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Code Black: Winter of Storm Surfing
by Tom AndersonThe true story of the daredevils who took on the force of nature ... and won Winter 2013-14: six of the most enormous storms ever to show up in the North Atlantic slammed in to the UK. As buildings fell and valleys flooded, one group of maverick Welsh surfers tackled the sea head-on. Code Black tells the story of how the Welsh surf scene made history during two months in which conditions made their country rival Hawaii - apart from the cold.
Code Breaking in the Pacific
by Peter Donovan John MackThis book reveals the historical context and the evolution of the technically complex Allied Signals Intelligence (Sigint) activity against Japan from 1920 to 1945. It traces the all-important genesis and development of the cryptanalytic techniques used to break the main Japanese Navy code (JN-25) and the Japanese Army's Water Transport Code during WWII. This is the first book to describe, explain and analyze the code breaking techniques developed and used to provide this intelligence, thus closing the sole remaining gap in the published accounts of the Pacific War. The authors also explore the organization of cryptographic teams and issues of security, censorship, and leaks. Correcting gaps in previous research, this book illustrates how Sigint remained crucial to Allied planning throughout the war. It helped direct the advance to the Philippines from New Guinea, the sea battles and the submarine onslaught on merchant shipping. Written by well-known authorities on the history of cryptography and mathematics, Code Breaking in the Pacific is designed for cryptologists, mathematicians and researchers working in communications security. Advanced-level students interested in cryptology, the history of the Pacific War, mathematics or the history of computing will also find this book a valuable resource.
Code Cracking for Kids: Secret Communications Throughout History, with 21 Codes and Ciphers (For Kids series #75)
by Jean DaigneauPeople throughout history have written messages in code and ciphers to guard and pass along closely held secret information. Today, countries around the world enlist cryptanalysts to intercept and crack messages to keep our world safe. Code Cracking for Kids explores many aspects of cryptology, including famous people who used and invented codes and ciphers, such as Julius Caesar and Thomas Jefferson; codes used during wars, including the Enigma machine, whose cracking helped the Allies gather critical information on German intelligence in World War II; and work currently being done by the government, such as in the National Security Agency. Readers also will learn about unsolved codes and ciphers throughout history, codes used throughout the world today, though not often recognized, and devices used over the years by governments and their spies to conceal information. Code Cracking for Kids includes hands-on activities that allow kids to replicate early code devices, learn several different codes and ciphers to encode and decode messages and hide a secret message inside a hollow egg.
Code in Context (Primary Socialization, Language and Education)
by Diana S. AdlamIn the 1970s, Basil Bernstein’s work on children’s sociolinguistic codes and his formulation of the contexts in which they are transmitted were the most influential in the field. However, as Diana Adlam points out, neither code nor context as Bernstein saw them can be properly grasped until they are understood in interaction. Originally published in 1977, this collection of papers contains both theoretical and empirical investigations of Bernstein’s ideas, and seeks to make that necessary connection.The study as a whole is concerned primarily with Basil Bernstein’s ideas on the relationship of different familial transmission systems to the way in which children learn to use language. The theoretical chapter stresses Bernstein’s present emphasis on the semantic orientations which different children may be acquiring, and discusses these ideas in relation to work being done elsewhere at the time by other sociolinguistics, particularly in the United States. The empirical chapters provide analyses of how children of different social backgrounds differ in their approach to language use and also show the structural relationship of talk across a variety of specific contexts. Today it can be read against its historical backdrop.
Code-Switching
by Penelope Gardner-ChlorosIt is quite commonplace for bilingual speakers to use two or more languages, dialects or varieties in the same conversation, without any apparent effort. The phenomenon, known as code-switching, has become a major focus of attention in linguistics. This concise and original study explores how, when and where code-switching occurs. Drawing on a diverse range of examples from medieval manuscripts to rap music, novels to advertisements, emails to political speeches, and above all everyday conversation, it argues that code-switching can only be properly understood if we study it from a variety of perspectives. It shows how sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, grammatical and developmental aspects of code-switching are all interdependent, and findings in each area are crucial to others. Breaking down barriers across the discipline of linguistics, this pioneering book confronts fundamental questions about what a 'native language' is, and whether languages can be meaningfully studied outside of the individuals who use them.
