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Symmetry Breaking in Syntax
by Hubert HaiderIn this illuminating new theory of grammar, Hubert Haider demonstrates that there is a basic asymmetry in the phrase structure of any language, whatever sentence structure it takes. Moreover, he argues that understanding this asymmetry is the key to understanding the grammatical causality underlying a broad range of core syntactic phenomena. Until now, Germanic languages have been seen to fall into two distinct classes: those which take an object-verb sentence structure (OV) or a verb-object one (VO). However, by examining the nature of this universal underlying asymmetry, Hubert Haider reveals a third syntactic type: 'Type III'. In particular, he employs the third type to explore the cognitive evolution of grammar which gave rise to the structural asymmetry and its typological implications. Symmetry Breaking in Syntax will appeal to academic researchers and graduate students involved in comparative and theoretical syntax and the cognitive evolution of grammar.
Syntactic Borrowing in Contemporary French: A Linguistic Analysis of News Translation
by Mairi MaLaughlinIt is widely held that the large-scale translation of international news from English will lead to changes in French syntax. For the first time this assumption is put to the test using extensive fieldwork carried out in an international news agency and a corpus of translated news agency dispatches. The linguistic analysis of three syntactic structures in the translations is complemented by an investigation of the effects of a range of factors including, most notably, the speed at which the translation is carried out. The analysis sheds new light on the ways in which news translation could lead to syntactic borrowing in French, and by extension, in other languages.
Syntactic Carpentry: An Emergentist Approach to Syntax
by William O'GradySyntactic Carpentry: An Emergentist Approach to Syntax presents a groundbreaking approach to the study of sentence formation. Building on the emergentist thesis that the structure and use of language is shaped by more basic, non-linguistic forces—rather than by an innate Universal Grammar—William O'Grady shows how the defining properties of various core syntactic phenomena (phrase structure, co-reference, control, agreement, contraction, and extraction) follow from the operation of a linear, efficiency-driven processor. This in turn leads to a compelling new view of sentence formation that subsumes syntactic theory into the theory of sentence processing, eliminating grammar in the traditional sense from the study of the language faculty. With this text, O'Grady advances a growing body of literature on emergentist approaches to language, and situates this work in a broader picture that also includes attention to key issues in the study of language acquisition, psycholinguistics, and agrammaticism. This book constitutes essential reading for anyone interested in syntax and its place in the larger enterprise of cognitive science.
Syntax-Phonology Interface: Argumentation from Tone Sandhi in Chinese Dialects (Routledge Studies in Chinese Linguistics)
by Hongming ZhangThis book centers on theoretical issues of phonology-syntax interface based on tone sandhi in Chinese dialects. It uses patterns in tone sandhi to study how speech should be divided into domains of various sizes or levels. Tone sandhi refers to tonal changes that occur to a sequence of adjacent syllables or words. The size of this sequence (or the domain) is determined by various factors, in particular the syntactic structure of the words and the original tones of the words. Chinese dialects offer a rich body of data on tone sandhi, and hence great evidence for examining the phonology-syntax interface, and for examining the resulting levels of domains (the prosodic hierarchy). Syntax-Phonology Interface: Argumentation from Tone Sandhi in Chinese Dialects is an extremely valuable text for graduate students and scholars in the fields of linguistics and Chinese.
Systematic Instruction in Reading For Spanish Speaking Students
by Elva DuranThis text will help in the preparation of primary grade teachers throughout the United States, so that they may be successful with Hispanic students entering public school with little or no English background.
Systemization in Foreign Language Teaching: Monitoring Content Progression (Routledge Research in Education)
by Wilfried DecooForeign language learning is a progressive endeavor. Whatever the method, the learner should advance from one point to another, constantly improving. Growing proficiency entails growing language content. Content is complex, displaying many dimensions. Syllabus designers, textbook authors, and teachers often struggle with the monitoring of content. Computer-assisted systemization helps to handle it in a manageable framework. Besides inventorying content, it ensures more balanced selections, calculated progression, and controlled reiteration of previously learned material. It gauges the usability of authentic material in relation to the level attained. During the teaching process, it allows the instant selection of items needed for a communicative situation, focus on forms, or particular exercises. This book first describes the theoretical background for systemization, including a historical overview, with special attention to the Common European Framework and the new Profiles and Referentials. Next the practical steps for computer-assisted implementation with examples taken from French and English, but applicable to any language.
TABE Fundamentals: Reading, Level M (2nd edition)
by Steck-VaughnTABE stands for the Tests of Adult Basic Education. These paper-and-pencil tests, published by McGraw-Hill, measure your progress on basic skills. There are five tests in all: Reading, Mathematics Computation, Applied Mathematics, Language, and Spelling.
