct emissions. Another potential policy tool, currently neglected, is the reduction of indirect emissions, i.e., the emissions embodied in goods and services, or the payments thereof. This book addresses the accounting of indirect carbon emissions (as embodied in international trade) within the framework of input-output analysis and derives an indicator of environmental responsibility as the average of consumer and producer responsibility. A global multi-regional input-output model is built, using databases on international trade and greenhouse gas emissions, from which embodied carbon emissions and carbon responsibilities are obtained. Carbon Responsibility and Embodied Emissions consists of a theoretical part, concerning the choice of environmental indicators, and an applied part, reporting an environmental multi-regional input-output model. It will be of particular interest to postgraduate students and researchers in Ecological Economics, Environmental Input-Output Analysis, and Industrial Ecology.
Carbon Risk and Green Finance (Banking, Money and International Finance)
by Aaron EzrojAs the world plans for economic recovery following the global COVID-19 pandemic, major economies are looking to comprehensive strategies for addressing carbon risks and identifying green finance opportunities. Since Bank of England Governor Mark Carney and Michael Bloomberg began tackling climate change as a financial concern, the international financial community has been developing sophisticated analytical tools that will enable the success of comprehensive efforts to address carbon risks and identify green finance opportunities. This timely publication offers a cutting-edge analysis of the financial aspects of climate change. It discusses the most important analytical tools, their origin, how they work, where they can go, and how they fit into a larger strategy. First, reporting frameworks can allow companies to see how well they are addressing carbon risks, in particular with respect to the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Second, by quantifying how much greenhouse gas companies emit into the atmosphere as a direct or indirect result of their operations, carbon footprint calculations can help identify carbon risks with particular companies, especially within supply chains. Third, brown taxonomies can help investors identify current carbon risks by classifying fossil fuel assets in a systematic manner. Fourth, green taxonomies can help investors identify current green finance opportunities by classifying sustainable activities in a systematic manner. Fifth, scenario analysis for assets can help investors identify future carbon risks and green finance opportunities. Finally, stress testing for liabilities can help insurers and banks address future carbon risks and better inform policymakers. Scholars, policymakers, and business professionals will find this book informative. They will gain a comprehensive understanding of the analytical tools supporting efforts to address carbon risks and identify green finance opportunities. This will hopefully make these individuals more successful in their personal endeavors to build a more sustainable and resilient economy for future generations.
Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle
by Brian J. Mcpherson Eric T. SundquistPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 183.For carbon sequestration the issues of monitoring, risk assessment, and verification of carbon content and storage efficacy are perhaps the most uncertain. Yet these issues are also the most critical challenges facing the broader context of carbon sequestration as a means for addressing climate change. In response to these challenges, Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle presents current perspectives and research that combine five major areas:The global carbon cycle and verification and assessment of global carbon sources and sinksPotential capacity and temporal/spatial scales of terrestrial, oceanic, and geologic carbon storageAssessing risks and benefits associated with terrestrial, oceanic, and geologic carbon storagePredicting, monitoring, and verifying effectiveness of different forms of carbon storageSuggested new CO2 sequestration research and management paradigms for the future.The volume is based on a Chapman Conference and will appeal to the rapidly growing group of scientists and engineers examining methods for deliberate carbon sequestration through storage in plants, soils, the oceans, and geological repositories.
Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
by Rattan Lal David A. UssiriThis book provides an understanding of the role of human activities in accelerating change in global carbon cycling summarizes current knowledge of the contemporary carbon budget. Starting from the geological history, this volume follows a multidisciplinary approach to analyze the role of human activities in perturbing carbon cycling by quantifying changes in different reservoirs and fluxes of carbon with emphasis on the anthropogenic activities, especially after the industrial revolution. It covers the role of different mitigation options – natural ecological, engineered, and geoengineered processes as well as the emerging field of climate engineering in avoiding dangerous abrupt climate change. Although the targeted audience is the educators, students, researchers and scientific community, the simplified analysis and synthesis of current and up to date scientific literature makes the volume easier to understand and a tool policy makers can use to make an informed policy decisions.
Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems
by Klaus Lorenz Rattan LalA comprehensive book on basic processes of soil C dynamics and the underlying factors and causes which determine the technical and economic potential of soil C sequestration. The book provides information on the dynamics of both inorganic (lithogenic and pedogenic carbonates) and organic C (labile, intermediate and passive). It describes different types of agroecosystems, and lists questions at the end of each chapter to stimulate thinking and promote academic dialogue. Each chapter has a bibliography containing up-to-date references on the current research, and provides the state-of-the-knowledge while also identifying the knowledge gaps for future research. The critical need for restoring C stocks in world soils is discussed in terms of provisioning of essential ecosystem services (food security, carbon sequestration, water quality and renewability, and biodiversity). It is of interest to students, scientists, and policy makers.
Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovative Methods
by Alessandro PiccoloThis compilation of techniques, methodologies and scientific data arises from a four-year Italian research project, which took place at university research stations in Turin, Piacenza, Naples and Potenza. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) represents an active and essential pool of the total organic carbon on the planet. Consequently, even small changes in this SOM carbon pool may have a significant impact on the concentration of atmospheric CO2. Recent new understanding of the chemical nature of SOM indicates that innovative and sustainable technologies may be applied to sequester carbon in agricultural soils. Overall results of the project have been applied to develop an innovative model for the prediction and description, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. This book provides experts in different areas of soil science with a complete picture of the effects of new soil management methods and their potentials for practical application in farm management.
Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems
by Klaus Lorenz Rattan LalCarbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems is a comprehensive book describing the basic processes of carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems, their contribution to carbon sequestration and implications for mitigating abrupt climate change. This book provides the information on processes, factors and causes influencing carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Drawing upon most up-to-date references, this book summarizes the current understanding of carbon sequestration processes in forest ecosystems while identifying knowledge gaps for future research, Thus, this book is a valuable knowledge source for students, scientists, forest managers and policy makers.
Carbon Sequestration in Urban Ecosystems
by Rattan Lal Bruce AugustinUrbanization drastically alters the ecosystems structure and functions, disrupts cycling of C and other elements along with water. It alters the energy balance and influences climate at local, regional and global scales. In 2008, urban population exceeded the rural population. In 2050, 70% of the world population will live in urban centers. The number of megacities (10 million inhabitants) increased from three in 1975 to 19 in 2007, and is projected to be 27 in 2025. Rapid urbanization is altering the ecosystem C budget. Yet, urban ecosystems have a large C sink capacity in soils and biota. Judicious planning and effective management can enhance C pool in urban ecosystems, and off-set some of the anthropogenic emissions. Principal components with regards to C sequestration include home lawns and turfs, urban forests, green roofs, park and recreational/sports facilities and urban agriculture.
Carbon Sequestration of Terrestrial Vegetation in China: Based on Satellite Remote Sensing Technology (Resources, Climate and Sustainable Development)
by Malin Song Jiandong Chen Zhiwen Li Ying FengThis book estimates terrestrial vegetation carbon sequestration data based on remote sensing satellite data, collects the temporal and spatial characteristics of carbon sequestration by vegetation at county level and grid scale in China, and predicts the future change of carbon sequestration by vegetation in China. Based on the major strategic development goals and specific practices of China's carbon neutrality, this book shifts the research perspective from the side of carbon reduction to the weaker side of carbon sequestration. It not only broadens and enriches the research boundaries and theoretical connotation in the field of carbon neutrality, but also provides a perspective reference for further research on carbon sequestration by vegetation, which has pioneering academic value for future research on carbon dioxide. The satellite data is collected to calculate China's long time series and multi-type district and county vegetation carbon sequestration data set, which can meet different research needs and application scenarios. The practical value lies in providing basic data for the research of carbon neutrality, the establishment of carbon trading market and the calculation of vegetation carbon sink, and providing an important reference index for evaluating the ecological and environmental effects of land change. This book combines remote sensing technology, Geographic Information Science (GIS), spatial visualization technology and index decomposition technology to measure vegetation carbon sequestration in counties and districts of China, reveals the spatial-temporal dynamic change process of vegetation carbon sequestration, and explores the driving influence of social factors.
