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Evolution of Land and Life in Oman: an 800 Million Year Story
by Mohammed Hilal Al KindiThis book takes readers on a fascinating journey to discover the story of land and ancient life evolution in Oman since at least 800 million years ago. Oman is well known for its marvelous geology. What tectonics affected this part of the world and what organisms lived there? How did the climate and life develop? Did life forms become more complex and varied or become extinct and disappear forever? The book thoroughly reconstructs this land and ancient life evolution and offers readers an understanding on how land, climate and life have proceeded and developed in Oman through the millions of years.
Evolution of Magmatic and Diamond-Forming Systems of the Earth's Lower Mantle (Springer Geology)
by Yuriy A. Litvin Anna V. SpivakThis book sheds valuable new light on the genetic mineralogy of lower-mantle diamonds and syngenetic minerals. It presents groundbreaking experimental results revealing the melting relations of ultrabasic and basic associations and a physicochemical peritectic mechanism of their evolution. The experimental investigations included here reveal the key multicomponent, multiphase oxide-silicate-carbonate-carbon parental media for lower-mantle diamonds and syngenetic minerals. Consequently, readers will find extensive information on the diamond-parental oxide-silicate-carbonate-carbon melts-solutions that supplement the general features of lower-mantle diamond genesis and the most efficient ultrabasic-basic evolution. The experimental results on physicochemical aspects, combined with analytical mineralogy data, make it possible to create a generalized composition diagram of the diamond-parental melts-solutions, there by completing the mantle-carbonatite concept for the genesis of lower-mantle diamonds and syngenetic minerals. This book addresses the needs of all researchers studying the Earth’s deepest structure, super-deep mineral formation including diamonds, and magmatic evolution.
Evolution of Marine Coastal Ecosystems under the Pressure of Global Changes: Proceedings of Coast Bordeaux Symposium and of the 17th French-Japanese Oceanography Symposium
by Patrick Prouzet Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi Yves Hénocque Teruhisa Komatsu Jiro Yoshida Benoit SautourCoastal and estuarine environments at the interface of terrestrial and marine areas are among the most productive in the world. However, since the beginning of the industrial era, these ecosystems have been subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures intensified from the second half of the 20th century, when there was a marked acceleration in the warming (climate change) of the continents, particularly at high latitudes. Coastal ecosystems are highly vulnerable to alteration of their physical, chemical and biological characteristics (marine intrusion, acidification of marine environments, changes in ecosystems, evolution and artificialization of the coastline, etc.).In contact with heavily populated areas, these environments are often the receptacle of a lot of chemical and biological pollution sources that significantly diminish their resilience. In this context of accelerated evolution and degradation of these areas important for food security of many populations around the world, it is necessary to better identify the factors of pressure and understand, at different scales of observation, their effects and impacts on the biodiversity and on the socio-eco-systems, in order to determine the degree of vulnerability of these coastal ecosystems and the risks they face. A transdisciplinary and integrated approach is required to prevent risks. Within this framework, operational coastal oceanography occupies an important place but also the implementation of a true socio-eco-system approach in order to set up an environmentally friendly development.
Evolution of a Movement: Four Decades of California Environmental Justice Activism
by Tracy E. PerkinsDespite living and working in California, one of the county's most environmentally progressive states, environmental justice activists have spent decades fighting for clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and safe, healthy communities. Evolution of a Movement tells their story—from the often-raucous protests of the 1980s and 1990s to activists' growing presence inside the halls of the state capitol in the 2000s and 2010s. Tracy E. Perkins traces how shifting political contexts combined with activists' own efforts to institutionalize their work within nonprofits and state structures. By revealing these struggles and transformations, Perkins offers a new lens for understanding environmental justice activism in California. Drawing on case studies and 125 interviews with activists from Sacramento to the California-Mexico border, Perkins explores the successes and failures of the environmental justice movement in California. She shows why some activists have moved away from the disruptive "outsider" political tactics common in the movement's early days and embraced traditional political channels of policy advocacy, electoral politics, and working from within the state's political system to enact change. Although some see these changes as a sign of the growing sophistication of the environmental justice movement, others point to the potential of such changes to blunt grassroots power. At a time when environmental justice scholars and activists face pressing questions about the best route for effecting meaningful change, this book provides insight into the strengths and limitations of social movement institutionalization.