TEMAS: AP Spanish Language And Culture
by Parthena Draggett Cole Conlin Max EhrsamNIMAC-sourced textbook
TESOL Career Path Development: Creating Professional Success
by Liz EnglandThis book addresses a wide range of issues and obstacles that teachers in native and non-native English-speaking countries face in teaching English language learners of all ages, at all levels of proficiency, and in a variety of program settings. The book introduces a model of milestones for career path development specific to the specialized needs and skills of the TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) community that caters to the many unique challenges faced by teachers at a range of experience levels, from preservice and novice teachers to veteran and semi-retired professionals. Taking an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on the voices and experiences of TESOL scholars, England demonstrates how best to apply one’s education, background, and experiences to individuals who work in the field of TESOL, and offers unique tools, strategies, and training techniques. This book provides a clear and engaging framework for scholars and teachers at any stage in one’s career to grow and develop professionally in fast-changing and increasingly complex professional climates. This book is ideal for scholars, graduate students, and researchers in TESOL and language teaching, as well as scholars and researchers in international teacher development and language.
TESOL Student Teacher Discourse: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Online and Face-to-Face Interactions (Routledge Advances in Corpus Linguistics)
by Elaine RiordanThis book explores the use of online and face-to-face interactions in language teacher education (LTE) by assessing the formation and practices of a community of practice (CoP), and evaluating the roles discussions between student teachers and a peer tutor can play in terms of identity formation, articulating narratives, reflective practices, and maintaining affective relationships. The specific context within which this is embedded is a Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) programme, often known as English Language Teaching (ELT), at a third-level Irish institution. The data drawn on come from student teachers on a master’s (MA) programme who interacted with a peer tutor (the researcher) via a number of modes (face-to-face and online). The approach to data analysis is a corpus-based discourse analytical one, which examines the linguistic features of student teacher and peer tutor talk; the features of CoP practices in the discourse; and how different modes of communication shape the nature of this discourse. Perceptive data from the student teachers is used to outline their reactions to the modes of communication and the activities they participated in.
TOEFL 5lb Book of Practice Problems: Online + Book
by Manhattan PrepManhattan Prep’s TOEFL 5 lb. Book of Practice Problems is an essential resource for students of any level who are preparing for the TOEFL. With more than 1,500 questions across 46 chapters in the book and in online resources, TOEFL 5 lb. provides students with comprehensive practice. Developed by our expert instructors, the problems in this book are sensibly grouped into practice sets and mirror those found on the TOEFL in content, form, and style. Students can build fundamental skills in Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing through targeted practice, while easy-to-follow explanations and step-by-step processes help cement their understanding of the concepts tested on the TOEFL. In addition, students can take their practice to the next level with online question banks that provide realistic, computer-based practice to better simulate the TOEFL test-taking experience. Purchase of this book includes access to additional online resources and practice.
TOEFL Power Vocab: 800+ Essential Words to Help You Excel on the TOEFL
by Princeton Review800+ WORDS TO HELP YOU EXCEL ON THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE!• Boost your knowledge for the Reading and Listening sections• Master pronunciation and be ready for the Speaking section• Test yourself with 70+ quizzes throughout the bookImproving your vocabulary is one of the most important steps you can take to feel more confident about the Test of English as a Foreign Language. The Princeton Review's TOEFL Power Vocabulary has the words, tools, and strategies you need to help boost your comprehension levels and improve your score, including:• 800+ frequently-appearing TOEFL exam words • In-context examples and secondary definitions that help focus your study sessions• Mnemonic devices and root guidelines that expand your vocabulary• Brief vocab sections that break down content and let you work at your own pace• Quick quizzes with varied drills (definitions, word pairs, synonyms, antonyms, and more) to help cement your knowledge• Final drill section at the end of the book so you can assess your progress
TOEFL iBT Premium with 8 Online Practice Tests + Online Audio, Eighteenth Edition (Barron's Test Prep)
by Pamela J. Sharpe Ph.D.Barron&’s newest edition of TOEFL iBT has been fully updated to reflect the new TOEFL format and provides flexible study options and key skills review to help you study what you need to know for the test. This edition includes: 8 full-length TOEFL iBT practice tests that reflect the most recent test format with answer explanations Comprehensive review of required academic and language skills Four video lessons on the key skills needed to succeed on the TOEFL: Note Taking, Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Synthesis Grammar review that supports the Speaking and Writing Sections Online audio for all listening prompts
TOEFL iBT Writing (Barron's Test Prep)
by Lin Lougheed Ph.D.TOEFL iBT Writing prepares students to succeed on the TOEFL's Independent Task, the all-important essay question, and on the Integrated Task, which combines reading, listening, and writing skills.The author presents a three-step program designed to help students write like native speakers of English. His coaching entails gathering ideas, organizing details, and developing the chosen topic into clear, grammatical written English. He also provides exercises in proofreading and editing. Model essays and model integrated tasks are included for students to read and analyze. Audio lectures typical of those presented on actual tests are included online.Lin Lougheed presents a three-step program designed to help students write like native speakers of English. The three steps include:Gathering ideasOrganizing detailsDeveloping the chosen topic into clear, grammatical written EnglishThe book also provides:Exercises in proofreading and editingModel essays and integrated tasks to read and analyzeOnline audio lectures similar to those presented on actual testsPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.
