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First Exposure to a Second Language
by Zhaohong Han Rebekah RastThe initial state of learner spontaneous input processing in foreign language learning, as well as the extent to which this processing leads to intake, is of central importance to theoreticians and teachers alike. In this collection of original studies, leading experts examine a range of issues, such as what learners do when faced with a language they know little or nothing about, what factors appear to mediate beginning learners' processing of input, how beginners treat two types of information - form and meaning - in the input, and how adult cognition deals with stimulus frequency at this initial stage. This book provides a microscopic view on learners' processing of foreign language input at the early stages of learning, and evaluates a variety of methodological options within the context of ab initio processing of foreign languages other than English, such as German, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, and Spanish.
First Flight class 10 - JCERT
by Jharkhand Council of Educational Research and Training RanchiThe book "First Flight" is a textbook in English for Class X, aimed at developing students' language and literary skills. It includes a variety of genres like fiction, diary entries, and travelogues, which introduce students to diverse themes, such as individual and societal relationships, emotions, and historical figures like Nelson Mandela and Anne Frank. The stories emphasize moral lessons, critical thinking, and communication skills, while the accompanying poems and exercises encourage reflection on personal experiences.
First Flight class 10 - NCERT - 23 (English Textbook)
by National Council of Educational Research and Training"First Flight" is a textbook designed for Class X students by NCERT. It is an amalgamation of various literary pieces, from poems to short stories, aimed at enhancing the English proficiency of students. The content is thoughtfully curated to introduce students to diverse cultures, ideologies, and thought processes, while also providing moral and ethical lessons. Themes of resilience, courage, love, sacrifice, and the quintessential spirit of human nature are interwoven throughout the text. The book not only aids in developing linguistic abilities but also encourages students to reflect upon life's essential values and virtues. Regular exercises and questions at the end of each chapter ensure comprehension and retention, paving the way for a robust foundation in the English language.
First French Reader: A Beginner's Dual-Language Book
by Stanley AppelbaumThis excellent anthology offers the beginning French-language student a first taste of some of the world's most significant prose. Chosen for both their eloquence and ease of reading, excerpts from such masterpieces as Les Misérables, The Red and the Black, Madame Bovary, Carmen, and The Three Musketeers will open new worlds for linguists. Readers will savor the words of fifty great writers of multiple genres from the seventeenth through twentieth centuries, including Voltaire, Rousseau, Balzac, Baudelaire, Dumas, Proust, and other literary virtuosos.Lucid and accessible, the unabridged English translations by Stanley Appelbaum appear on pages that face the original French text. Literature lovers, French-language students, and other readers will find this volume a fascinating exploration of French literature...and an invaluable aid to mastering one of the world's most romantic languages.
First German Reader: A Beginner's Dual-Language Book
by Harry SteinhauerDesigned expressly for the beginning German language student, here is an outstanding collection of fifty-two short stories, poems, essays, and anecdotes. Each selection has been specially chosen for its power to evoke German life and culture. This dual-language edition features precise English translations on pages that face the original German text. New students will enjoy the pleasure of reading great German literature from the very first page, as the selections have been arranged to accommodate the gradual improvement of language skills. Helpful vocabulary and language exercises are also included. First German Reader features the works of many of Germany's best writers, including Goethe, Hesse, Heine, Schiller, Hölderlin, and other literary virtuosos. The translations of Harry Steinhauer are vivid and true to the originals--and poetic in their own right. Literature lovers, German language students, and other readers will find this volume an accessible exploration of German literature . . . and an invaluable aid to mastering the German language.
First Language Acquisition
by Clark Eve V.How do young children learn language? When does this process start? What does language acquisition involve? Children are exposed to language from birth, surrounded by knowledgeable speakers who offer feedback and provide extensive practice every day. Through conversation and joint activities, children master the language being used around them. This fully revised third edition of Eve V. Clark's bestselling textbook offers comprehensive coverage of language acquisition, from a baby's first sounds to a child's increasing skill in negotiating, explaining and entertaining with language. This book, drawing together the most recent findings in the field, and illustrated with examples from a wide range of experimental and observational studies, including the author's own diary observations, presents an essential and comprehensive guide to first language acquisition. It will be fascinating reading for students of linguistics, developmental psychology, and cognitive science.