Carbon Shock
by Mark SchapiroAs the world moves toward making more and more polluters pay to emit carbon, a financial mystery unfolds: What are the costs? Who has the responsibility to pay for them? Who do you pay? How do you pay? And what are the potential impacts? These are the questions veteran journalist Mark Schapiro attempts to answer as he illuminates the struggle to pinpoint carbon’s true costs and allocate them fairly—all while bumping up against the vagaries of the free market, the lobbying power of corporations, the political maneuverings of countries, and the tolerance of everyday consumers buying a cup of coffee, a tank of gas, or an airplane ticket. Along the way, Schapiro tracks the cost of carbon through the drought-ridden farmland of California, where higher temperatures are driving up the price of the food we eat, the prices farmers pay for crop insurance, and the impact on taxpayers. Through the jungles of Brazil, where foreign polluters pay to keep trees standing—as offsets to absorb CO2—at a fraction of the cost they are worth to the struggling communities around them, who engage in logging or other uses. Through the world's greatest manufacturing center, asking who should pay for the pollution generated there—the Chinese who operate the factories or the Westerners who consume the goods they produce? Through the skies, where recent efforts to put a price tag on the carbon left by airplanes in the no-man's land of the atmosphere created what amounted to a quiet but powerful global trade war. Through the carbon-trading capital of Europe, where economists try to establish a price for a bizarre new commodity—a ton of carbon that will not be emitted—literally selling the air in an effort to curtail emissions. And, finally, through the high-tech crime world the new carbon markets have inspired, and the emerging nations that—as they amp up manufacturing, put more cars on their streets, and up their consumption—teeter on the brink of this wild, new carbon economy. For almost two decades, the primary topic of global climate negotiations has been to find a way to pay for the costs of carbon, slow greenhouse gas emissions, and stimulate a shift away from fossil fuels in order to shrink the earth’s carbon footprint. The key tool to date—the international carbon trade—has foundered in a sea of questions deftly explored by Schapiro, and in the turmoil of a global recession. As we approach the next climate negotiations in 2015, will nations stick to business as usual? Or will the world come to terms with the real price for carbon, and figure out a sensible way to pay for it?
Carbon Taxes: Their Macroeconomic Effects and Prospects for Global Adoption--A Survey of the Literature
by Ved P. Gandhi Javier CuervoA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Soil
by Ram Swaroop Meena Rahul Datta Shamina Imran Pathan Maria Teresa CeccheriniSeveral textbooks and edited volumes are currently available on general soil fertility but‚ to date‚ none have been dedicated to the study of “Sustainable Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Soil.” Yet this aspect is extremely important, considering the fact that the soil, as the ‘epidermis of the Earth’ (geodermis)‚ is a major component of the terrestrial biosphere. This book addresses virtually every aspect of C and N cycling, including: general concepts on the diversity of microorganisms and management practices for soil, the function of soil’s structure-function-ecosystem, the evolving role of C and N, cutting-edge methods used in soil microbial ecological studies, rhizosphere microflora, the role of organic matter (OM) in agricultural productivity, C and N transformation in soil, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and its genetics, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), PGPRs and their role in sustainable agriculture, organic agriculture, etc. The book’s main objectives are: (1) to explain in detail the role of C and N cycling in sustaining agricultural productivity and its importance to sustainable soil management; (2) to show readers how to restore soil health with C and N; and (3) to help them understand the matching of C and N cycling rules from a climatic perspective.Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for educators, researchers, and policymakers, as well as undergraduate and graduate students of soil science, soil microbiology, agronomy, ecology, and the environmental sciences. Gathering cutting-edge contributions from internationally respected researchers, it offers authoritative content on a broad range of topics, which is supplemented by a wealth of data, tables, figures, and photographs. Moreover, it provides a roadmap for sustainable approaches to food and nutritional security, and to soil sustainability in agricultural systems, based on C and N cycling in soil systems.
