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Electromagnetic Sources and Electromagnetic Fields (Modern Antenna)
by Gaobiao XiaoThis book presents a modified spherical harmonic expansion method in which the electromagnetic fields and their sources are expanded with the same set of spherical vector basis functions in a similar procedure. Explicit expressions for the electromagnetic fields, potentials, energies, and the related Green’s functions are derived for the spherical modes in both frequency domain and time domain. Based on the formulation, the relationships between the electromagnetic sources, the electromagnetic far fields, and the electromagnetic near fields are clearly revealed. In particular, a nonuniform transmission line model is developed for intuitively characterizing the total radiation process. The introduction of the cutoff radius and the cutoff mode degree provides a simple reference for determining the numbers of degrees of freedom of the fields associated with sources in a bounded region. Based on the theory, an efficient hybrid method for synthesizing antenna arrays with complex footprints is proposed and demonstrated with several numerical examples. Effective algorithms are also developed for reconstructing the radiating part of the current sources.This book is intended for researchers, engineers, and graduate students who are interested in studying the energy transfer in electromagnetic radiation, synthesis and measurement of antenna arrays, and applications of inverse electromagnetic source problems.
Electromagnetic Waves and Optics: A Linear Systems Approach
by Navin KhanejaThe book explores electromagnetic (EM) waves, which are present everywhere—from radio, television, and cell phones to satellite dishes, antennas, and WiFi. The propagation of EM waves is governed by Maxwell's equations. When these waves pass through a medium, they slow down and refract, while in a metallic medium, they are reflected. Metallic boxes and pipes can store and direct EM waves, known as cavities and waveguides. Oscillating currents generate and transmit EM waves through antennas, allowing for long-distance communication after the waves propagate. Since oscillating currents emit EM waves, the author uses coaxial cables and transmission lines to reduce radiation and carry high-frequency currents efficiently. EM waves at very high frequencies in the optical range are responsible for transmitting visual information. The author also discusses lenses and optical instruments like telescopes and microscopes, which are used to magnify optical signals. Additionally, the quantum mechanical origins of a material’s permittivity, which affects the speed of light through the medium, are examined.
Electromagnetic and Optical Pulse Propagation: Volume 1: Spectral Representations in Temporally Dispersive Media (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #224)
by Kurt E. OughstunThis volume presents a detailed, rigorous treatment of the fundamental theory of electromagnetic pulse propagation in causally dispersive media that is applicable to dielectric, conducting, and semiconducting media. Asymptotic methods of approximation based upon saddle point methods are presented in detail.
Electromagnetic and Optical Pulse Propagation: Volume 2: Temporal Pulse Dynamics in Dispersive Attenuative Media (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #225)
by Kurt E. OughstunIn two volumes, this book presents a detailed, systematic treatment of electromagnetics with application to the propagation of transient electromagnetic fields (including ultrawideband signals and ultrashort pulses) in dispersive attenuative media. The development in this expanded, updated, and reorganized new edition is mathematically rigorous, progressing from classical theory to the asymptotic description of pulsed wave fields in Debye and Lorentz model dielectrics, Drude model conductors, and composite model semiconductors. It will be of use to researchers as a resource on electromagnetic radiation and wave propagation theory with applications to ground and foliage penetrating radar, medical imaging, communications, and safety issues associated with ultrawideband pulsed fields. With meaningful exercises, and an authoritative selection of topics, it can also be used as a textbook to prepare graduate students for research. Volume 2 presents a detailed asymptotic description of plane wave pulse propagation in dielectric, conducting, and semiconducting materials as described by the classical Lorentz model of dielectric resonance, the Rocard-Powles-Debye model of orientational polarization, and the Drude model of metals. The rigorous description of the signal velocity of a pulse in a dispersive material is presented in connection with the question of superluminal pulse propagation. The second edition contains new material on the effects of spatial dispersion on precursor formation, and pulse transmission into a dispersive half space and into multilayered media. Volume 1 covers spectral representations in temporally dispersive media.