Code-Switching as a Pedagogical Tool in Bilingual Classrooms: Insights from a Secondary STEM Classroom in Zimbabwe (Routledge Research in Language Education)
by Miriam ChitigaPresenting a mixed methods study conducted in a bilingual mathematics classroom in Zimbabwe, this text reveals the semantic pedagogical functions and linguistic forms of code-switching during STEM instruction. Code-Switching as a Pedagogical Tool in Bilingual Classrooms offers a detailed analysis of code-switching in the context of educational linguistics, and reveals ten major pedagogical techniques which illustrate how teachers use code-switches to engage students and provide guidance, clarification, discipline, and recaps during individual and whole-class interactions. Chapters highlight that code-switching can be used in a targeted manner to harness the cognitive potential of bilingual speakers and enhance instruction. Ultimately, the text identifies implications for teacher education, language policy, and educational leadership more broadly, and demonstrates intersections with key areas including functional, critical, and cultural literacy. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in bilingualism, applied linguistics, and secondary education more broadly. Those specifically interested in multicultural education, sociolinguistics and educational policy will also benefit from this book.
Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity
by Peter AuerCode Switching, the alternating use of two or more languages ation, has become an increasingly topical and important field of research.Now available in paperback, Code-Switching in Conversation brings together contributions from a wide variety of sociolinguistics settings in which the phenomenon is observed. It addresses not only the structure and the function, but also the ideological values of such bilingual behaviour. The contributors question many views of code switching on the empirical basis of many European and non European contexts. By bringing together linguistics, anthropological and socio-psychological research, they move towards a more realistic conception of bilingual conversation action.
Code-Switching: Unifying Contemporary and Historical Perspectives (New Approaches to English Historical Linguistics)
by Mareike L. KellerThis book systematically discusses the link between bilingual language production and its manifestation in historical documents, drawing together two branches of linguistics which have much in common but are traditionally dealt with separately. By combining the study of historical mixed texts with the principles of modern code-switching and bilingualism research, the author argues that the cognitive processes underpinning the human capacity to produce mixed utterances have remained unchanged throughout history, even as the languages themselves are constantly changing. This book will be of interest to scholars of historical linguistics, syntactic theory (particularly generative grammar), language variation and change.
Code-meshing as World English: Pedagogy, Policy, Performance
by Vershawn Ashanti Young Aja Y. MartinezAlthough linguists have traditionally viewed code-switching as the simultaneous use of two language varieties in a single context, scholars and teachers of English have appropriated the term to argue for teaching minority students to monitor their languages and dialects according to context. For advocates of code-switching, teaching students to distinguish between home language and school language offers a solution to the tug-of-war between standard and nonstandard Englishes. <P><P> This volume arises from concerns that this kind of code-switching may actually facilitate the illiteracy and academic failure that educators seek to eliminate and can promote resistance to Standard English rather than encouraging its use. The original essays in this collection offer various perspectives on why code-meshing--blending minoritized dialects and world Englishes with Standard English--is a better pedagogical alternative than code-switching in the teaching of reading, writing, listening, speaking, and visually representing to diverse learners. <P><P> This collection argues that code-meshing rather than code-switching leads to lucid, often dynamic prose by people whose first language is something other than English, as well as by native English speakers who speak and write with accents and those whose home language or neighborhood dialects are deemed nonstandard. <P><P> While acknowledging the difficulties in implementing a code-meshing pedagogy, editors Vershawn Ashanti Young and Aja Y. Martinez, along with a range of scholars from international and national literacy studies, English education, writing studies, sociolinguistics, and critical pedagogy, argue that all writers and speakers benefit when we demystify academic language and encourage students to explore the plurality of the English language in both unofficial and official spaces. <P><P> Contributors: Julie Anne Naviaux; Rosina Lippi Green; Frankie Condon; Gerald Graff; Theresa Malphrus Welford; David A. Jolliffe, Donnelley Hayde, and Jeannie Waller; Katherine Kelleher Sohn; Asao B. Inoue; Min-Zhan Lu and Bruce Horner; Nichole E. Stanford; Vivette Milson-Whyte; Richard Westbury Nettell; Meredith A. Love; Jeremy B. Jones; Kevin Roozen; Elaine Richardson; Santiago Vaquera-Vásquez; Suresh Canagarajah