Evolution of the Ammonoids
by Donald R. Prothero Kate LoMedico Marriott Alexander BartholomewAmmonites are an extinct and charismatic lineage that persisted for over 300 million years. They were used, with other fossils, to corroborate the principle of faunal succession and launch the field of biostratigraphy. Despite intense research, many important questions remain unanswered. Furthermore, outdated hypotheses persist. Many new findings include a better understanding of their appearance in life, their locomotion, and their role in long-gone ecosystems. And, of course, there are still controversies; e.g. why did shell complexity increase during evolutionary history. This richly illustrated book describes the full range of ammonoids and their fascinating evolutionary history. Key Features Documents the early history of paleontology and the role played by ammonoids Describes the basic anatomy of a diverse and long-persisting lineage Summarizes the classification and diversity of ammonoids Lavishly illustrated with beautiful reconstructions Highlights recent findings and outstanding controversies Related Titles Ponder, W. F. D. R. Lindberg and J. M. Ponder. Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca (Vol 1. ISBN 978-1-0321-7660-4, Vol 2. ISBN 9781032173542) Mente, E., eds. Reproductive Biology of Crustaceans: Case Studies of Decapod Crustaceans (ISBN 978-0-3674-5277-3) Koenemann, S. & R. Jenner, eds. Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships (ISBN 978-0-3673-9294-9) Schierwater, B. & R. DeSalle, eds. Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach (ISBN 978-0-3676-8567-6)
Evolution of the Atmosphere, Fire and the Anthropocene Climate Event Horizon
by Andrew Y. GliksonUnique among all creatures, further to the increase in its cranial volume from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, the use of tools and cultural and scientific creativity, the genus Homo is distinguished by the mastery of fire, which since about two million years ago has become its blueprint. Through the Holocene and culminating in the Anthropocene, the burning of much of the terrestrial vegetation, excavation and combustion of fossil carbon from up to 420 million years-old biospheres, are leading to a global oxidation event on a geological scale, a rise in entropy in nature and the sixth mass extinction of species.
Evolution of the Pyrenees During the Variscan and Alpine Cycles, Volume 1: Variscan Cycle and Cretaceous Rifting (ISTE Invoiced)
by Nicolas Saspiturry Jessica Uzel Alexandre OrtizEvolution of the Pyrenees during the Variscan and Alpine Cycles 1 presents the evolution of geological knowledge of the Pyrenees as a result of major scientific research programs in the early 21st century. This book, dedicated to the Variscan cycle and Cretaceous rifting, traces the evolution of the Pyrenean domain between 340 Ma and 90 Ma. It begins with an analysis of the state of knowledge of the Pyrenean basement, whose structure is inherited from the Variscan evolution of this domain. It then traces the kinematic evolution of the western Mediterranean domain since the Paleozoic. Finally, it discusses the evolution of our knowledge of Cretaceous rifting and the sedimentary and metasomatic processes associated with the individualization of the Iberian–Eurasian plate boundary.
Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction
by Eugenie C. ScottMore than eighty years after the Scopes trial, the debate over teaching evolution continues in spite of the emptiness of the creationist positions. This accessible resource, now completely revised and updated, provides an essential introduction to the ongoing dispute’s many facets―the scientific evidence for evolution, the legal and educational basis for its teaching, and the various religious points of view―as well as a concise history of the evolution-creationism controversy. This second edition also contains a discussion of the legal history, updated to include the seminal case of Kitzmiller v. Dover as well as a new chapter on public opinion and media coverage.