TOEFL iBT: with 8 Online Practice Tests (Barron's Test Prep)
by Pamela J. Sharpe Ph.D.Barron&’s newest edition of TOEFL iBT has been fully updated to reflect the new TOEFL format and provides flexible study options and key skills review to help you study what you need to know for the test. You&’ll also get 8 full-length practice tests, 8 one-hour practice tests, four video lessons, online PowerPoint presentations, and online audio files for all the practice to help you feel prepared on test day.This edition includes:Eight full-length TOEFL iBT practice tests with answer explanations in both the book and online8 one-hour practice testsA review of required academic and language skills with four video lessons and a grammar review that supports the Speaking and Writing SectionsAn online pronunciation guide that features over 200 campus flashcards with vocabulary terms and example sentencesMP3 audio files online for all promptsA general overview of the TOEFL iBTPowerPoint review presentations with handouts and resources for tutors and teachers
TOEIC (Barron's Test Prep)
by Lin Lougheed Ph.D.Barron&’s TOEIC is updated to include online audio files for all audio prompts presented in the book.Test-takers will find:Six full-length practice tests identical in format and question types to the current TOEIC with answer explanations for all questionsTopics and vocabulary most frequently seen on the actual TOEICExtensive practice in listening and reading comprehension skillsA high score on the TOEIC is required by many businesses and institutions when considering job applicants whose first language is not English. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.
TOEIC Practice Exams: 6 Practice Tests + Online Audio, Sixth Edition (Barron's Test Prep)
by Lin Lougheed Ph.D.Barron&’s TOEIC Practice Exams is designed for ESL students preparing to take the Test of English for International Communication.This manual provides students with extensive practice in the actual test-taking experience as an efficient way of improving their score when they take the actual TOEIC.Inside students will findSix full-length practice exams that reflect the actual TOEIC in length, subject matter, question types, and degree of difficulty.Answer explanations for all questionsOnline audio for all six TOEIC listening comprehension sectionsRecommendations for web-based self-study activities
TOEIC Premium: 6 Practice Tests + Online Audio, Tenth Edition (Barron's Test Prep)
by Lin Lougheed Ph.D.Barron&’s TOEIC Premium is designed for ESL students preparing to take the Test of English for International Communication.Test-takers will find:Extensive practice in listening and reading comprehension skillsSix full-length practice tests identical in format and question types to the current TOEIC with answer explanations for all questionsTopics and vocabulary most frequently seen on the actual TOEICOnline audio for all six TOEIC listening comprehension sectionsRecommendations for web-based self-study activities
Taboo: Corporeal Secrets in Nineteenth-century France
by Hannah ThompsonFrench realist texts are driven by representations of the body and depend on corporeality to generate narrative intrigue. But anxieties around bodily representation undermine realist claims of objectivity and transparency. Aspects of bodily reality which threaten les bonnes moeurs - gender confusion, sexual appetite, disability, torture, murder, child abuse and disease - rarely occupy the foreground and are instead spurned or only partially alluded to by writers and critics. This wide-ranging study uses the notion of the taboo as a powerful means of interpreting representations of the body. The hidden bodies of realist texts reveal their secrets in unexpected ways. Thompson reads texts by Sand, Rachilde, Maupassant, Hugo, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Mirbeau and Zola alongside modern theorists of the body to show how the figure of the taboo plots an alternative model of author-reader relations based on the struggle to speak the unspeakable. Dr Hannah Thompson is a Senior Lecturer in French at Royal Holloway, University of London. Her first book, Naturalism Redressed: Identity and Clothing in the Novels of Emile Zola, was published by Legenda in 2004.
Tagalog (Pilipino) Made Nice & Easy
by The Editors of REAWhether travelling to a foreign country or to your favorite international restaurant, this Nice & Easy guide gives you just enough of the language to get around and be understood. Much of the material in this book was developed for government personnel who are often assigned to a foreign country on a moment's notice and need a quick introduction to the language.