Electromagnetism: With Solved Problems (Undergraduate Texts in Physics)
by Hiqmet KamberajAny curriculum involving science and/or engineering will eventually find itself entering the realm of physics. This book seeks to introduce students to a number of the fundamental concepts in physics and illustrate how different theories were developed out of physical observations and phenomena. The book presents multi-chapter sections on electrostatics, magnetism and electromagnetic waves, with eyes on both the past and the future, touching, along the way, on Coulomb, Gauss, Maxwell, Ohm, Biot-Savart, Ampere, Faraday, Fresnel and Lorentz. The book also contains an appendix that provides the reader with a portion of the mathematical background of vector analysis and vector differential operators. The book approaches its topics through a focus on examples and problem-solving techniques, illustrating vividly how physical theories are applied to problems in engineering and science. The book is primarily aimed at undergraduate students in these two fields, but it also features chapters that are geared towards senior undergraduates working on their final year theses.
Electrometallurgical Techniques for DOE Spent Fuel Treatment: FINAL REPORT
by Committee on Electrometallurgical Techniques for DOE Spent Fuel TreatmentThe National Academies Press (NAP)--publisher for the National Academies--publishes more than 200 books a year offering the most authoritative views, definitive information, and groundbreaking recommendations on a wide range of topics in science, engineering, and health. Our books are unique in that they are authored by the nation's leading experts in every scientific field.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science
by Brent L. Adams Mukul Kumar Adam J. Schwartz David P. FieldElectron backscatter diffraction is a very powerful and relatively new materials characterization technique aimed at the determination of crystallographic texture, grain boundary character distributions, lattice strain, phase identification, and much more. The purpose of this book is to provide the fundamental basis for electron backscatter diffraction in materials science, the current state of both hardware and software, and illustrative examples of the applications of electron backscatter diffraction to a wide-range of materials including undeformed and deformed metals and alloys, ceramics, and superconductors. The text has been substantially revised from the first edition, and the authors have kept the format as close as possible to the first edition text. The new developments covered in this book include a more comphrensive coverage of the fundamentals not covered in the first edition or other books in the field, the advances in hardware and software since the first edition was published, and current examples of application of electron backscatter diffraction to solve challenging problems in materials science and condensed-matter physics.
Electron Localization-Delocalization Matrices (Lecture Notes in Chemistry #112)
by Chérif F. Matta Ronald Cook Paul W. AyersThis book builds bridges between two yet separated branches of theoretical and mathematical chemistry: Chemical Graph Theory and Electronic Structure Calculations. Although either of the fields have developed their own techniques, problems, methods, and favorite benchmark cases independent from each other, the authors have managed to bring them together by using the localization-delocalization matrix (LDM). The LDM is a novel molecular descriptor that fingerprints a molecule by condensing the complicated electronic information in one, mathematically manageable, object. In this book, the authors introduce the readers to modeling techniques based on LDMs. Their technique offers a high accuracy as well as robust predictive power, often dramatically surpassing the potential of either of the constituting methods on their own. In addition to the comprehensive and accessible introduction to this new field of theoretical chemistry, the authors offer their self-developed software free to download, so that readers can try running their own simulations. The described methods are very general and can easily be implemented for calculating various properties and parameters such as mosquito repelling activity, ionic liquid properties, local aromaticity of ring molecules, log P's, pKa's, LD50, corrosion inhibition activities, and Lewis acidities and basicities – to only name a few. The free downloadable software helps readers automate the analysis of the matrices described in this book and hence facilitates application of the described methodology.