Carbon in Earth's Interior (Geophysical Monograph Series #250)
by Jung-Fu Lin Craig E. Manning Wendy L. MaoExplores the behavior of carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids under extreme conditions Carbon trapped in diamonds and carbonate-bearing rocks in subduction zones are examples of the continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth’s surface and its interior. However, there is still much to learn about the forms, transformations, and movements of carbon deep inside the Earth. Carbon in Earth's Interior presents recent research on the physical and chemical behavior of carbon-bearing materials and serves as a reference point for future carbon science research. Volume highlights include: Data from mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, and geodynamics Research on the deep carbon cycle and carbon in magmas or fluids Dynamics, structure, stability, and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials Properties of allied substances that carry carbon Rates of chemical and physical transformations of carbon The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water
by Jerome C. GreysonFor chemists and engineers in ecology, food science, pollution control, and related fields. Details the procedures available for monitoring and controlling carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen pollutants in such industries as waste water treatment, energy, transportation, pharmaceuticals, and mining. Outlin
Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design
by Pablo M. La RocheThe energy used to operate buildings is one of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions. While it is possible to reduce emissions through climate-responsive design, many architects are not trained to do this. Filling an urgent need for a design reference in this emerging field, this book describes how to reduce building-related greenhouse gas emissions through appropriate design techniques. It presents strategies to achieve CO2 reductions, with an emphasis on control of energy flows through the building envelope and passive heating and cooling strategies. This new, revised edition is updated throughout, and includes a new chapter on building simulations.
Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design
by Pablo M. La RocheThe energy used to build and operate buildings is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. While it is possible to reduce emissions through low-carbon design, many architects are not trained to do this. Filling an urgent need for a design reference in this emerging field, this book describes how to reduce building-related greenhouse gas emissions through appropriate design techniques. It presents strategies to achieve CO2 reductions, with an emphasis on control of energy flows through the building envelope and passive cooling and heating strategies. This new, revised edition is updated throughout and includes a new section on embodied carbon and new chapters on daylighting and nature-based cooling.Features: Adds new chapters on daylighting and nature-based cooling with numerous updates throughout the rest of the chapters Presents strategies, illustrated with examples, for new construction and existing buildings to reduce energy consumption and reduce emissions Explains the origins of CO2 emissions associated with the operation and fabrication of buildings: supplying water, disposing of waste from the building, and proposes strategies to reduce them Covers carbon calculations, thermal comfort, indigenous technology, climate‑responsive design, passive cooling and heating, solar design, air flow analysis, daylighting, building simulation and microclimate design with abundant examples Examines siting/location to design buildings that adapt and mitigate their effect on climate change
Carbon-Neutral Pathways for China: Economic Issues
by Kai TangThis book provides comprehensive economic analyses on the paths to net-zero for China. It gives a detailed overview of issues and challenges related to carbon neutrality of the global largest emitter which have not been adequately addressed e.g., reduction costs and efficiency of existing actions, the multiple impacts of the newly established carbon market, and the potentials and costs of nature-based solutions such as biophysical sequestration, etc. Studies on China’s carbon reduction have attracted scientists and policymakers from diverse backgrounds. Pursuing a holistic and systematic approach, the book establishes a fundamental framework for this topic, emphasizing the importance of integrated technical-economic-policy analysis. This book will not only be an essential reference to the carbon-neutral progress in China but also will be an outstanding text book on carbon-neutral management. Similarly, this book is expected to attract a great range of readership including undergraduate and postgraduate students, economic and climate specialists, researchers and policymakers in China as well as in overseas.