First Language Acquisition
by Eve V. ClarkNow in its fourth edition, this textbook provides a chronological account of first language acquisition, showing how young children acquire language in their conversational interactions with adult speakers. It draws on diary records and experimental studies from leaders in the field to document different stages and different aspects of what children master. Successive chapters detail infants' and young children's progression from attending to adult faces, gaze, and hand motions, to their first attempts at communicating with gaze and gesture, then adding words and constructions. It comprehensively covers the acquisition of the core areas of language – phonetics and phonology, lexicon, grammar and sentence structure, and meaning – as well as how children acquire discourse and conversational skills. This edition includes new sections on how children build 'common ground' with adults and other children, individual differences in children's language development, how they collaborate with adults in constructing utterances, and how they qualify beliefs.
First Language Influences on Multilingual Lexicons (Routledge Studies in Applied Linguistics)
by Paul Booth Jon ClentonThis collection brings together recent research on the influences between first and additional languages with a focus on the development of multilingual lexicons. Featuring work from an international group of scholars, the volume examines the complex dynamics underpinning vocabulary in second and third languages and the role first languages play within this process. The book is organized around three different facets of research in this area – lexical recognition, processing, and knowledge; the effects of first languages on second language reading and writing, collocations, and translation skills; and, vocabulary testing – drawing on examples from a variety of languages, including European languages, Arabic, and Japanese. Setting the stage for further research on the interplay between first languages and multilingual lexicons, this volume is key reading for students and researchers in applied linguistics, language learning and teaching, bilingualism, second language acquisition, and translation studies.
First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind: Level 1 (Second Edition) (First Language Lessons) (First Language Lessons #0)
by Jessie WiseA complete beginning grammar text that uses copywork, narration, picture study, and other classical techniques to develop the young student's language ability. Scripted lessons give the teacher direction and confidence, while exquisite pencil reproductions of great paintings are used to encourage children in oral composition. Originally published as a single two-year volume, Level 1 (Grade 1, this book) and Level 2 (Grade 2, available separately) have been redesigned as two separate simple-to-use one-year programs. Grade Recommendation: Grade 1.
First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind: Level 2 (Second Edition) (First Language Lessons)
by Jessie WiseA complete beginning grammar text that uses copywork, narration, picture study, and other classical techniques to develop the young student's language ability. Scripted lessons give the teacher direction and confidence, while exquisite pencil reproductions of great paintings are used to encourage children in oral composition. Originally published as a single two-year volume, Level 2 (Grade 2, this book) and Level 1 (Grade 1, available separately) have been redesigned as two separate simple-to-use one-year programs. Grade Recommendation: Grade 2.
First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind: Level 3 Instructor Guide (First Language Lessons)
by Sara Buffington Jessie WiseThe third volume in the First Language Lessons series, this scripted guide uses the classical techniques of memorization, copywork, dictation, and narration to develop your child's language ability in the formative first years of study. The Level 3 Instructor Guide for First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind reinforces the grammar and writing concepts introduced in the previous levels. It also introduces new material, including sentence diagramming. This instructor book has the same simple-to-use, scripted format as the previous levels. (The Level 3 Student Workbook is available separately; the workbook makes it easier for busy parents to spend more time teaching, and less time preparing--you don't have to hand-draw any diagram frames!) First Language Lessons Level 3 is designed to follow Levels 1 and 2, but can be used as a first grammar text for older students. The optional end-units on writing letters, dictionary skills, and oral usage allow you to tailor the instruction to the needs of your child. Grade Recommendation: Grades 2-4.