Codebreaking: A Practical Guide
by Klaus Schmeh Elonka DuninIf you liked Dan Brown&’s Da Vinci Code—or want to solve similarly baffling cyphers yourself—this is the book for you! A thrilling exploration of history&’s most vexing codes and ciphers that uses hands-on exercises to teach you the most popular historical encryption schemes and techniques for breaking them.Solve history&’s most hidden secrets alongside expert codebreakers Elonka Dunin and Klaus Schmeh, as they guide you through the world of encrypted texts. With a focus on cracking real-world document encryptions—including some crime-based coded mysteries that remain unsolved—you&’ll be introduced to the free computer software that professional cryptographers use, helping you build your skills with state-of-the art tools. You&’ll also be inspired by thrilling success stories, like how the first three parts of Kryptos were broken. Each chapter introduces you to a specific cryptanalysis technique, and presents factual examples of text encrypted using that scheme—from modern postcards to 19-century newspaper ads, war-time telegrams, notes smuggled into prisons, and even entire books written in code. Along the way, you&’ll work on NSA-developed challenges, detect and break a Caesar cipher, crack an encrypted journal from the movie The Prestige, and much more.You&’ll learn: How to crack simple substitution, polyalphabetic, and transposition ciphers How to use free online cryptanalysis software, like CrypTool 2, to aid your analysisHow to identify clues and patterns to figure out what encryption scheme is being usedHow to encrypt your own emails and secret messagesCodebreaking is the most up-to-date resource on cryptanalysis published since World War II—essential for modern forensic codebreakers, and designed to help amateurs unlock some of history&’s greatest mysteries.
Codes and Evolution: The Origin of Absolute Novelties (Biosemiotics #29)
by Marcello BarbieriThis text builds upon the over 1500 papers published in peer-reviewed journals revealing that there are more than 200 biological codes in living systems. The author claims this experimental fact is bound to change biology forever. This book shows how this very discovery reveals that coding is a new mechanism of life, just as the discovery of electromagnetism revealed the existence of a new physical force in the universe. The existence of many biological codes, furthermore, Barbieri argues, is one of those experimental facts that have extraordinary theoretical consequences. It implies that coding is not only a mechanism that constantly operates in all living systems, but also a mechanism of evolution, more precisely a mechanism that gave origin to the absolute novelties of the history of life. This amounts to saying that evolution took place by two distinct mechanisms, by natural selection and by natural conventions, two mechanisms that are fundamentally different because natural selection is the result of copying and deals with information whereas natural conventions are the result of coding and deal with meaning. This volume appeals to students and researchers working in the fields of semiotics, philosophy, biology and mathematics.
Codes of Modernity: Chinese Scripts in the Global Information Age
by Uluğ KuzuoğluIn the late nineteenth century, Chinese reformers and revolutionaries believed that there was something fundamentally wrong with the Chinese writing system. The Chinese characters, they argued, were too cumbersome to learn, blocking the channels of communication, obstructing mass literacy, and impeding scientific progress. What had sustained a civilization for more than two millennia was suddenly recast as the root cause of an ongoing cultural suicide. China needed a new script to survive in the modern world.Codes of Modernity explores the global history of Chinese script reforms—efforts to alphabetize or simplify the writing system—from the 1890s to the 1980s. Examining the material conditions and political economy underlying attempts to modernize scripts, Uluğ Kuzuoğlu argues that these reforms were at the forefront of an emergent information age. Faced with new communications technologies and infrastructures as well as industrial, educational, and bureaucratic pressures for information management, reformers engineered scripts as tools to increase labor efficiency and create alternate political futures.Kuzuoğlu considers dozens of proposed scripts, including phonetic alphabets, syllabaries, character simplification schemes, latinization, and pinyin. Situating them in a transnational framework, he stretches the geographical boundaries of Chinese script reforms to include American behavioral psychologists, Soviet revolutionaries, and Central Asian typographers, who were all devising new scripts in pursuit of informational efficiency. Codes of Modernity brings these experiments together to offer new ways to understand scripts and rethink the shared experiences of a global information age.
