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China’s Strategy in Space (SpringerBriefs in Space Development)
by Stacey SolomoneThis book addresses why China is going into space and provides up- to-date information on all aspects of the Chinese Space Program in terms of launch vehicles, launch sites and infrastructure, crew vehicles for space exploration, satellite applications and scientific exploration capabilities. Beyond mere capabilities, it is important to understand how Chinese aerospace leaders think, how they make decisions, and what their ultimate goal is during their space endeavors. What are Chinese intentions in space? To what extent does culture and ethics influence Chinese strategic decision-making within the highest levels of the aerospace industrial complex? This book examines these questions and offers four potential scenarios on where the Chinese space program is headed based on this new perspective of understanding China's space goals. This book is not only required reading for policy makers and military leaders in the US government, but also for the general population, students, and professionals interested in truly understanding the reasons behind what the Chinese are doing in space.
China’s Transition on Climate Change Communication and Governance: From Zero to Hero (Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path)
by Binbin WangThis book provides a two-level analytical framework and empirical study to analyze the reason and process of China’s transition that is from a follower to driver in the field of global climate governance, and is especially valuable the dialogues and cooperation between the government, media and civil society. Nowadays, China shows strong leadership to push the process of global climate governance. It’s the first and fastest time in the past 40-year history of China’s Opening-up that China wins the international respect and trust in one of the issues of global governance. What experiences can be summarized? What dynamic situations and new possibilities emerged after Trump, the U.S. president announced to withdraw from the Paris Agreement? How to move forward based on the existing success? This timely book offers new lens for international readers to understand China’s effort domestically and internationally in the field of climate change and illustrate the outlook of the climate governance in the frame of win-win co-governance model.
China’s Urban Agglomerations (Springer Geography)
by Chuanglin Fang Danlin YuThe book combs through extensively 32,231 urban agglomeration related works during the past 120 years to explore a theoretically supported and practically based definition of urban agglomeration. Based on the definition, the authors explore intensively the fundamental characteristics, spatiotemporal differentiation properties, and existing issues for China’s sustainable urban agglomeration development for the past 35 years. The study proposes that China shall focus on the construction and sustainable development of five primary national-level urban agglomerations. In the meantime, China shall also steadily and gradually construct 9 regional urban agglomerations and guide the development and growth of 6 local urban agglomerations. In the long run, China will have a hierarchical “5+9+6” closely integrated hierarchical urban agglomeration spatial structure. The study also proposes to coordinate the construction and development of urban agglomerations on the “two belts and one road” to form a national new urbanization development strategic pattern that enables “the axis to connect the agglomerations while the agglomerations support the axis.” Furthermore, the study investigates a variety of strategic thinking and suggestions for creating innovative, green and ecologically friendly, intelligent, low-carbon, open, culture-oriented, market-oriented and shared urban agglomerations in China. This book will be a comprehensive reference both for scholars and decision-makers engaged in urban development and planning and environmental protection departments. It can also serve as textbook for graduate students of relevant fields.
China’s Urbanization
by Chaolin GuThis book tries to root its exploration of China’s urbanization in the very local realities of China from the perspective of urban geography and international urbanization theory. The research is of large scale, full process and boasts the feature of multidimensional and systematic thinking. In order clearly illustrate the full dimensions of China’s urbanization, each chapter presents series of well-designed figures and tables to enhance the book’s readability and clarity. This book can be used as a reference for scholars and decision makers who are engaged or interested in China's urbanization policy, urban and regional planning, and socioeconomic transformation.
Chinese City and Regional Planning Systems
by Li YuWhile the Chinese planning system is vitally important to the rapid development which has been taking place over the past three decades, this is the first text to provide a comprehensive examination and critical evaluation of this system. It sets the current system in historical context and explains the hierarchy of government departments responsible for planning and construction, the different types of plans produced and recent urban planning innovations which have been put into practice. Illustrated with boxed empirical case studies, it shows the problems faced by the planning system in facing the uncertainty in the market economy. In all, it provides readers with a full understanding of a complex and powerful system which is very distinct from other planning systems around the world. As such, it is essential reading for all students interested in the current development taking place in China and, in addition, to planning students with a general interest in planning systems and theory.