Carbon-based Nanomaterials for Green Applications
by Upendra Kumar Suman Lata Tripathi Piyush Kumar SonkarGain valuable insight into applying carbon-based nanomaterials to the green technologies of the future The green revolution is the most important technological development of the new century. Carbon-based nanomaterials, with their organic origins and immense range of applications, are increasingly central to this revolution as it unfolds. There is an urgent need for an up-to-date overview of the latest research in this ever-expanding field. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Green Applications meets this need by providing a brief outline of the synthesis and characterization of different carbon-based nanomaterials, including their historical backgrounds. It proceeds to move through each major category, outlining properties and applications for each. The result is an essential contribution to a huge range of sustainable and renewable industries. With contributions from a global list of distinguished writers, the book includes: Discussion of nanomaterial applications in fields from drug delivery to biomedical technology to optics Analysis of nanomaterial categories including graphene, fullerene, mesoporous carbon, and many more Separate chapters describing aspects of supercapacitors, solar cells, and fuel cells Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Green Applications is ideal for scientists and researchers working in nanotechnology, life sciences, biomedical research, bioengineering, and a range of related fields.
Carbon: A Field Manual for Building Designers
by Matti Kuittinen Alan Organschi Andrew RuffA comprehensive approach to design that integrates sustainable principles and design strategies for decarbonized construction Representing an international collaboration between academics and architects in the United States and Europe, Carbon: A Field Manual for Designers and Builders offers professionals in the field an approach to sustainable design that embraces building science principles, life-cycle analysis, and design strategies in carbon neutral construction. The book also contains background information on carbon in construction materials and in the building design process. This book is filled with illustrative diagrams and drawings that help evaluate the potential impact of design decisions for creating carbon emissions. Written by and for designers and builders, the book includes a compelling pair of case studies that explore carbon-reducing strategies, suggests steps for assessing a building's carbon footprint, and reviews carbon storages and circulation of materials. The guidelines detailed in the book can be adopted, replicated, and deployed to reduce carbon emissions and create more sustainable buildings. This important book: Offers an effective approach to sustainable design in construction Integrates building science principles, life-cycle analysis, and design strategies in carbon neutral construction Describes a methodology for quantifying the flow of carbon in the built environment Provides an analysis of carbon-reducing strategies based on a case study of a building designed by the authors Written for practicing professionals in architecture and construction, Carbon: A Field Guide for Designers and Builders is a must-have resource for professionals who are dedicated to creating sustainable projects.
Carbon: The Book of Life
by Paul HawkenA journey into the world of carbon, the most versatile element on the planet, by the New York Times bestselling author Paul HawkenCarbon is the only element that animates the entirety of the living world. Though comprising a tiny fraction of Earth&’s composition, our planet is lifeless without it. Yet it is maligned as the driver of climate change, scorned as an errant element blamed for the possible demise of civilization.Here, Paul Hawken looks at the flow of life through the lens of carbon. Embracing a panoramic view of carbon&’s omnipresence, he explores how this ubiquitous and essential element extends into every aperture of existence and shapes the entire fabric of life. Hawken charts a course across our planetary history, guiding us into the realms of plants, animals, insects, fungi, food, and farms to offer a new narrative for embracing carbon&’s life-giving power and its possibilities for the future of human endeavor.In this stirring, hopeful, and deeply humane book, Hawken illuminates the subtle connections between carbon and our collective human experience and asks us to see nature, carbon, and ourselves as exquisitely intertwined—inseparably connected.