First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind: Level 3 Student Workbook (First Language Lessons)
by Sara Buffington Jessie WiseFirst Language Lessons is a simple-to-use, scripted guide to grammar and composition that makes successful teaching simple--for both parents and teachers. The Level 3 Student Workbook (Grades 2-4) for First Language Lessons, used alongside the teacher's Level 3 Instructor Guide, gives teachers everything they need to spend more time teaching their students--and less time preparing lessons, making copies, or gathering supplies. It's all right here: inside this book, you'll find poems for memorization, empty sentence diagram frames, and blank lines perfectly sized for young students' copywork, dictation, and narration. First Language Lessons, Level 3 is a complete grammar and writing text that covers a wide range of topics--including parts of speech, sentence diagrams, and skills in beginning writing, storytelling, and narration. This Level 3 Student Workbook is the perfect complement to the lessons. Grade Recommendation: Grades 2-4.
First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind: Level 4 Instructor Guide (First Language Lessons)
by Sara Buffington Jessie WiseA simple-to-use, scripted guide to grammar and composition that makes successful teaching easy--for both parents and students. This volume, the Level 4 Instructor Guide in the complete elementary grammar series, uses classical techniques of memorization, dictation, and narration to develop your child's language ability in the important, foundational years of language study. The text covers a full range of grammar topics, including parts of speech, punctuation, sentence diagrams, and skills in beginning writing and storytelling. Optional end units provide practice in dictionary use and letter writing. Designed to follow Levels 1-3, the Level 4 Instructor Guide can also be used as a first grammar text for older students. A Level 4 Student Workbook is available separately with worksheet and activities. Grade Recommendation: Grades 4-5.
First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind: Level 4 Student Workbook (First Language Lessons)
by Sara Buffington Jessie WiseA simple-to-use, scripted workbook to grammar and composition that accompanies the First Language Lessons for the Well-Trained Mind, Level 4 textbook and makes successful teaching easy--for both parents and students. This workbook, accompanying the Level 4 Instructor Guide (available separately) in the First Language Lessons complete elementary grammar series, uses classical techniques of memorization, dictation, and narration to develop your child's language ability in the important, foundational years of language study. This Level 4 Student Workbook provides complete worksheets for the student, making it possible for busy parents and teachers to spend more time teaching and less time preparing. Grade Recommendation: Grades 4-5.
First Readers of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, 1590-1790 (Routledge Studies in Shakespeare)
by Faith D. AckerFor more than four centuries, cultural preferences, literary values, critical contexts, and personal tastes have governed readers’ responses to Shakespeare’s sonnets. Early private readers often considered these poems in light of the religious, political, and humanist values by which they lived. Other seventeenth- and eighteenth- century readers, such as stationers and editors, balanced their personal literary preferences against the imagined or actual interests of the literate public to whom they marketed carefully curated editions of the sonnets, often successfully. Whether public or private, however, many disparate sonnet interpretations from the sonnets’ first two centuries in print have been overlooked by modern sonnet scholarship, with its emphasis on narrative and amorous readings of the 1609 sequence. First Readers of Shakespeare’s Sonnets reintroduces many early readings of Shakespeare’s sonnets, arguing that studying the priorities and interpretations of these previous readers expands the modern critical applications of these poems, thereby affording them numerous future applications. This volume draws upon book history, manuscript studies, and editorial theory to recover four lost critical approaches to the sonnets, highlighting early readers’ interests in Shakespeare’s classical adaptations, political applicability, religious themes, and rhetorical skill during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
First Steps In Academic Writing
by Ann HogueThe second edition of First Steps in Academic Writing , by Ann Hogue, provides high-beginning to low-intermediate students with essential tools to master basic academic writing. The text's time-proven approach integrates paragraph organization, sentence structure, grammar, mechanics, and the writing process. First Steps leads students to build strong academic writing skills that will last them throughout their writing careers.