Chinese Environmental Governance: Dynamics, Challenges, and Prospects in a Changing Society (Environmental Politics and Theory)
by Bingqiang Ren Huisheng ShouThis book offers the most updated research on the dynamics, challenges, and prospects in China's environmental governance.
Chinese Governance and Transformation Towards Carbon Neutrality (Resources, Environment and Agricultural Development)
by Jun Xu Sujian Guo Channing Arndt Binlei GongThis book provides the first comprehensive and systematic account of the multi-level governance system adopted by China in realizing the Dual-Carbon transition. This governance system encompasses the participation of the government, the market, industry and all sectors of society, and emphasizes coordination and cooperation between all levels of government between different sectors, and between domestic and international levels. The book finds that the government can play an important leadership and guidance role in the Dual-Carbon transition. By formulating and implementing relevant policies, regulations and planning, the government can promote the process of Dual-Carbon development. Second, the full utilization of market mechanisms also plays a key role. Through measures such as establishing a carbon market and promoting carbon pricing, the market mechanism promotes the innovation and application of low carbon technologies. In addition, the active participation of industry is an indispensable factor in realizing a Dual-Carbon transition. Industry and agriculture have contributed to Dual-Carbon development by promoting the efficient use of resources and the adoption of green production methods. Finally, raising public awareness and participation in environmental protection is also indispensable, and the process of Dual-Carbon transition is effectively promoted through publicity and education, social organizations and public participation. By addressing multiple themes, this book provides a comprehensive understanding and in-depth analysis of the Dual-Carbon transition, and offers scientific guidance and policy recommendations for China's sustainable development and the achievement of Dual-Carbon goals. At the same time, the significance of this book lies in the fact that it provides reference for other countries and regions, and makes a positive contribution to global climate governance. Parts of this book's translation from its Chinese original manuscript were completed with the assistance of artificial intelligence. The author subsequently revised the content.
Chinese Investment in Africa: Its Variegated and Contradictory Character in Relation to Land, Agriculture, Mining and Infrastructure (Economic Geography)
by Kirk Helliker Freedom Mazwi George T. MudimuThis edited volume systematically interrogates the Chinese investment presence in Africa, focusing on land and agriculture, mining and other infrastructural projects. In doing so, the form and extent of Chinese debt will be brought into perspective, with comparisons made to investments in Africa emanating from metropolitan capitalism. The volume examines the development potential of these investments by focusing on the labour regimes created and the effects of investments on the land-based agricultural livelihoods of the African peasantry. This entails the use of a political economy approach which incorporates the state, international actors and local communities into the analysis, with gender dynamics also of great significance. Overall, the contributions in this volume focus on an array of African nations (with a specific focus on Zimbabwe) and they deploy a large wealth of primary field-based data collected over a number of years by established and emerging scholars living andworking on the continent.
Chinese Investment in Australia
by Xueli Huang Ian AustinAustralia is renowned for its abundance of natural resources and is one of the largest recipients of Chinese direct investment. State- and privately-owned Chinese firms have invested heavily in the Australian minerals industry to secure a supply for their domestic production. In this book, the authors provide a comprehensive review of how Chinese firms have successfully invested in the Australian mineral industry based on their extensive research and consulting experiences. They provide unique insights into the entry processes used by Chinese investors, factors contributing to their successes, lessons they have learnt, and the challenges they have encountered in managing their investment. Moreover, the book also elaborates on how the political, economic and competitive forces in both countries influence Chinese investments in Australia. It is an informative tool for domestic and international policy makers, business professionals, academic and informed readers with interests on how China's resource requirements are impacting the Australian political and commercial landscape.
Chinese Labour in South Africa, 1902-10
by Rachel K. BrightThis book explores the decision of the British Empire to import Chinese labour to southern Africa despite the already tense racial situation in the region. It enables a clearer understanding of racial and political developments in southern Africa during the reconstruction period and places localised issues within a wider historiography.