Carbonate Depositional Systems: The Bahamas, Belize and the Persian/Arabian Gulf
by Bernhard M. Riegl Gregor P. Eberli Hildegard WestphalCarbonate sediments are of increasing relevance for archives of past environmental conditions and for economical reasons in areas of geothermal energy and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Complex interaction of physical and chemical parameters with biological parameters determines the architecture and composition of carbonate sedimentary bodies. This book closes some of the still existing gaps in our understanding of the influence and interplay of physical, chemical, and biological parameters with carbonate sedimentation. An understanding of this interaction is not only required for reliable prediction of reservoir quality but also for a robust interpretation of environmental conditions in the past and the present. It is written by geologists for geologists in order to provide an easily accessible overview of the large amount of relevant information provided by the neighbouring sciences. The approach of the book is to document the modern depositional environments of three classical areas of carbonate deposition, each characteristic for a specific sedimentological setting (isolated platform, attached shelf, ramp) in order to assess both the range of physical, biological and chemical parameters and their sedimentary response. This book presents a comprehensive compilation based on data from published work and unpublished theses, and the integration of these data in order to extract previously undiscovered relationships between the discussed parameters and carbonate deposition.
Carbonate Reservoir Heterogeneity: Overcoming the Challenges (SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering)
by Vahid TavakoliThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the parameters and factors that cause heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs, and examines how they interact with one another. It explores the various scales of heterogeneity, how they are caused, and how they can be minimized, as well as how the scales affect each other, providing practical examples in each chapter. The book concludes by discussing the effect of heterogeneity on petrophysical evaluations. As reducing heterogeneity is the only way to obtain accurate carbonate reservoir characteristics at the regional scale, the book offers an important reference guide for all geologists, engineers, and modelers working with subsurface data.
Carbonate Sediments and Rocks Under the Microscope: A Colour Atlas
by Anthony Adams W.S. MacKenzieThis full color atlas illustrates a range of features not attempted in any general textbook and is designed as a laboratory manual to keep beside the microscope, as an aid to identifying grain types and textures in carbonates.
Carbonate Systems During the Olicocene-Miocene Climatic Transition (International Association Of Sedimentologists Series #107)
by Christian Betzler Maria Mutti Werner PillerThe Oligocene and Miocene Epochs comprise the most important phases in the Cenozoic global cooling that led from a greenhouse to an icehouse Earth. Recent major advances in the understanding and time-resolution of climate events taking place at this time, as well as the proliferation of studies on Oligocene and Miocene shallow-water/neritic carbonate systems, invite us to re-evaluate the significance of these carbonate systems in the context of changes in climate and Earth surface processes. Carbonate systems, because of a wide dependence on the ecological requirements of organisms producing the sediment, are sensitive recorders of changes in environmental conditions on the Earth surface. The papers included in this Special Publication address the dynamic evolution of carbonate systems deposited during the Oligocene and Miocene in the context on climatic and Earth surfaces processes focusing on climatic trends and controls over deposition; temporal changes in carbonate producers and palaeoecology; carbonate terminology; facies; processes and environmental parameters (including water temperature and production depth profiles); carbonate producers and their spatial and temporal variability; and tectonic controls over architecture. This book is part of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) Special Publications. The Special Publications from the IAS are a set of thematic volumes edited by specialists on subjects of central interest to sedimentologists. Papers are reviewed and printed to the same high standards as those published in the journal Sedimentology and several of these volumes have become standard works of reference.
Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration (Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology)
by Dominique MoranThe ’punitive turn’ has brought about new ways of thinking about geography and the state, and has highlighted spaces of incarceration as a new terrain for exploration by geographers. Carceral geography offers a geographical perspective on incarceration, and this volume accordingly tracks the ideas, practices and engagements that have shaped the development of this new and vibrant subdiscipline, and scopes out future research directions. By conveying a sense of the debates, directions, and threads within the field of carceral geography, it traces the inner workings of this dynamic field, its synergies with criminology and prison sociology, and its likely future trajectories. Synthesizing existing work in carceral geography, and exploring the future directions it might take, the book develops a notion of the ’carceral’ as spatial, emplaced, mobile, embodied and affective.