First Thought: Conversations with Allen Ginsberg
by Michael Schumacher&“The way to point to the existence of the universe is to see one thing directly and clearly and describe it. . . . If you see something as a symbol of something else, then you don't experience the object itself, but you're always referring it to something else in your mind. It's like making out with one person and thinking about another.&” —Ginsberg speaking to his writing class at Naropa Institute, 1985With &“Howl&” Allen Ginsberg became the voice of the Beat Generation. It was a voice heard in some of the best-known poetry of our time—but also in Ginsberg&’s eloquent and extensive commentary on literature, consciousness, and politics, as well as his own work. Much of what he had to say, he said in interviews, and many of the best of these are collected for the first time in this book. Here we encounter Ginsberg elaborating on how speech, as much as writing and reading, and even poetry, is an act of art.Testifying before a Senate subcommittee on LSD in 1966; gently pressing an emotionally broken Ezra Pound in a Venice pensione in 1967; taking questions in a U.C. Davis dormitory lobby after a visit to Vacaville State Prison in 1974; speaking at length on poetics, and in detail about his &“Blake Visions,&” with his father Louis (also a poet); engaging William Burroughs and Norman Mailer during a writing class: Ginsberg speaks with remarkable candor, insight, and erudition about reading and writing, music and fame, literary friendships and influences, and, of course, the culture (or counterculture) and politics of his generation. Revealing, enlightening, and often just plain entertaining, Allen Ginsberg in conversation is the quintessential twentieth-century American poet as we have never before encountered him: fully present, in pitch-perfect detail.
First We Read, Then We Write: Emerson on the Creative Process
by Robert D. Richardson[From the dust jacket:] "Writing was the central passion of Emerson's life. While his thoughts on the craft are well developed in "The Poet," "The American Scholar,"Nature, "Goethe," and "Persian Poetry," less well known are the many pages in his private journals devoted to the relationship between writing and reading. Here, for the first time, is the Concord Sage's energetic, exuberant, and unconventional advice on the idea of writing, focused and distilled by the preeminent Emerson biographer at work today. Emerson advised that "the way to write is to throw your body at the mark when your arrows are spent. "First We Read, Then We Writecontains numerous such surprises-from "every word we speak is million-faced" to "talent alone cannot make a writer"-but it is no mere collection of aphorisms and exhortations. Instead, in Robert Richardson's hands, the biographical and historical context in which Emerson worked becomes clear. Emerson's advice grew from his personal experience; in practically every moment of his adult life he was either preparing to write, trying to write, or writing. Richardson shows us an Emerson who is no granite bust but instead is a fully fleshed, creative person disarmingly willing to confront his own failures. Emerson urges his readers to try anything-strategies, tricks, makeshifts-speaking not only of the nuts and bolts of writing but also of the grain and sinew of his determination. Whether a writer by trade or a novice, every reader will find something to treasure in this volume. Fearlessly wrestling with "the birthing stage of art," Emerson's counsel on being a reader and writer will be read and reread for years to come."
First Year in a Multilingual University: Double Transitions
by Feng DingAlthough both school–university transitions and cross-border transitions have been widely explored, comparatively little research has been conducted on those students who undergo both transitions at the same time. This book reports on a longitudinal qualitative study investigating the major issues faced by nine Mainland Chinese students during their first year at a Hong Kong university from the perspective of learner autonomy. It argues that the school–university transition is especially challenging for students going through a cross-border transition at the same time, which usually involves a linguistic and cultural adjustment, and challenges their autonomy in three domains: managing their personal lives; academic learning; and English learning.Adopting the perspective of autonomy enables us to better understand student transitions so that more appropriate support can be provided for this group. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for educators at both the secondary and post-secondary levels, and underscores the need to help students bridge the gap between school and university, and thus advance along the continuum of autonomy more smoothly. It also has practical implications for students who are studying or intend to study abroad.
First You Write a Sentence: The Elements of Reading, Writing . . . and Life
by Joe MoranAn exploration of how the most ordinary words can be turned into verbal constellations of extraordinary grace through the art of building sentencesThe sentence is the common ground where every writer walks. A good sentence can be written (and read) by anyone if we simply give it the gift of our time, and it is as close as most of us will get to making something truly beautiful. Using minimal technical terms and sources ranging from the Bible and Shakespeare to George Orwell and Maggie Nelson, as well as scientific studies of what can best fire the reader's mind, author Joe Moran shows how we can all write in a way that is clear, compelling and alive.Whether dealing with finding the ideal word, building a sentence, or constructing a paragraph, First You Write a Sentence informs by light example: much richer than a style guide, it can be read not only for instruction but for pleasure and delight. And along the way, it shows how good writing can help us notice the world, make ourselves known to others, and live more meaningful lives. It's an elegant gem in praise of the English sentence.
