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Housemaid Heiress
by Elizabeth BeaconHeiress's Diversions An heiress, thinks spoiled Miss Alethea Hardy, should rise late, dress elegantly and marry well. Housemaid's Duties A far cry from her new responsibilities--up at dawn to fetch and carry for her betters! In running away from a repulsive proposal, Thea has ruined herself. Until she meets Marcus Ashfield, Viscount Strensham, who seems to see the beautiful woman behind the dowdy uniform. Such a devastatingly handsome, arrogant lord can't be interested in a lowly maid. . . can he? Upstairs, Downstairs. . . The secret life of the Regency servant!
Houses
by Bernard Johnson Barry Schwabsky Borislav PekicBuilding can be seen as a master metaphor for modernity, which some great irresistible force, be it Fascism or Communism or capitalism, is always busy rebuilding, and Houses is a book about a man, Arsénie Negovan, who has devoted his life and his dreams to building.Bon vivant, Francophile, visionary, Negovan spent the first half of his life building houses he loved and even named--Juliana, Christina, Agatha--while making his hometown of Belgrade into a modern city to be proud of. The second half of his life, after World War II and the Nazi occupation, he has spent in one of those houses, looked after by his wife and a nurse, in hiding. Houses is set on the final day of his life, when Negovan at last ventures forth to see the world as it is.Negovan is one of the great characters in modern fiction, a man of substance and a deluded fantasist, a beguiling visionary and a monster of selfishness, a charmer no matter what. And perhaps he is right to fear that home is only an illusion in our world, or that only in illusion is there home.
Houses and Domestic Space in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Hospitaller Malta
by George A. Said-ZammitHouses and Domestic Space in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Hospitaller Malta is a study concerned with a wide spectrum of early modern dwellings in Malta, ranging from palazzi and affluent residences to peasant dwellings, troglodyte houses, and hovels. The multifaceted approach adopted in this book allows houses and domestic networks to be studied not only in terms of architecture and construction materials, but also as places of human habitation where house dwellers act, react and interact in different contexts and circumstances. Dwellings are places that permit different social and economic activities, whilst providing shelter and security to the household members. Through the available sources, the houses of Hospitaller Malta are analysed in terms of their spatial properties and how they generate privacy, interaction and communication, identity, accessibility, security, visibility, movement and encounters, and, equally important, how domestic space relates to gender roles, status, and class. This work, therefore, seeks to reach a deep and nuanced understanding of domestic space and how it relates to the islands’ history and the development of their society during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum
by Andrew Wallace-HadrillFew sources reveal the life of the ancient Romans as vividly as do the houses preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius. Wealthy Romans lavished resources on shaping their surroundings to impress their crowds of visitors. The fashions they set were taken up and imitated by ordinary citizens. In this illustrated book, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill explores the rich potential of the houses of Pompeii and Herculaneum to offer new insights into Roman social life. Exposing misconceptions derived from contemporary culture, he shows the close interconnection of spheres we take as discrete: public and private, family and outsiders, work and leisure. Combining archaeological evidence with Roman texts and comparative material from other cultures, Wallace-Hadrill raises a range of new questions. How did the organization of space and the use of decoration help to structure social encounters between owner and visitor, man and woman, master and slave? What sort of "households" did the inhabitants of the Roman house form? How did the world of work relate to that of entertainment and leisure? How widely did the luxuries of the rich spread among the houses of craftsmen and shopkeepers? Through analysis of the remains of over two hundred houses, Wallace-Hadrill reveals the remarkably dynamic social environment of early imperial Italy, and the vital part that houses came to play in defining what it meant "to live as a Roman."