Codes, Ciphers and Spies: Tales of Military Intelligence in World War I
by John F. DooleyWhen the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, it was woefully unprepared to wage a modern war. Whereas their European counterparts already had three years of experience in using code and cipher systems in the war, American cryptologists had to help in the building of a military intelligence unit from scratch. This book relates the personal experiences of one such character, providing a uniquely American perspective on the Great War. It is a story of spies, coded letters, plots to blow up ships and munitions plants, secret inks, arms smuggling, treason, and desperate battlefield messages. Yet it all begins with a college English professor and Chaucer scholar named John Mathews Manly. In 1927, John Manly wrote a series of articles on his service in the Code and Cipher Section (MI-8) of the U. S. Army's Military Intelligence Division (MID) during World War I. Published here for the first time, enhanced with references and annotations for additional context, these articles form the basis of an exciting exploration of American military intelligence and counter-espionage in 1917-1918. Illustrating the thoughts of prisoners of war, draftees, German spies, and ordinary Americans with secrets to hide, the messages deciphered by Manly provide a fascinating insight into the state of mind of a nation at war.
Codes: How to Make Them and Break Them! (Murderous Maths Ser.)
by Ian Baker Kjartan PoskittDid you ever want to send a message that only your friend can read? Or did you want to try and uncover a secret communication from someone else? If so, then here's everything you need to know about creating and cracking codes-from the simplest substitution messages to the secrets of the well-known World War II coding contraption, the amazing Enigma Machine!The book includes information about:Substitution codesScrambling codesCodes containing unrecognizable symbolsOther message systems such as Morse code and flagsAnd how to make your own Enigma machine!You’ll be thrilled as this amusing book takes you on a codebreaking adventure, learning ways to decode both simple and difficult puzzles, as well as provides you with a history on the cryptology. Filled with tips and enjoyable illustrations by Ian Baker, Codes will have you sending secret messages in no time.
Codeswitching in University English-Medium Classes
by Roger Barnard James MclellanIn the complex, multilingual societies of the 21st century, codeswitching is an everyday occurrence, and yet the use of students' first language in the English language classroom has been consistently discouraged by teachers and educational policy-makers. This volume begins by examining current theoretical work on codeswitching and then proceeds to examine the convergence and divergence between university language teachers' beliefs about codeswitching and their classroom practice. Each chapter investigates the extent of, and motivations for, codeswitching in one or two particular contexts, and the interactive and pedagogical functions for which alternative languages are used. Many teachers, and policy-makers, in schools as well as universities, may rethink existing 'English-only' policies in the light of the findings reported in this book.
Coding Literacy: How Computer Programming Is Changing Writing (Software Studies)
by Annette VeeHow the theoretical tools of literacy help us understand programming in its historical, social and conceptual contexts.The message from educators, the tech community, and even politicians is clear: everyone should learn to code. To emphasize the universality and importance of computer programming, promoters of coding for everyone often invoke the concept of “literacy,” drawing parallels between reading and writing code and reading and writing text. In this book, Annette Vee examines the coding-as-literacy analogy and argues that it can be an apt rhetorical frame. The theoretical tools of literacy help us understand programming beyond a technical level, and in its historical, social, and conceptual contexts. Viewing programming from the perspective of literacy and literacy from the perspective of programming, she argues, shifts our understandings of both. Computer programming becomes part of an array of communication skills important in everyday life, and literacy, augmented by programming, becomes more capacious.Vee examines the ways that programming is linked with literacy in coding literacy campaigns, considering the ideologies that accompany this coupling, and she looks at how both writing and programming encode and distribute information. She explores historical parallels between writing and programming, using the evolution of mass textual literacy to shed light on the trajectory of code from military and government infrastructure to large-scale businesses to personal use. Writing and coding were institutionalized, domesticated, and then established as a basis for literacy. Just as societies demonstrated a “literate mentality” regardless of the literate status of individuals, Vee argues, a “computational mentality” is now emerging even though coding is still a specialized skill.