Chinese Urbanism: Critical Perspectives
by Mark JayneThis book provides a definitive overview of contemporary developments in our understanding of urban life in China. Multidisciplinary perspectives outline the most significant critical, theoretical, methodological and empirical developments in our appreciation of Chinese cities in the context of an increasingly globalized world. Each chapter includes reviews and appraisals of past and current theoretical development and embarks on innovative theoretical directions relating to Marxist, feminist, post-structural, post-colonial and ‘more-than-representational’ thinking. The book provides an in-depth insight into urban change and considers in what ways theoretical engagement with Chinese cities contributes to our understanding of ‘global urbanism’. Chapters explore how new critical perspectives on economic, political, social, spatial, emotional, embodied and affective practices add value to our understanding of urban life in, and beyond, China. Chinese Urbanism offers valuable insights which will be of interest to students and scholars alike working in geography, urban studies, Asian studies, economics, political studies and beyond.
Chinese Water Systems: Volume 1: Liaohe And Songhuajiang River Basins (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences Ser.)
by Richard Williams Olaf Kolditz Beidou Xi Yonghui Song Yuan Zhang Kun Lei Mengheng Zhang Weijing KongThis book describes the huge efforts by the Chinese Government concerning the restoration and future sustainable management of Chinese water systems. It presents the results of a Sino-European joint project concerning the Songhuajiang-Liaohe River Basin (SLRB) in Northeast China conducted by the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Germany, and the Natural Environment Research Council as represented by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), UK. The book explains in great detail the development of risk assessment and corresponding management methods for (i) controlling water pollution, (ii) assessing river health and ecological restoration options, (iii) characterizing persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and (iv) protecting fragile groundwater resources. It also describes the implemented demonstration sites of SLRB during the project course as well as lessons learnt on efficient project management and the dissemination of knowledge and technologies.
Chinese Water Systems: Volume 3: Poyang Lake Basin (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences Ser.)
by Weiping Hu Olaf Kolditz Agnes Sachse Zhenliang Liao Xiaohu DaiThis volume addresses the latest results of the Major Water Program of the Chinese Government which aims at the restoration of polluted water environments and sustainable management of water resources in China. It specifically summarizes the results of the BMBF-CLIENT project “Management of Water Resources in Urban Catchments” and the related MoST project “Key Technologies and Management Modes for the Water Environmental Rehabilitation of a Lake City from the Catchment Viewpoint” in Chaohu. The project is conducted by the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Technische Universität Dresden, German and Chinese companies (WISUTEC, AMC, bbe Moldaenke, itwh, OpenGeoSys e.V., HC System and EWaters) in close cooperation with Tongji University, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology of Academy of Sciences, Institute for Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chaohu Lake Management Authority. The book explains the development of concepts and solutions for sustained water quality improvement in Chaohu, combining urban water resource management, decentralized sanitation solutions, methods in water quality assurance, environmental information systems and groundwater modeling.
Chinese Water Systems: Volume 3: Poyang Lake Basin (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences)
by Olaf Kolditz Bing Xu Erik Nixdorf TianXiang Yue Chengzi Zhou Na Zhao Zhewen Fan Xiaolan Huang Cui ChenThis volume of the Chinese Water Systems subseries offers up-to-date and comprehensive information on various aspects of the Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. Following a detailed introduction of the lake basin, the respective chapters present the findings of studies examining surface and subsurface hydrology, relationships between plant ecology and pollution of the wetlands, changes of land cover as well as the development of modern computational approaches to create Environmental Information Systems for water management. Moreover, the results are supplemented by a wealth of numerical calculations, tables, figures and photographs to make the research results more tangible. Closing with concise information on the “Research Centre for Environmental Information Science” (RCEIS), the book offers a valuable guide for researchers, teachers and professionals working in the areas of water environment, water security and ecological restoration. The projects have been supported by the Sino-German Centre for Science Promotion, the Helmholtz Association and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Chinese Water Systems: Volume 4: Applied Water Management in China (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences)
by Martin Grambow Yonghui Song Max Dohmann Paul WermterThis open-access book addresses latest Sino-German results of the joint research efforts within Major Water Program of the Chinese Government supported by German research funding. The Major Water Program aims at the restoration of polluted water environments and sustainable management of water resources in China. The joint BMBF-CLIENT project SINOWATER deals with three most significant and strongest polluted Chinese waters, the river Liao and the Dian-lake as well as Tai-lake in the area of the metropolises Shenyang, Kunming and Suzhou, respectively. The project was conducted by the Research Institute for Water and Waste Management at RWTH Aachen (FiW) e.V., Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, Technical University of Munich, RWTH Aachen University, German and Chinese companies (Martin Membrane Systems AG, Steinhardt GmbH Wassertechnik, GuHong, JT-elektronik, bluemetric, Huawang Water, EVU Group, Atemis GmbH, i+f process GmbH) in close cooperation with Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tongji University, and the Dianchi Lake Management Authorities. Overall, the joint Sino-German research project SINOWATER provided solutions for the improvement of the water quality in the mentioned water bodies as well as development and optimization of Good Water Governance. These objectives could be achieved through the implementation of innovative German water technologies and the optimization of water management elements in the fields of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment as well as river and shallow lake management.