Houses for a New World: Builders and Buyers in American Suburbs, 1945–1965
by Barbara Miller LaneThe fascinating history of the twentieth century's most successful experiment in mass housingWhile the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, and their contemporaries frequently influences our ideas about house design at the midcentury, most Americans during this period lived in homes built by little-known builders who also served as developers of the communities. Often dismissed as "little boxes, made of ticky-tacky," the tract houses of America's postwar suburbs represent the twentieth century’s most successful experiment in mass housing. Houses for a New World is the first comprehensive history of this uniquely American form of domestic architecture and urbanism.Between 1945 and 1965, more than thirteen million houses—most of them in new ranch and split-level styles—were constructed on large expanses of land outside city centers, providing homes for the country’s rapidly expanding population. Focusing on twelve developments in the suburbs of Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles, Barbara Miller Lane tells the story of the collaborations between builders and buyers, showing how both wanted houses and communities that espoused a modern way of life—informal, democratic, multiethnic, and devoted to improving the lives of their children. The resulting houses differed dramatically from both the European International Style and older forms of American domestic architecture.Based on a decade of original research, and accompanied by hundreds of historical images, plans, and maps, this book presents an entirely new interpretation of the American suburb. The result is a fascinating history of houses and developments that continue to shape how tens of millions of Americans live.Featured housing developments in Houses for a New World:Boston area:Governor Francis Farms (Warwick, RI)Wethersfield (Natick, MA)Brookfield (Brockton, MA)Chicago area:Greenview Estates (Arlington Heights, IL)Elk Grove VillageRolling MeadowsWeathersfield at SchaumburgLos Angeles and Orange County area:Cinderella Homes (Anaheim, CA)Panorama City (Los Angeles)Rossmoor (Los Alamitos, CA)Philadelphia area:Lawrence Park (Broomall, PA)Rose Tree Woods (Broomall, PA)
Houses of Civil War America
by Roger Straus Hugh HowardA revealing historical and photographic tour of the homes of influential Civil War figures, including Robert E. Lee, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, Clara Barton, Stonewall Jackson, and others.Timed to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the Civil War and a fitting sequel to Houses of the Presidents, HOUSES OF CIVIL WAR AMERICA takes readers into the daily lives of the most important historical figures in the nation-defining conflict. From modest abolitionist homes to the plantations of the antebellum south. Howard and Straus bring the most intimate moments of the war to life. With insightful narrative and gorgeous photography, HOUSES OF CIVIL WAR AMERICA demonstrates--through these landmark homes--the nation we were and the nation we became.
Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States (Public Express Religion America)
by Peter W. WilliamsHouses of God is the first broad survey of American religious architecture, a cultural cross-country expedition that will benefit travelers as much as scholars. Beautifully illustrated with over 100 photographs — some by well-known photographers such as Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange — this handsome book provides a highly accessible look at how Americans shape their places of worship into multifaceted reflections of their culture, beliefs, and times.
Houses of Horror
by Hans HolzerAn acclaimed ghost hunter and author of Real Hauntings shares real-life stories of hauntings from across America. ”Have you ever come home and wondered what might be lurking up the stairs, in the dark of the corridor where the lights don’t reach and the soft footfalls of the visitor disappear into the thick carpet?” For more than five decades, Hans Holzer has been delving into disturbances from The Other Side. This Vienna-born researcher, the man they call “The Ghost Hunter,” has devoted much of his adult life to tracking those phantom presences that emerge from the shadows when least expected. Whether we call these spectral personages, “ghosts” or “spirits” or “left behinds,” they hover among us, defying easy explanation or dismissal. No one in America has researched these ghostly beings more assiduously or skillfully than Holzer. Indeed, he has been lauded as the most published paranormal investigator of the past century. This collection contains some of his most famous and controversial cases. Houses of Horror takes us deep into history both known and obscure; we encounter accused traitor Aaron Burr and experience the postmortem rustlings of colonial spies. In New Hampshire, a nineteenth century admiral makes things go bump in the night; a girl ghost playfully leaves surprise gifts in an old Kentucky home; and in Illinois, a suicide moves restlessly from room to room. Holzer’s explorations in the seemingly unexplainable have taken him far afield. He ventures down dark corridors in eerie New England mansions and sprawling Southern homes. His ghostly quarry surfaces in Minnesota, the rural Midwest heartland; even in Hollywood and on a moving Swiss train. Ever observant, patiently curious, Holzer jots down the cases and then moves on. This rich collection of hauntings can be read as an extended glimpse into the life beyond life; the realm of the unknown.