Electron Waves in Solids: Exploring the Foundations of Modern Technology (Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences #203)
by Navin KhanejaThis book explores the intricate world of electron behavior within solids, revealing them to be waves—a fundamental insight crucial to grasping modern electronics, computing, and solid-state devices. This comprehensive examination elucidates the factors determining material conductivity, distinguishing between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Through detailed analysis, the text illuminates the thermal agitation of solids, manifesting as vibrations known as phonons, which impede electron flow and contribute to electrical resistance. Readers gain insight into the production of electronic devices through semiconductor doping, exploring various device types and their functionalities. The book further investigates the temperature-dependent behavior of metal resistance, including the phenomenon of superconductivity, wherein resistance vanishes entirely at low temperatures—a phenomenon comprehensively elucidated within these pages. Moreover, the text unravels the mysteries of magnetism in solids, exploring how certain metals, such as iron, exhibit permanent magnetism. By probing into the underlying causes of magnetism, readers gain a deeper understanding of solid-state physics. Additionally, the book explores imaging techniques such as X-rays, offering insights into how scientists peer inside solids to decipher their internal structures and properties. Geared toward scientists and engineers, the book serves as an indispensable resource for mastering the foundational concepts of solid-state physics—a discipline indispensable to modern technology.
Electronic Cities: Music, Policies and Space in the 21st Century
by Sébastien Darchen Damien Charrieras John WillsteedThis book examines Electronic Dance Music (EDM) scenes in 18 cities across Africa, the Middle East, Europe, Asia, North America and Australia. It focuses on the historical development of these scenes, with an emphasis on the post-2000 context, including the COVID-19 pandemic and its far-reaching effects. Expert contributors highlight the influence of geographical contexts, as well as cultural and political histories, in the development of mainstream EDM scenes and underground Electronic Dance Music Cultures. This expansive work offers additional insights on cultural and creative policies, planning interventions and regulations associated with nightlife management, and provides a detailed analysis of current challenges inherent to the governance of EDM scenes in contemporary cities.
Electronic Navigation Systems
by David Calcutt Laurie TetleyMaritime navigation has rapidly developed since the publication of the last edition of the title with methods of global position fixing for shipping becoming standardized. As in the previous two editions, this edition will provide a sound basis for the understanding of modern navigation systems and brings the student or professional up-to-date with the latest developments in technology and the growing standardization of maritime navigation techniques. Developed with close scrutiny from the US Merchant Marine Academy and the major maritime navigation centres in the UK, out-dated techniques have been replaced by an expanded section on the now standard Navstar GPS systems and the Integrated Nav. In addition, a new chapter on the application of electronic charts will also be included, as well as problems at the end of each chapter with worked solutions.
Electronic Phase Separation in Magnetic and Superconducting Materials: Recent Advances (Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences #201)
by Maxim Yu. Kagan Kliment I. Kugel Alexander L. Rakhmanov Artem O. SboychakovThis book focuses on nanoscale electronic phase separation in a wide class of different materials, especially in strongly correlated electron systems. It features an extensive review of the field of inhomogeneous spin and charge states in condensed matter physics while delivering a topical and timely discussion of a wide range of recent advances in electronic phase separation. It describes the formation of different types of nanoscale ferromagnetic metallic droplets in antiferromagnetically ordered, charge-ordered, or orbitally-ordered insulating matrices, as well as the colossal magnetoresistance effect and tunneling electron transport in the nonmetallic phase-separated state of complex magnetic oxides. It also discusses compounds with spin-state transitions, inhomogeneously phase-separated states in strongly correlated multiband systems, and the electron polaron effect, paying special attention to systems with imperfect Fermi surface-nesting such as chromium alloys, iron-based pnictides, and AA-stacked graphene bilayers. The authors investigate also the formation of order parameter clusters and insulator-superconductor transition in different superconducting systems including bismuth oxides, two-dimensional films in the presence of strong disorder, as well as inhomogeneous Fermi-Bose mixtures in Aharonov-Bohm rings with a superconducting bridge in a topologically nontrivial state. This book is a valuable resource for researchers involved in theoretical and experimental studies of strongly correlated materials, such as magnetic semiconductors, Fermi-Bose mixtures, and twisted bilayer graphene.