Evolution's Edge: The Coming Collapse and Transformation of Our World
by Graeme TaylorThe coordinator of BEST Futures, a project researching sustainable solutions to global problems, advocates the need for a new evolutionary direction to address growing crises due to diminishing resources. In support of this transformation, he discusses the basis of a sustainable society; progress indicators that take into account emotional, intellectual, and spiritual needs; and tools for constructive change (e. g. , The Earth Charter, 2000). Color illustrations by Fereshteh M. Sadeghi enhance the text. Distributed by Consortium Books Sales and Distribution. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc. , Portland, OR (booknews. com)
Evolution's Wedge
by Karin S. Pfennig David W. PfennigEvolutionary biology has long sought to explain how new traits and new species arise. Darwin maintained that competition is key to understanding this biodiversity and held that selection acting to minimize competition causes competitors to become increasingly different, thereby promoting new traits and new species. Despite Darwin's emphasis, competition's role in diversification remains controversial and largely underappreciated. In their synthetic and provocative book, evolutionary ecologists David and Karin Pfennig explore competition's role in generating and maintaining biodiversity. The authors discuss how selection can lessen resource competition or costly reproductive interactions by promoting trait evolution through a process known as character displacement. They further describe character displacement's underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms. The authors then consider character displacement's myriad downstream effects, ranging from shaping ecological communities to promoting new traits and new species and even fueling large-scale evolutionary trends. Drawing on numerous studies from natural populations, and written for a broad audience, Evolution's Wedge seeks to inspire future research into character displacement's many implications for ecology and evolution.
Evolution, Development and Ecology of Anemonefishes: Model Organisms for Marine Science
by Vincent Laudet and Timothy RavasiAnemonefishes, one of the most popular and recognizable of fishes in the world, are much more than film characters; they are also emerging model organisms for studying the biology, ecology, and evolution of coral reef fishes. They are a group of 28 species often employed to study patterns and processes of social organization, intra- and inter-specific competition, sex change, mutualism, dispersal and connectivity of fish populations, habitat selection, pigment pattern formation, lifespan and predator-prey interactions. This multi-authored book covers all these areas and provides an update on the research done with this model and the perspective it opens for the future. Key Features Contains basic and up-to-date information on an emerging fish model Allows non-specialist readers to grasp the relevance of a wide research area Provides accurate and easy to access information on each of the 28 species Includes guidance for establishing a breeding colony Documents that anemonefishes are useful model organisms for ecological, developmental and climate research The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Evolution: An Evolving Theory
by Charles Devillers Jean ChalineIs evolution predictible? Taking into account the results of such diverse disciplines of natural sciences as e. g. genetics embryology, ecology, palaeontology on the threshold of the coming century, the authors stretch out their ideas for discussing this question. Charles Devillers, biologist, and Jean Chaline, palaeontologist and geologist, developed a new assessment of the historic framework of evolution, based on their longterm experiences in scientific research, also including philosophical aspects to life. They aimed the book at a publicreceptive to problems of the origin and evolution of life and especially of mankind to teachers and scientists of various topics in the sciences of life, Earth and the Universe.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Forests under Climate Change
by Claire G. WilliamsFocusing on the example of the Lost Pines forest of Texas, this book contextualises the present-day conservation of the Lost Pines within its wealth of historical and geological records. This in turn presents a realistic example for examining evolutionary dynamics models and how they can guide management of temperate pine forests under the uncertainty of future climate change. Synthesising knowledge from many scholarly disciplines, and presenting the latest knowledge on how temperate forests respond to climate change, the book provides insight into how resource professionals actually solve complex multi-layered problems. A useful aid for forest management professionals and for advanced students and professionals in ecology, the book is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals, which can also be used as a classroom exercise for spatial imaging, testing virtual simulations and developing field-based research questions.
Evolutionary Ecology of Amphibians
by Gregorio Moreno-Rueda Mar ComasAmphibians are the oldest tetrapod group and show an astonishing diversity in lifestyles, many of them being unique. However, globally, they are on a decline. Hence, their study is fundamental to understanding the evolution of diversity and conserving them. This book, authored by experts from around the world, summarizes the current knowledge on the evolutionary ecology of amphibians. The book treats biological concepts related to the evolution, ecology, physiology, immunology, behaviour, and morphology of amphibians in their different states. This book constitutes an actualized work indispensable for evolutionary ecologists and herpetologists.