Houses of Ill Repute: The Archaeology of Brothels, Houses, and Taverns in the Greek World
by Allison Glazebrook Barbara TsakirgisThe study of ancient Greek urbanism has moved from examining the evidence for town planning and the organization of the city-state, or polis, to considerations of "everyday life." That is, it has moved from studying the public (fortifications, marketplaces, council houses, gymnasiums, temples, theaters, fountain houses) to studying the private (the physical remains of Greek houses). But what of those buildings that housed activities neither public nor private—brothels, taverns, and other homes of illicit activity? Can they be distinguished from houses? Were businesses like these run from homes? Classical Athenian writers attest to a diverse urban landscape that included tenement houses (sunoikiai), inns (diaitai, pandokeia), factories (ergasteria), taverns (kapelia), gambling dens (skirapheia), training schools (didaskaleia), and brothels (porneia), yet, despite our knowledge of specific terms, associating them with actual physical remains has not been easy. One such writer, Isaeus, mentions tenement houses that hosted prostitutes and wine sellers, while his contemporary Aeschines refers to doctors, smiths, fullers, carpenters, and pimps renting space. Were tenement houses not simply multi-inhabitant spaces but also multipurpose ones?Houses of Ill Repute is the first book to focus on the difficulties of distinguishing private and semiprivate spaces. While others have studied houses or brothels, this volume looks at both together. The chapters, by leading scholars in the field, address such questions as "What is a house?" and "Did the business of prostitution leave behind a unique archaeological record?" Presenting several approaches to identifying and studying distinctions between domestic residences and houses of ill repute, and drawing on the fields of literature, history, and art history and theory, the volume's contributors provide a way forward for the study of domestic and entertainment spaces in the Hellenic world.Contributors: Bradley A. Ault, Allison Glazebrook, Mark L. Lawall, Kathleen M. Lynch, David Scahill, Amy C. Smith, Monika Trümper, Barbara Tsakirgis.
Houses of the Presidents: Childhood Homes, Family Dwellings, Private Escapes, and Grand Estates
by Roger Straus Hugh HowardHOUSES OF THE PRESIDENTS offers a unique tour of the houses and day-to-day lives of America's presidents, from George Washington's time to the present. Author Hugh Howard weaves together personal, presidential, and architectural histories to shed light on the way our chief executives lived. Original photography by Roger Straus III brings the houses and furnishings beautifully to life. From Jefferson's Monticello to Reagan's Rancho del Cielo, with fascinating and surprising stops between and beyond, HOUSES OF THE PRESIDENTS presents a fascinating alternative history of the American presidency.
Houses, Families, and Cohabitation: Swedish Towns in the Eighteenth Century (Routledge Research in Early Modern History)
by Dag Lindström Göran TagessonThis book is an interdisciplinary study that draws on a combination of archaeological evidence, building archaeological analysis, archival sources to explore the dynamic relations between dwelling houses, social organization of households, and patterns of cohabitation during the eighteenth century.The empirical focus of this book is on Swedish towns, but it also addresses more general issues about urbanity and urban life, space and social organization, and materiality and individual agency. Aggregated questions about urban life and urban space are combined with a micro historical method revealing aspects of daily life and urban change. This study unveils a previously neglected history. Swedish eighteenth century towns have commonly been identified as a territory characterized by its sleepy absence of change. This study proves the opposite. Houses were built larger, with more diverse and complex inner structures. Family structures changed; households generally became smaller, the share of households headed by a married couple declined, and the number of single households increased. Population density increased, the number of families residing in the same house increased, and rental accommodation became more prevalent.This volume is essential reading for anyone interested in early modern housing, urban change, and interdisciplinary methods.
Housewife Assassin: The Woman Who Tried to Kill President Ford
by Geri SpielerThe authoritative true crime biography of a seemingly ordinary woman who nearly killed President Ford.President Gerald Ford suffered two attempts on his life during his term in office: one by Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme of the Manson Family, and the other by a far less likely candidate—an average middle-aged mother of five—Sara Jane Moore. After thirty years of communication with Moore in prison, journalist Geri Spieler provides a riveting account of her path from childhood in smalltown West Virginia to that fateful moment when she tried to assassinate the president.Throughout Moore’s dodgy life she hid her identity and misled those around her. Through the turbulent 60s and 70s, she married five times, abandoned children, faked amnesia, befriended Patty Hearst’s father, became a revolutionary, and worked as an FBI informant turned double agent feeding information to the underground radicals.From Spieler’s insider correspondence and independent research, including interviews with President Ford himself, she dissects the popular narrative—confirming some details and debunks others—and delivers a compelling profile of a society lady turned elusive assassin.