Electronic Properties of Materials: An Introduction Engineers
by Rolf E. HummelThis text on the electrical, optical, magnetic, and thermal properties of materials stresses concepts rather than mathematical formalism. Suitable for advanced undergraduates, it is intended for materials and electrical engineers who want to gain a fundamental understanding of alloys, semiconductor devices, lasers, magnetic materials, and so forth. The book is organized to be used in a one-semester course; to that end each section of applications, after the introduction to the fundamentals of electron theory, can be read independently of the others. Many examples from engineering practice serve to provide an understanding of common devices and methods. Among the modern applications covered are: high-temperature superconductors, optoelectronic materials, semiconductor device fabrication, xerography, magneto-optic memories, and amorphous ferromagnetics. The fourth edition has been revised and updated with an emphasis on the applications sections, which now cover devices of the next generation of electronics.
Electronic Structure of Rare-Earth Nickelates from First-Principles (Springer Theses)
by Harrison LaBollitaThis thesis demonstrates the value of theoretical approaches in the discovery of new superconducting materials. It reports a detailed study of the recently discovered nickel-oxide (nickelate) superconductors using multiple first-principles computational tools, from density functional theory to dynamical mean field theory. In the context of superconductivity, discoveries have generally been linked to serendipitous experimental discovery; this thesis reports some of the few examples of predictions of new superconductors that have later been realized in practice, a prime example of the significance of the methodology it expounds. Overall, it represents a seminal systematic work in the electronic structure theory of the emergent field of nickelate superconductivity.
Electronic Waste
by Hugo Marcelo Veit Andréa Moura BernardesThis book presents an overview of the characterization of electronic waste. In addition, processing techniques for the recovery of metals, polymers and ceramics are described. This book serves as a source of information and as an educational technical reference for practicing scientists and engineers, as well as for students.
Electronic Waste and Printed Circuit Board Recycling Technologies (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series)
by Muammer KayaThis book covers state-of-the-art technologies, principles, methods and industrial applications of electronic waste (e-waste) and waste PCB (WPCB) recycling. It focuses on cutting-edge mechanical separation processes and pyro- and hydro-metallurgical treatment methods. De-soldering, selective dismantling, and dry separation methods (including the use of gravity, magnetic and electrostatic techniques) are discussed in detail, noting the patents related to each. The volume discusses the available industrial equipment and plant flowsheets used for WPCB recycling in detail, while addressing potential future directions of the field. This practical, comprehensive, and multidisciplinary reference will appeal to professionals throughout global industrial, academic and government institutions interested in addressing the growing problem of e-waste. Covers principles, methods and industrial applications of e-waste and PCB recycling;Details state-of-the-art mechanical separation processes and pyro- and hydro-metallurgical treatment methods; Describes the available industrial equipment used and plant flowsheets for PCB recycling and addresses potential future developments of this important field.
Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermoelectric Properties of Spinel Ferrite Systems: A Monte Carlo Study, Mean-Field Theory, High-Temperature Series Expansions, and Ab-Initio Calculations (SpringerBriefs in Materials)
by Rachid MasrourThis book explores magnetic properties and critical temperatures in inverse ferrite Fe₃⁺(M₂⁺Fe₃⁺)O₄ spinels (e.g., Fe, Co, Ni). It calculates transition and Curie Weiss temperatures, providing insights into their thermodynamic behavior. Using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method, it investigates electrical and magnetic structures of spinel chromite, revealing magnetic moments in MnCr₂S₄. Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity are also calculated. Advanced techniques like Monte Carlo, DFT+U, and FLAPW analyze magnetic characteristics of LiMn₁.₅Ni₀.₅O₄ and electronic/magnetic structures of Fe₃O₄. High-temperature series expansions calculate Néel temperature and critical exponents, while GFT determines thermal magnetization and susceptibility. The analysis exposes exchange interactions' effects on magnetic order and introduces asymmetric phases in ferrimagnetic spinel systems. This book serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, academics, and enthusiasts seeking a comprehensive understanding of magnetic properties and critical phenomena within diverse spinel materials.