Chiral and Topological Nature of Magnetic Skyrmions (Springer Theses)
by Shilei ZhangThis book focuses on the characterisation of the chiral and topological nature of magnetic skyrmions in noncentrosymmetric helimagnets. In these materials, the skyrmion lattice phase appears as a long-range-ordered, close-packed grid of nearly millimetre-level correlation length, while the size of a single skyrmion is 3–100 nm. This is a very challenging range of length scales (spanning 5 orders of magnitude from tens of nm to mm) for magnetic characterisation techniques, and, to date, extensive information on this fascinating, magnetically ordered state has remained elusive. In response, this work develops novel resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) techniques, which allow the magnetic structure, including the long-range order and domain formation, as well as microscopic skyrmion parameters, to be measured across the full range of length scales. Most importantly, using circular dichroism in REXS, the internal structure of a given skyrmion, the topological winding number, and the skyrmion helicity angle can all be unambiguously determined. These new techniques are applicable to many materials systems, and allow us to retrieve information on modulated spin structures, multiferroic order, spin-density-waves, and other forms of topological magnetic order.
Chirality, Magnetism and Magnetoelectricity: Separate Phenomena and Joint Effects in Metamaterial Structures (Topics in Applied Physics #138)
by Eugene KamenetskiiThis book discusses theoretical and experimental advances in metamaterial structures, which are of fundamental importance to many applications in microwave and optical-wave physics and materials science. Metamaterial structures exhibit time-reversal and space-inversion symmetry breaking due to the effects of magnetism and chirality. The book addresses the characteristic properties of various symmetry breaking processes by studying field-matter interaction with use of conventional electromagnetic waves and novel types of engineered fields: twisted-photon fields, toroidal fields, and magnetoelectric fields. In a system with a combined effect of simultaneous breaking of space and time inversion symmetries, one observes the magnetochiral effect. Another similar phenomenon featuring space-time inversion symmetries is related to use of magnetoelectric materials. Cross-coupling of the electric and magnetic components in these material structures, leading to the appearance of new magnetic modes with an electric excitation channel – electromagnons and skyrmions – has resulted in a wealth of strong optical effects such as directional dichroism, magnetochiral dichroism, and rotatory power of the fields. This book contains multifaceted contributions from international leading experts and covers the essential aspects of symmetry-breaking effects, including theory, modeling and design, proven and potential applications in practical devices, fabrication, characterization and measurement. It is ideally suited as an introduction and basic reference work for researchers and graduate students entering this field.
Chiroptera (Handbook of the Mammals of Europe)
by Danilo RussoPreliminaryThis volume provides comprehensive overviews of each European bat species’ biology including palaeontology, physiology, genetics, reproduction and development, ecology, habitat, diet, mortality and age determination. Their economic significance and management, as well as future challenges for research and conservation are also addressed. Each chapter includes a distribution map, a photograph of the animal and key literature. This authoritative volume of the Handbook of the Mammals of Europe is a timely and detailed compilation of all European bats and will appeal to academics, students and professionals in mammal research.
Chitin: Formation and Diagenesis (Topics in Geobiology #34)
by Neal S. GuptaThere are several books on properties of chitin and associated biomolecules and their biochemical significance. However, the present volume deals with a wide variety of biogeochemical and organic geochemical aspects of this vital macromolecule written by leading authors and experts in the field. Each chapter is carefully peer reviewed and is an updated account of recent research in isotopic, nanostructural, biochemical, microstructural, geochemical, paleontological and experimental aspects of chitin formation, distribution and preservation in the environment and earth history.
Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Perspective
by Christoffer RappeThis volume was developed from the proceedings of a symposium held in Miami Beach, at the 189th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society.It is the result of the combined efforts of many experts whose efforts have advanced our knowledge of the production, analysis, distribution, effects and control of chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and related compounds.This is the third in a series of publications originating from current technology presented at national meetings of the American Chemical Society. Using this forum as a catalyst, researchers from all over the world came together to present and discuss their data and plan future work in this rapidly developing and sometimes highly emotional technical area.
Chlorinated Paraffins (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #10)
by C. De BoerChlorinated paraffins are one of the last classes of chlorinated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in high quantities in many applications. They are particularly used in cutting oils in the metal industry, but also as lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants and as additives in adhesives, rubber, paints and sealants. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of methods for the synthesis and analysis of chlorinated paraffins. Experts in the field provide an overview of their worldwide occurrence and utilization and describe their toxicological properties. International regulations and production volumes are presented as well as an example of a risk assessment study that was carried out in Japan. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in the occurrence and toxicology of chlorinated paraffins and for authorities and producers.
Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Understanding Crop Performance — Basics and Applications
by Mohamed H. Kalaji Vasilij N. Goltsev Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska Marek Zivcak Marian BresticChlorophyll a fluorescence is a tool for evaluating plant responses to stress conditions. Fluorescence can be used in plant phenotyping and breeding programs to monitor biotic and abiotic stresses including mineral deficiencies, soil salinity, and pathogenic diseases. Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Understanding Crop Performance — Basics and Applications reviews a diversity of instruments available for recording and analyzing different types of light signals from plants and addresses the use of chlorophyll a fluorescence in research on plants and other photosynthesizing organisms, such as algae and cyanobacteria. This book characterizes the phenomenon of chlorophyll a fluorescence, describes the methods for its measurement, and demonstrates — using selected examples — the applicability of these methods to research the response of the photosynthetic apparatus and plant tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions. In addition, chapters cover a general background on photosynthesis, analysis of delayed fluorescence, and the pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) technique. The book is addressed to a wide range of professionals in photosynthesis research and scientists from other areas of plant sciences.
Chocolate Crisis: Climate Change and Other Threats to the Future of Cacao
by Dale WaltersChocolate is the center of a massive global industry worth billions of dollars annually, yet its future in our modern world is currently under threat. In Chocolate Crisis, Dale Walters discusses the problems posed by plant diseases, pests, and climate change, looking at what these mean for the survival of the cacao tree.Walters takes readers to the origins of the cacao tree in the Amazon basin of South America, describing how ancient cultures used the beans produced by the plant, and follows the rise of chocolate as an international commodity over many centuries. He explains that most cacao is now grown on small family farms in Latin America, West Africa, and Indonesia, and that the crop is not easy to make a living from. Diseases such as frosty pod rot, witches’ broom, and swollen shoot, along with pests such as sap-sucking capsids, cocoa pod borers, and termites, cause substantial losses every year. Most alarmingly, cacao growers are beginning to experience the accelerating effects of global warming and deforestation. Projections suggest that cultivation in many of the world’s traditional cacao-growing regions might soon become impossible.Providing an up-to-date picture of the state of the cacao bean today, this book also includes a look at complex issues such as farmer poverty and child labor, and examines options for sustainable production amid a changing climate. Walters shows that the industry must tackle these problems in order to save this global cultural staple and to protect the people who make their livelihoods from producing it.
Chocolate: Sweet Science & Dark Secrets of the World's Favorite Treat
by Kay FrydenborgChocolate hits all the right sweet--and bitter--notes: cutting-edge genetic science whisked in with a strong social conscience, history, and culture yield one thought-provoking look into one of the world's most popular foods. Readers who savored Chew on This and Food, Inc. and lovers of chocolate will relish this fascinating read.
Chomp: A Shark Romp
by Michael PaulDive in to the depths of the ocean to discover different species of sharks in this nonfiction picture book with simple text and illustrations.Many different kinds of sharks are swimming below the ocean's surface.Some sharks are gentle, and some sharks are fierce. Some are awake in the day, and some are awake at night. Some eat almost anything, and some are very picky.You may not be able to visit their watery world, but you can always visit them up close at the aquarium.Simple text and bold illustrations take young explorers on a deep dive through the ocean full of sharks.Don't Miss More from Michael Paul in Roar: A Dinosaur Tour!