Coding Strategies in Vertebrate Acoustic Communication (Animal Signals and Communication #7)
by Thierry Aubin Nicolas MathevonInformation is a core concept in animal communication: individuals routinely produce, acquire, process and store information, which provides the basis for their social life. This book focuses on how animal acoustic signals code information and how this coding can be shaped by various environmental and social constraints. Taking birds and mammals, including humans, as models, the authors explore such topics as communication strategies for “public” and “private” signaling, static and dynamic signaling, the diversity of coded information and the way information is decoded by the receiver. The book appeals to a wide audience, ranging from bioacousticians, ethologists and ecologists to evolutionary biologists. Intended for students and researchers alike, it promotes the idea that Shannon and Weaver’s Mathematical Theory of Communication still represents a strong framework for understanding all aspects of the communication process, including its dynamic dimensions.
Coffee Stories: Coffee સ્ટોરીઝ: એક સિપ હૂંફાળા સંબંધોને નામ!
by Raam Moriઆપણી સંસ્કૃતિ કથા અને કથનશૈલીની સંસ્કૃતિ રહી છે. કથાઓ આપણી આસપાસ દરેક ક્ષણે જીવાતી જ હોય છે. ધબકતી હૂંફાળી કથાઓ, સમાજના ડરથી સંકોડાયેલી તર નીચે ઠરી ગયેલી કથાઓ, પહેલાં જ ઘૂંટડે કડવી ઝેર લાગતી કથાઓ તો એક એક સિપ સાથે વધુને વધુ ગળચટ્ટી બનતી કથાઓ. નજરની સામે દરરોજ ભજવાતી એવી કથાઓ જે હજુ સુધી આપણા ધ્યાનમાં જ નથી આવી અથવા એવી કથાઓ જે સતત ધ્યાનમાં તો આવી છે પણ આપણે સતત આંખો મીંચી રાખી છે. કથાઓ એવી જેમાં આપણું પોતાનું મૌન ઘૂંટાયેલું રહ્યું છે ને એ મૌનની પરિભાષાને પણ લોકો ઉકેલી જાણે છે તો એવી પણ કથાઓ જેમાં ચિલ્લાઈ ચિલ્લાઈને પીડાને પોકારવામાં આવી હોય એમ છતાં એને સાંભળનાર કોઈ નથી હોતું. દઝાડતી, ફરિયાદ કરી લાલ આંખ કરીને આપણી સામે એકધારું જોઈ રહી છે એવી કથાઓ ખરેખર કોફીના કપ સાથે પુરી થઇ જાય અને કોફીની જેમ મગજ સતેજ કરી દે એવી વાર્તાઓનો સમુહ!
Cognate Vocabulary in Language Acquisition and Use
by Agnieszka OtwinowskaThis book brings together linguistic, psycholinguistic and educational perspectives on the phenomenon of cognate vocabulary across languages. It presents a large-scale, long-term research project focusing on Polish-English cognates and their use by bilingual and multilingual learners/users of English. It discusses extensive qualitative and quantitative data to explain which factors affect a learner's awareness of cognates, how adult learners can benefit from raised awareness and whether cognate vocabulary can be used with younger learners as a motivational strategy. The work shows how cognate vocabulary can be examined from a range of methodological perspectives and provides considerable insights into crosslinguistic influences in language learning. While the focus of the studies is Polish-English cognates, the research will be of interest to anyone teaching learners of different language constellations, levels, ages and backgrounds.
Cognition Beyond the Brain: Computation, Interactivity and Human Artifice
by Stephen J. Cowley Frédéric Vallée-TourangeauCognition Beyond the Brain challenges neurocentrism by advocating a systemic view of cognition based on investigating how action shapes the experience of thinking. The systemic view steers between extended functionalism and enactivism by stressing how living beings connect bodies, technologies, language and culture. Since human thinking depends on a cultural ecology, people connect biologically-based powers with extended systems and, by so doing, they constitute cognitive systems that reach across the skin. Biological interpretation exploits extended functional systems. Illustrating distributed cognition, one set of chapters focus on computer mediated trust, work at a construction site, judgement aggregation and crime scene investigation. Turning to how bodies manufacture skills, the remaining chapters focus on interactivity or sense-saturated coordination. The feeling of doing is crucial to solving maths problems, learning about X rays, finding an invoice number, or launching a warhead in a film. People both participate in extended systems and exert individual responsibility. Brains manufacture a now to which selves are anchored: people can act automatically or, at times, vary habits and choose to author actions. In ontogenesis, a systemic view permits rationality to be seen as gaining mastery over world-side resources. Much evidence and argument thus speaks for reconnecting the study of computation, interactivity and human artifice. Taken together, this can drive a networks revolution that gives due cognitive importance to the perceivable world that lies beyond the brain. Cognition Beyond the Brain is a valuable reference for researchers, practitioners and graduate students within the fields of Computer Science, Psychology, Linguistics and Cognitive Science.