Housework, Consumption and Female Labour in Japan, 1600—1940: Understanding the Role of Unpaid Work in Determining Living Standards (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)
by Penelope FrancksThis book illuminates the largely neglected contribution of unpaid, primarily female household labour to economic production and living standards in Japan from the early modern period to the eve of World War Two. The difficulties involved in measuring time devoted to housework and other forms of household labour in the past have meant that most attempts to assess the process of industrialisation have failed to recognise the ways in which such labour is essential to the sustainability and welfare of the population. In this context, Japan presents a significant example of a historical case of industrialisation occurring within an economy that continued to be dominated by the institution of the household. This short study argues that this must have led to a particularly significant underestimation of Japanese living standards in the past, with implications for comparative and global analysis, and to neglect of the key role of women in the historical economy. Providing a nuanced yet concise analysis, this book will be valuable reading for scholars of economic history and feminist economics, as well as introducing important comparative angles for researchers in Japanese studies and gender studies more widely.
Housing As If People Mattered: Site Design Guidelines for the Planning of Medium-Density Family Housing (California Series in Urban Development #4)
by Clare Cooper Marcus Wendy SarkissianFrom the Introduction:Consider these two places: Walking into Green Acres, you immediately sense that you have entered an oasis-traffic noise left behind, negative urban distractions out of sight, children playing and running on the grass, adults puttering on plant-filled balconies. Signs of life and care for the environment abound. Innumerable social and physical clues communicate to visitors and residents alike a sense of home and neighborhood. This is a place that people are proud of, a place that children will remember in later years with nostalgia and affection, a place that just feels "good." Contrast this with Southside Village. Something does not feel quite right. It is hard to find your way about, to discern which are the fronts and which are the backs of the houses, to determine what is "inside" and what is "outside." Strangers cut across what might be a communal backyard. There are no signs of personalization around doors or on balconies. Few children are around; those who are outside ride their bikes in circles in the parking lot There are few signs of caring; litter, graffiti, and broken light fixtures indicate the opposite. There is no sense of place; it is somewhere to move away from, not somewhere to remember with pride. These are not real locations, but we have all seen places like them. The purpose of this book is to assist in the creation of more places like Green Acres and to aid in the rehabilitation of the many Southside Villages that scar our cities. This book is a collection of guidelines for the site design of low-rise, high-density family housing. It is intended as a reference tool, primarily for housing designers and planners, but also for developers, housing authorities, citizens' groups, and tenants' organizations-anyone involved in planning or rehabilitating housing. It provides guidelines for the layout of buildings, open spaces, community facilities, play areas, walkways, and the myriad components that make up a housing site.
Housing India’s Urban Poor 1800-1965: Colonial and Post-colonial Studies
by Hans SchenkThe hinge of this book is 15 August 1947, the day India became independent. The new leaders of the nation formulated many goals for India’s speedy development. Among these was the promise to provide all urban citizens with decent housing, and thus to clear all slums. This promise structures this book. It is divided into two sets of questions. The first one refers to the past. It was apparently necessary to express concern about the poor housing and sanitary provisions for many citizens before 1947. What was hence the situation of urban living during the approximately 150 years of colonial rule? What measures were taken (or not taken) for improvement? The promise to provide decent housing in independent India structures the second part of this book through a second set of questions. What were the public actions to bring the promise nearer by? What has been realized, what faded away finally? The analysis ends in the mid-1960s when the role of public actors with regard to housing and the living environment diminished and the idea of ‘self-help’ and just marginal improvements of hut areas gained ground. Finally, some answers to the question why Indian society has as yet not been able to find adequate answers to the lack of decent housing for a majority of its citizens, are formulated.The book brings detailed in-depth knowledge on urban housing and sanitation on several Indian cities together in a comparative manner and places this local knowledge in a broader context, crossing urban borders.Please note: This title is co-published with Manohar Publishers, New Delhi. Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Housing Policy and Equality: A Comparative Study of Tenure Conversions and Their Effects (Routledge Library Editions: Inequality #6)
by Lennart J. LundqvistOriginally published in 1986, this book compares and evaluates the effects of converting rental housing into owner occupancy in the USA, the UK and Germany. The evaluation examines the pros and cons of such conversions. The conversion controversy is more than a technical discussion of outcomes of different housing strategies. By viewing tenure conversions as strategies for limiting direct governmental involvement, this comparative evaluation indicates something about the effects not only on housing, but on general social welfare, of such strategies.