First and Last Things
by Richard HoggartPart meditation, part commonplace book, First and Last Things is an attempt by a writer of great distinction and strong convictions to take stock of his beliefs and values. Here, Richard Hoggart considers the big questions without shortchanging readers with easy answers. He examines problems (as he sees them) of faith; the mysterious origins of conscience; the importance of family and friends; the value of literature; the nature of memory; and the need, in old age, to find some value in existence. To these issues, and many others, the author brings a lifetime of rich experience and a mind well stocked with the best that has been written by those who have gone before. What emerges above all in this work is Richard Hoggart's love of, almost obsession with, quotations from great authors, especially, of course, Shakespeare. He muses on the business of capitalism and democracy, noting a reluctant conclusion that democracy is the least worst form of government, and that capitalism is its inevitable partner, but one which democratic societies should treat with "a very long spoon." He argues that market and consumer driven societies are inevitably led to relativism, head-counting, and populism. The result is a book that is introspective without being self-absorbed, that is thought-provoking but never preaching, that is, profound without being portentous. First and Last Things is a work that the young should read, if only to discover how much there is still to understand, and one that the old will treasure.
First and Second Language Acquisition
by Jürgen M. MeiselInfants and very young children develop almost miraculously the ability of speech, without apparent effort, without even being taught - as opposed to the teenager or the adult struggling without, it seems, ever being able to reach the same level of proficiency as five year olds in their first language. This useful textbook serves as a guide to different types of language acquisition: monolingual and bilingual first language development and child and adult second language acquisition. Unlike other books, it systematically compares first and second language acquisition, drawing on data from several languages. Research questions and findings from various subfields are helpfully summarized to show students how they are related and how they often complement each other. The essential guide to studying first and second language acquisition, it will be used on courses in linguistics, modern languages and developmental psychology.
First-Order Modal Logic (Synthese Library #480)
by Melvin Fitting Richard L. MendelsohnThis is a thorough treatment of first-order modal logic. The book covers such issues as quantification, equality (including a treatment of Frege's morning star/evening star puzzle), the notion of existence, non-rigid constants and function symbols, predicate abstraction, the distinction between nonexistence and nondesignation, and definite descriptions, borrowing from both Fregean and Russellian paradigms.
First-Person Anonymous: Women Writers and Victorian Print Media, 1830–1870 (The Nineteenth Century Series)
by Alexis EasleyFirst-Person Anonymous revises previous histories of Victorian women's writing by examining the importance of both anonymous periodical journalism and signed book authorship in women’s literary careers. Alexis Easley demonstrates how women writers capitalized on the publishing conventions associated with signed and unsigned print media in order to create their own spaces of agency and meaning within a male-dominated publishing industry. She highlights the importance of journalism in the fashioning of women's complex identities, thus providing a counterpoint to conventional critical accounts of the period that reduce periodical journalism to a monolithically oppressive domain of power relations. Instead, she demonstrates how anonymous publication enabled women to participate in important social and political debates without compromising their middle-class respectability. Through extensive analysis of literary and journalistic texts, Easley demonstrates how the narrative strategies and political concerns associated with women's journalism carried over into their signed books of poetry and prose. Women faced a variety of obstacles and opportunities as they negotiated the demands of signed and unsigned print media. In investigating women's engagement with these media, Easley focuses specifically on the work of Christian Johnstone (1781-1857), Harriet Martineau (1802-76), Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-65), George Eliot (1819-80) , and Christina Rossetti (1830-94). She provides new insight into the careers of these authors and recovers a large, anonymous body of periodical writing through which their better known careers emerged into public visibility. Since her work touches on two issues central to the study of literary history - the construction of the author and changes in media technology - it will appeal to an audience of scholars and general readers in the fields of Victorian literature, media studies, periodicals research, gender studies, and nineteenth-century