Evolutionary Economics: v. 1
by Marc R. ToolThe contributors to this volume focus on the political and value issues that, in their shared view, underlie the global environmental crisis facing us today. They argue that only by transforming our dominant values, social institutions and way of living can we avoid ecological disaster.
Evolutionary History
by Edmund RussellWe tend to see history and evolution springing from separate roots, one grounded in the human world and the other in the natural world. Human beings have, however, become probably the most powerful species shaping evolution today, and human-caused evolution in other species has probably been the most important force shaping human history. This book introduces readers to evolutionary history, a new field that unites history and biology to create a fuller understanding of the past than either can produce on its own. Evolutionary history can stimulate surprising new hypotheses for any field of history and evolutionary biology. How many art historians would have guessed that sculpture encouraged the evolution of tuskless elephants? How many biologists would have predicted that human poverty would accelerate animal evolution? How many military historians would have suspected that plant evolution would convert a counter-insurgency strategy into a rebel subsidy? With examples from around the globe, this book will help readers see the broadest patterns of history and the details of their own life in a new light.
Evolutionary Process of a Steep Rocky Reservoir Bank in a Dynamic Mechanical Environment
by Wengang Zhang Luqi WangTo prevent the collapse of dangerous rock masses on steep rocky reservoir banks which can cause casualties and property loss, it is essential to design and conduct practical experiments to quantify the evolution processes of the reservoir banks and control such dangerous rock masses. Using the Jianchuandong Dangerous Rock Mass project as a case study, this book generalizes the mechanical model of the project to show how improved equipment can be used to measure the mechanical state transition under the continuous action of axial pressure. It details a series of experiments to study the evolution of a severely steep rocky reservoir bank, which comprehensively consider the influence of hydraulic coupling, dry-wet cycles, axial pressure, and time-dependent effects. The results support a new method for determining the stability of dangerous rock masses on reservoir banks. Combines engineering principles, real data, experimental methods and results Provides a complete research method for investigating hydrogeology failure processes The book suits practitioners in hydropower engineering, engineering geology, and disaster protection.
Evolutions in Sustainable Investing
by Cary Krosinsky Nick Robins Stephen ViedermanSustainable Investing is fast becoming an essential method of generating long-term returns, moving beyond the negative approaches to socially responsible investing that have dominated the field. This book, our second on the subject, provides over 15 case studies of leading global investors and companies demonstrating how they successfully apply sustainability aspects to their core strategies. Learn from prominent thought leaders Dan Esty and Paul Hawken among others who have contributed key chapters. Our chapter on performance shows clearly how these strategies have been working once negative approaches are parsed out by those examining fund returns. This book also examines in great depth what data exists, and what's on the horizon, to best measure & capture sustainability successfully. Regional perspectives, including 3 chapters on Asia, and focuses on Canada, Australia, Africa & India are also included, as is a look across asset classes. Sustainable Investing, when performed with a positive perspective, has been outperforming the mainstream, unlike negative approaches designed to match benchmark returns. From eco-efficiency to sustainability-driven innovation and beyond, investors of all shapes & sizes need to know how best to position themselves for the radical market shifts underway.
Evolving Narratives of Hazard and Risk: The Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal 2015
by Tom Robinson Louise Bracken Hanna A. RuszczykThis book presents a range of academic research and personal reflections on the Gorkha earthquake that struck Nepal in 2015. For the first time, perspectives from geography, disaster risk reduction, cultural heritage protection, archaeology, anthropology, social work, health and emergency response are discussed in a single volume. Contributions are included from practitioners and researchers from Nepal and Durham University in the UK, many of whom were in Nepal at the time of the earthquake.Evolving Narratives of Hazard and Risk explores the event of the earthquake, its consequences and its impacts, to provide a holistic and multi-perspective understanding of this special hazard and its significant ramifications for social, political, economic and cultural aspects of life in Nepal. The book highlights how these multiple perspectives are needed to inform each other in order to develop and shape new ways of thinking and interacting with environmental hazards. This collection of works will be of interest to students and academics of Environment Studies, Human Geography and Environmental Policy, and will be of particular relevance to those involved in risk research and managing risk and hazard events.