Housing and Residential Structure: Alternative Approaches (Routledge Revivals)
by John Short Keith BassettFirst published in 1980, Housing and Residential Structure was written to take stock of the many changes that had recently taken place in explanatory approaches to housing markets and residential structure. The book is divided into three parts. Part One focuses on the demand-orientated approaches of human ecology and neo-classical economics. Part Two discusses the institutional approaches with reference to an analysis of private and public sector housing in Britain, drawing on illustrative material from North America and France to aid the comparative analysis of institutional structures. Part Three is devoted to an evaluation of the Marxist approaches to housing and residential structure from Marx and Engels to Castells and Harvey.
Housing and the City (Critiques Ser.)
by Didem Ekici Jonathan Hale Katharina Borsi Nick HaynesHousing and the City explores housing histories, theories, and projects in diverse geographies. It presents a geographically dispersed history of the twentieth-century modern housing project and its social diagram, juxtaposed with case studies from the past and the present that suggest that we can live and work differently. While the contributions are diverse in their theoretical approach and geographical situation, their juxtaposition yields transversal connections in the conception of the home and the city and highlights the diversity of architectural solutions in the formation of housing and its communities. The collection also reveals architecture’s contribution to the construction of the self and communities, the individual and the collective—as both urban spatial entities and socio-political concepts. Housing and the City provides essential reading for students, academics, and practitioners interested in the history, theory, or current design of housing. At a time when cities are witnessing new ways of working, changing social demographics, increased geographical mobility, and mass migrations, as well as the pervasive threat of the climate crisis—all trends exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic—Housing and the City presents a historical and theoretical reflection on the question: what does it mean to be at home in the city in the twenty-first century?
Housing and the Financial Crisis: Housing And The Financial Crisis (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report)
by Edward L. Glaeser Todd SinaiConventional wisdom held that housing prices couldnOCOt fall. But the spectacular boom and bust of the housing market during the first decade of the twenty-first century and millions of foreclosed homeowners have made it clear that housing is no different from any other asset in its ability to climb and crash. aaaaaaaaaaa "Housing and the Financial Crisis "looks at what happened to prices and construction both during and after the housing boom in different parts of the American housing market, accounting for why certain areas experienced less volatility than others. It then examines the causes of the boom and bust, including the availability of credit, the perceived risk reduction due to the securitization of mortgages, and the increase in lending from foreign sources. Finally, it examines a range of policies that might address some of the sources of recent instability.
Housing in the Ancient Mediterranean World: Material and Textual Approaches
by April Pudsey J. A. BairdOne of the greatest benefits of studying the ancient Greek and Roman past is the ability to utilise different forms of evidence, in particular both written and archaeological sources. The contributors to this volume employ this evidence to examine ancient housing, and what might be learned of identities, families, and societies, but they also use it as a methodological locus from which to interrogate the complex relationship between different types of sources. Chapters range from the recreation of the house as it was conceived in Homeric poetry, to the decipherment of a painted Greek lekythos to build up a picture of household activities, to the conjuring of the sensorial experience of a house in Pompeii. Together, they present a rich tapestry which demonstrates what can be gained for our understanding of ancient housing from examining the interplay between the words of ancient texts and the walls of archaeological evidence.
Housing the City by the Bay: Tenant Activism, Civil Rights, and Class Politics in San Francisco
by John BaranskiSan Francisco has always had an affordable housing problem. Starting in the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake and ending with the dot-com boom, Housing the City by the Bay considers the history of one proposed answer to the city's ongoing housing crisis: public housing. John Baranski follows the ebbs and flows of San Francisco's public housing program: the Progressive Era and New Deal reforms that led to the creation of the San Francisco Housing Authority in 1938, conflicts over urban renewal and desegregation, and the federal and local efforts to privatize government housing at the turn of the twenty-first century. This history of public housing sheds light on changing attitudes towards liberalism, the welfare state, and the economic and civil rights attached to citizenship. Baranski details the ways San Francisco residents turned to the public housing program to build class-based political movements in a multi-racial city and introduces us to the individuals—community activists, politicians, reformers, and city employees—who were continually forced to seek new strategies to achieve their aims as the winds of federal legislation shifted. Ultimately, Housing the City by the Bay advances the idea that public housing remains a vital part of the social and political landscape, intimately connected to the struggle for economic rights in urban America.