Electronics for Physicists: An Introduction (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)
by Bryan H. SuitsThis book provides undergraduate physics majors and students of related sciences with a sound basic understanding of electronics and how it is used, principally in the physical sciences. While today few science students go on to careers that demand an ability to design and build electronic circuits, many will use and rely on electronics. As scientists, they will require an appropriate level of fundamental knowledge that enables them, for example, to understand what electronic equipment is doing, to correctly interpret the measurements obtained, and to appreciate the numerous links between electronics and how it is practiced, and other areas of science. Discussing electronics in the broader context and from the point of view of the scientist, this book is intended for students who are not planning to become electronics specialists. It has been written in a relatively informal, personal style and includes detailed examples, as well as some “outside the box” material to inspire thought and creativity. A selection of relevant exercises is included at the end of each chapter.
Electrospun Nanofibrous Technology for Clean Water Production (Nanostructure Science and Technology)
by Rasel DasThis book covers the remarkable progress in the field of electrospun nanofibrous materials synthesis that has been made in recent years for clean water production. The goal is to offer comprehensive and substantial contents in each chapter, entailing the electrospinning principle, novel materials and methods, properties, characterization, and applications, such as adsorption, catalysis, and membranes. The book is instrumental in terms of showing the scale-up production of desired fibers that ensure the control of the structure–properties relationship for developing effective water treatment technologies. Every chapter ends with a special section for highlighting research challenges and breakthroughs, so that scientists can explore these opportunities and discover new directions for future developments. Material scientists, nanotechnologists, chemists, engineers, water specialists, and environmentalists will be inspired by the information on electrospun nanofibrous materials to be found in the book. The wide variety of new ideas and recommended future reading will encourage early-career scientists working in this field to design new experiments and practices. The book is useful for college and university-level students enrolled in project courses in materials science and related fields.
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
by Reiner M. Dreizler Cora S. LüddeThis textbook offers you a profound understanding of the core concepts in electrostatics and magnetostatics. Emphasis is placed on establishing strong mathematical fundamentals while also equipping you with problem-solving skills crucial for mastering these disciplines. It covers basic equations of electrostatics and solution of the Poisson equation as well as Magnetostatics.
Elektrodynamik
by Georg WolschinDieses Buch umfasst ausgewählten Vorlesungsstoff der Theoretischen Physik: Elektrodynamik für Studierende im Grundstudium. Nach einer Einführung in die Grundbegriffe und die Maxwell’schen Gleichungen folgen Kapitel über Elektrostatik und Magnetostatik. Anschließend wird die spezielle Relativitätstheorie als Konsequenz der Lorentz-invarianten Maxwell-Theorie vorgestellt, so dass im folgenden Kapitel die vierdimensionale Formulierung der Elektrodynamik mit Feldstärketensor, Energie-Impuls-Tensor sowie die Lagrange-Formulierung eingeführt werden kann. Elektromagnetische Wellen werden im Vakuum und in Materie untersucht, sowie Wellenpakete und die Reflexion und Brechung an Grenzflächen studiert. Die Felder bewegter Ladungen, die zugehörigen Liénard-Wiechert Potenziale für bewegte Punktladungen und die Larmor-Formel leiten über zum Hertz’schen Dipol. Die durch den schwingenden Dipol erzeugten Felder folgen hier aus den zeitabhängigen Potenzialen.Anhand von insgesamt über 40 Testaufgaben mit Lösungen am Ende der Kapitel wird der Leser dazu motiviert, den Stoff selbst beispielhaft nachzurechnen und das Gelernte zu festigen.
Elektrodynamik: Von den Maxwell-Gleichungen über die Elektro- und Magnetostatik zur elektromagnetischen Induktion (essentials)
by Hans Dieter Dahmen Siegmund Brandt Claus Grupen Tilo StrohDieses essential konzentriert sich auf die Vermittlung der wichtigsten Grundbegriffe, von der Elektrostatik, den Phänomenen des elektrischen Stromes bis hin zu den Maxwell-Gleichungen und aus ihnen abgeleiteten Erkenntnissen. Begriffe wie Ladung, Coulomb-Kraft, Dipol, elektrisches Feld und Potential, magnetisches Feld, Lorentz-Kraft und die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern wie die Induktion werden dargestellt. Auf die vielen Anwendungen der Elektrodynamik wird hingewiesen.