Evolving Theories on the Origin of the Moon: Studies On The Origin Of The Moon (Historical & Cultural Astronomy)
by Warren D. CummingsThis book follows the development of research on the origin of the Moon from the late 18th century to the present. By gathering together the major texts, papers, and events of the time, it provides a thorough chronicle of the paradigmatic shift in planetary science that arose from the notion that the Earth-Moon system was formed from two colliding planetary bodies.The book covers pre-Apollo ideas, the conceptual evolution during and subsequent to the Apollo explorations of the Moon, and the development of the Earth-Moon system consensus.A plethora of excerpts from key publications are included to demonstrate the shift in scientific focus over the centuries.Through its comprehensive review of lunar science research and literature, this book shows how new technologies and discoveries catalyzed the community and revolutionized our understanding of the Moon’s formation.
Ex Situ Plant Conservation: Supporting Species Survival In The Wild (Science Practice Ecological Restoration #3)
by Peter H. Raven Kayri Havens Center for Plant Conservation Edward O. Guerrant Michael MaunderFaced with widespread and devastating loss of biodiversity in wild habitats, scientists have developed innovative strategies for studying and protecting targeted plant and animal species in "off-site" facilities such as botanic gardens and zoos. Such ex situ work is an increasingly important component of conservation and restoration efforts. Ex Situ Plant Conservation, edited by Edward O. Guerrant Jr., Kayri Havens, and Mike Maunder, is the first book to address integrated plant conservation strategies and to examine the scientific, technical, and strategic bases of the ex situ approach. The book examines where and how ex situ investment can best support in situ conservation. Ex Situ Plant Conservation outlines the role, value, and limits of ex situ conservation as well as updating best management practices for the field, and is an invaluable resource for plant conservation practitioners at botanic gardens, zoos, and other conservation organizations; students and faculty in conservation biology and related fields; managers of protected areas and other public and private lands; and policymakers and members of the international community concerned with species conservation.
Exact Solutions and Invariant Subspaces of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations in Mechanics and Physics
by Victor A. Galaktionov Sergey R. SvirshchevskiiExact Solutions and Invariant Subspaces of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations in Mechanics and Physics is the first book to provide a systematic construction of exact solutions via linear invariant subspaces for nonlinear differential operators. Acting as a guide to nonlinear evolution equations and models from physics and mechanics, the book
Exact Space-Time Models of Gravitational Waves (SpringerBriefs in Physics)
by Dirk Puetzfeld Peter A. HoganThe book is about exact space-time models of the gravitational fields produced by gravitational radiation. The authors’ extensive work in the field is reviewed in order to stimulate the study of such models, that have been known for a long time, and to highlight interesting physical aspects of the existing models in some novel detail. There is an underlying simplicity to the gravitational radiation studied in this book. Apart from the basic assumption that the radiation has clearly identifiable wave fronts, the gravitational waves studied are directly analogous to electromagnetic waves. The book is meant for advanced students and researchers who have a knowledge of general relativity sufficient to carry out research in the field.
Exactly Solvable Models of Biological Invasion (Chapman & Hall/CRC Mathematical Biology Series)
by Sergei V. Petrovskii Bai-Lian LiMuch of our current knowledge on biological invasion was derived from field studies, but many recent advances relied heavily on mathematics and computing, particularly mathematical modeling. While numerical simulations are clearly a useful approach, they have some serious drawbacks. Approximations errors and the number of parameter values can have
Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics
by Rodney J. BaxterThis text explores the solution of two-dimensional lattice models. Topics include basic statistical mechanics, Ising models, the mean field model, the spherical model, ice-type models, corner transfer matrices, hard hexagonal models, and elliptic functions. The author has updated the 1989 version with a new chapter, "Subsequent Developments," for the 2007 edition.