Housing, Architecture and the Edge Condition: Dublin is building, 1935 - 1975 (Routledge Research in Architecture)
by Ellen RowleyThis book presents an architectural overview of Dublin’s mass-housing building boom from the 1930s to the 1970s. During this period, Dublin Corporation built tens of thousands of two-storey houses, developing whole communities from virgin sites and green fields at the city’s edge, while tentatively building four-storey flat blocks in the city centre. Author Ellen Rowley examines how and why this endeavour occurred. Asking questions around architectural and urban obsolescence, she draws on national political and social histories, as well as looking at international architectural histories and the influence of post-war reconstruction programmes in Britain or the symbolisation of the modern dwelling within the formation of the modern nation. Critically, the book tackles this housing history as an architectural and design narrative. It explores the role of the architectural community in this frenzied provision of housing for the populace. Richly illustrated with architectural drawings and photographs from contemporary journals and the private archives of Dublin-based architectural practices, this book will appeal to academics and researchers interested in the conditions surrounding Dublin’s housing history.
Housman Country: Into the Heart of England
by Peter Parker“Parker’s beautiful Housman Country tells you everything you want to know about the life and influence of England’s most satirised but inimitable poets.” —Evening StandardA New York Times Book Review Editor’s ChoiceNominated for the 2017 PEN/Bograd Weld Prize for BiographyA. E. Housman’s A Shropshire Lad made little impression when it was first published in 1896 but has since become one of the best-loved volumes of poetry in the English language. Its evocation of the English countryside, thwarted love, and a yearning for things lost is as potent today as it was more than a century ago, and the book has never been out of print.In Housman Country, Peter Parker explores the lives of A. E. Housman and his most famous book, and in doing so shows how A Shropshire Lad has permeated English life and culture since its publication. The poems were taken to war by soldiers who wanted to carry England in their pockets, were adapted by composers trying to create a new kind of English music, and have influenced poetry, fiction, music, and drama right up to the present day. Everyone has a personal “land of lost content” with “blue remembered hills,” and Housman has been a tangible and far-reaching presence in a startling range of work, from the war poets and Ralph Vaughan Williams to Inspector Morse and Morrissey.Housman Country is a vivid exploration of England and Englishness, in which Parker maps out terrain that is as historical and emotional as it is topographical.“[A] rich blend of literary criticism and cultural history.” —The Spectator
Houston
by Daniel MonsantoAlong the banks of Buffalo Bayou, Houston was founded by John and Augustus Allen on August 30, 1836. The city was named after Gen. Sam Houston, a prominent military hero of the Texas Revolution. After the Civil War ended, Houston flourished as agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests generated economic growth. In 1901, the discovery of oil at nearby Spindletop ushered in a new era, fueled by the addition of an inland port when the Houston Ship Channel was dredged in 1914. During the latter half of the 20th century, energy, space exploration, and the medical sciences placed this city on the world stage. Big dreams, big discoveries, hard work, and a little luck made Houston the thriving city it is today.
Houston Aviation (Images of Aviation)
by The 1940 Air Terminal MuseumAs Houston steadily grew in the early 20th century, the commercial and civic elite focused on the community's industrial expansion and economic prosperity. Aviation played a significant role in that aspiration. With the earliest birdmen of the skies offering a suggestion of the economic potential of flight, Houston-area policymakers solicited and welcomed military aviation, first at Ellington Field and later on Galveston Island. As early as the 1920s, the burgeoning Houston energy industry realized the value and utility of aircraft as business tools. Aircraft were uniquely capable of quickly traversing the great distances that separated the oil fields from the centers of commerce and industry, and their use made Houston an epicenter for modern business aviation. Between World War I and World War II, the federal post office subsidized the development of commercial passenger service while the city fathers provided the necessary infrastructure through the funding and establishment of the Houston Municipal Airport. The triptych of business, commercial, and military aviation would come to define Houston's aviation lineage.