Cognition and Figurative Language (Psychology Library Editions: Speech and Language Disorders)
by Robert R. Hoffman Richard P. HoneckOriginally published in 1980, this is a book about the psychology of figurative language. It is however, eclectic and therefore should be of interest to professionals and students in education, linguistics, philosophy, sociolinguistics, and other concerned with meaning and cognition. The editors felt there was a pressing need to bring together the growing empirical efforts of this topic. In a sense, recognition of the theoretical importance of figurative language symbolized the transition from the psycholinguistics of the 1960s to that of the late 1970s, that is from a linguistic semantics to a more comprehensive psychological semantics with a healthy respect for context, inference, world knowledge, and above all creative imagination. The organization of the volume reflects the more basic, general concerns with cognition – from historical and philosophical background, through problems of mental representation and semantic theory, to developmental trends, and to applications in problem solving.
Cognition and Girlhood in Shakespeare's World: Rethinking Female Adolescence
by Caroline BicksThis groundbreaking study of girlhood and cognition argues that early moderns depicted female puberty as a transformative event that activated girls' brains in dynamic ways. Mining a variety of genres from Shakespearean plays and medical texts to autobiographical writings, Caroline Bicks shows how 'the change of fourteen years' seemed to gift girls with the ability to invent, judge, and remember what others could or would not. Bicks challenges the presumption that early moderns viewed all female cognition as passive or pathological, demonstrating instead that girls' changing adolescent brains were lightning rods for some of the period's most vital debates about the body and soul, faith and salvation, science and nature, and the place and agency of human perception in the midst of it all.
Cognition and the Symbolic Processes (Psychology Revivals)
by David S. Palermo Walter B. WeimerOriginally published in 1974 and taking the revolution in psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology as a point of departure, this book summarizes the lessons learned from past attempts to construct a psychology of the higher mental processes. Even more importantly, it crystallizes specific directives and research proposals that show where cognitive psychology ought to go in the future. The relationship of learning theory, linguistics, and perception to the broad field of cognition and the nature of mind and knowledge are examined in detail. Today it can be read in its historical context.
Cognition and the Symbolic Processes: Applied and Ecological Perspectives
by Robert R. Hoffman David S. PalermoThis volume is a festschrift dedicated to James J. Jenkins, a pioneer in many areas of experimental psychology. It has three major goals: to provide a forum for debate on current theoretical issues in cognitive psychology, to capture the "state of the art" in reviews of research methods and results, and to generate ideas for new research directions and methodologies. Contributors -- including Jenkins' former students and present colleagues -- ponder fundamental questions such as: * How do people learn to read? * What happens during the processes of speech perception? * How do people acquire problem solving skills? * How do cognitive and motor skills develop and integrate with one another? Many chapters focus specifically on ecological and applied cognitive psychology. Specific topics covered include visual and speech perception, language, memory, motivation, child development, problem solving, and pedagogy.
Cognition, Communication, and Romantic Relationships (LEA's Series on Personal Relationships)
by James M. Honeycutt James G. CantrillCognition, Communication, and Romantic Relationships focuses on the role of memory, communication, and social cognition in the development of romantic relationships. The authors review developmental models of communication and examine criticisms of these models. They also explore the stages through which relationships escalate and deteriorate, and consider the processes for such activities as meeting new people, dating, sexual intercourse, and terminating relationships. Differences between men and women are discussed throughout the text, in light of current research supporting systematic gender differences in how people think about romance and relationships. As an extended analysis and research review of how thinking about romance influences and is influenced by communicative processes, this text offers a deeper understanding of the cognitive and communicative factors involved in relationship processes. It is designed for use in courses on interpersonal relationships and intimate relations in social psychology, communication, counseling psychology, clinical psychology, and sociology.