Elektromagnetische Feldtheorie für Fortgeschrittene: Tensoranalysis, spezielle Relativitätstheorie und kovariante Formulierung der Maxwellgleichungen
by Harald KlingbeilDieses Buch bietet einen behutsamen Einstieg in die Tensoranalysis, in die Grundlagen der speziellen Relativitätstheorie und in die relativistische Formulierung der Elektrodynamik. Die Maxwell’schen Gleichungen im Vakuum und die kovariante Form der Maxwellgleichungen werden intensiv behandelt. Auch Dipole und die Abstrahlung elektromagnetischer Wellen bilden inhaltliche Schwerpunkte.Mathematisch präzise und durch ausführliche Rechnungen leicht verständlich, stellt das Buch eine Verbindung zwischen Elektrotechnik, Mathematik und Physik her. Für diesen Vertiefungsband ist ein Grundwissen der Elektrodynamik hilfreich, wie es im Band „Grundlagen der elektromagnetischen Feldtheorie — Maxwellgleichungen, Lösungsmethoden und Anwendungen“ des Autors oder vergleichbaren Lehrbüchern vermittelt wird.Übungsaufgaben mit ausführlichen Musterlösungen vertiefen den Stoff und helfen bei der Kontrolle des Lernerfolgs. Ein umfangreicher Tabellenteil am Ende des Buchs erlaubt die Nutzung als Nachschlagewerk.
Elektromagnetische Feldtheorie für Fortgeschrittene: Tensoranalysis, spezielle Relativitätstheorie und kovariante Formulierung der Maxwellgleichungen
by Harald KlingbeilDieses Buch bietet einen behutsamen Einstieg in die Tensoranalysis, in die Grundlagen der speziellen Relativitätstheorie und in die relativistische Formulierung der Elektrodynamik. Die Maxwell’schen Gleichungen im Vakuum und die kovariante Form der Maxwellgleichungen werden intensiv behandelt. Auch Dipole und die Abstrahlung elektromagnetischer Wellen bilden inhaltliche Schwerpunkte.Mathematisch präzise und durch ausführliche Rechnungen leicht verständlich, stellt das Buch eine Verbindung zwischen Elektrotechnik, Mathematik und Physik her. Für diesen Vertiefungsband ist ein Grundwissen der Elektrodynamik hilfreich, wie es im Band „Grundlagen der elektromagnetischen Feldtheorie — Maxwellgleichungen, Lösungsmethoden und Anwendungen“ des Autors oder vergleichbaren Lehrbüchern vermittelt wird.Übungsaufgaben mit ausführlichen Musterlösungen vertiefen den Stoff und helfen bei der Kontrolle des Lernerfolgs. Ein umfangreicher Tabellenteil am Ende des Buchs erlaubt die Nutzung alsNachschlagewerk.In der vorliegenden vierten Auflage wurden zahlreiche Themen überarbeitet, neue hinzugefügt sowie an vielen Stellen kleinere Ergänzungen des Textes vorgenommen, um die Verständlichkeit weiter zu erhöhen und die Darstellung zu vervollständigen.
Elektropneumatische und elektrohydraulische Bauelemente in der Mechatronik: Konstruktion von sicherheitsgerichteten Steuerungen für Industrie 4.0
by Herbert BernsteinMit der Entwicklung technischer Produkte sind die Anforderungen an die Industrie 4.0 besonders hoch. Dieses Lehrbuch liefert einen Überblick über die mechanischen und elektrischen Bauelemente, die in elektrohydraulischen und -pneumatischen Maschinen und Anlagen zum Einsatz kommen. Zudem wird auf die elektrische Sicherheitstechnik eingegangen. Ein Einstieg in speicherprogrammierbare Steuerungen und in die dahinterstehende Logik runden das Buch ab. Der elektronische, informationstechnische, mechanische, pneumatische und hydraulische Entwickler erhält somit eine Übersicht für sein praktisches Arbeiten.Die Zielgruppen:Ingenieure, Techniker, Meister und alle, die sich in die Mechatronik einarbeiten müssen Studierende technischer Fachrichtungen.