Tagalog Verb Dictionary
by Michael Hawkins Rhodalyne Gallo-CrailThis handy reference is a concise explanatory text and English-Tagalog / Tagalog-English verb guide designed to address and facilitate the most important aspect of Tagalog language learning—understanding and mastering the complex focal orientation of verbs. It is organized into an accessible pattern illustrating the primary conjugations that establish aspect and actor/object focus for each verb. These verbs are further enhanced by sample sentences demonstrating their usage and introducing common cultural contexts for effective communication. In addition to the verb guide, this text also provides a short history of Tagalog, an extensive explanation of verbal function in the language, and a number of learnersÆ tips intended to ease and expedite the learning process.Taken together, these materials, along with a persistent willingness to engage the language, will facilitate a quick and effective path to fluency. Whether one is studying within the structured environment of a classroom or independently in their spare time, this book is designed to give special attention to the most critical aspects of Tagalog language learning. Tagalog Verb DictionaryÆs orderly and easily accessible layout and neat size make it the ideal companion for students, travelers, and anyone interested in fast fluency in the language.
Tagalog for Beginners
by Joi BarriosThis is a straight-forward and user-friendly guide to the Tagalog language. Tagalog for Beginners is the book to help you learn Tagalog (Filipino) on your own, easily and accurately-whether you're traveling to the Philippines for a vacation or a business trip, or you have ties to the large Tagalog-speaking community in the U. S. , or you're simply a language lover. From the fascinating history of Philippines' language to how you speak it, join skilled teacher Barrios on a guided introduction-with a practical focus. After journeying through the carefully-paced explanations, conversations, cultural info, and activities in Tagalog for Beginners, learners will be able to use Tagalog (Filipino) in a wide range of common situations. From shopping for food to asking directions, from telling time to expressing how you feel, this book gives you the communication skills you need. The MP3 audio-CD helps reinforce pronunciation and improve listening comprehension. Helpful suggestions guide heritage learners (those of Filipino descent but born outside the Philippines) on how to use the book most effectively for their needs. Key features include:: An accompanying MP3 Audio CD. Realistic dialogues to bring the language to life. Activities and exercises to help you read, write, speak and understand. Notes on the Tagalog language and history. A special section guides native (heritage) learners and instructors on how to use the book most effectively for their needs.
Tagalog for Beginners
by Joi BarriosThis is a straight-forward and user-friendly guide to the Tagalog language. Tagalog for Beginners is the book to help you learn Tagalog (Filipino) on your own, easily and accurately-whether you're traveling to the Philippines for a vacation or a business trip, or you have ties to the large Tagalog-speaking community in the U. S. , or you're simply a language lover. From the fascinating history of Philippines' language to how you speak it, join skilled teacher Barrios on a guided introduction-with a practical focus. After journeying through the carefully-paced explanations, conversations, cultural info, and activities in Tagalog for Beginners, learners will be able to use Tagalog (Filipino) in a wide range of common situations. From shopping for food to asking directions, from telling time to expressing how you feel, this book gives you the communication skills you need. The MP3 audio-CD helps reinforce pronunciation and improve listening comprehension. Helpful suggestions guide heritage learners (those of Filipino descent but born outside the Philippines) on how to use the book most effectively for their needs. Key features include:: An accompanying MP3 Audio CD. Realistic dialogues to bring the language to life. Activities and exercises to help you read, write, speak and understand. Notes on the Tagalog language and history. A special section guides native (heritage) learners and instructors on how to use the book most effectively for their needs.
Tagalog for Beginners
by Joi BarriosThis is a straight-forward and user-friendly guide to the Tagalog language.Tagalog for Beginners is the book to help you learn Tagalog (Filipino) on your own, easily and accurately-whether you're traveling to the Philippines for a vacation or a business trip, or you have ties to the large Tagalog-speaking community in the U.S., or you're simply a language lover.From the fascinating history of Philippines' language to how you speak it, join skilled teacher Barrios on a guided introduction-with a practical focus. After journeying through the carefully-paced explanations, conversations, cultural info, and activities in Tagalog for Beginners, learners will be able to use Tagalog (Filipino) in a wide range of common situations. From shopping for food to asking directions, from telling time to expressing how you feel, this book gives you the communication skills you need. The MP3 audio-CD helps reinforce pronunciation and improve listening comprehension.Helpful suggestions guide heritage learners (those of Filipino descent but born outside the Philippines) on how to use the book most effectively for their needs.Key features include:: An accompanying MP3 Audio CD. Realistic dialogues to bring the language to life. Activities and exercises to help you read, write, speak and understand. Notes on the Tagalog language and history. A special section guides native (heritage) learners and instructors on how to use the book most effectively for their needs.