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Cognitive Processing Routes in Consecutive Interpreting: A Corpus-assisted Approach (New Frontiers in Translation Studies)
by Xiaodong LiuThis book addresses a controversial issue regarding SL-TL transfer in the translation process, namely the question as to the dominant route in English-Chinese and Chinese-English professional consecutive interpretations, respectively: the form-based processing route or meaning-based processing route. It presents a corpus-assisted product study, in which the interpreting processing patterns of culture-specific items (CSIs) are analyzed. The study reveals that the dominant route in English vs. Chinese consecutive interpreting varies under different circumstances. Four factors are proposed to account for such differences: linguistic variables (e.g., grammatical complexity of the unit), type of CSI, language direction, and extra-linguistic variables (e.g., multilateral or bilateral settings). In summary, the book systematically introduces a corpus-assisted approach to translation process research, which will benefit all readers who are interested in translation process research but cannot employ neuroscientific measures.
Cognitive Processing Skills in English (Effective Interpreting)
by Carol J. PatrieInterpret more effectively and energetically. That is the goal of top interpreter educator Carol Patrie, who writes: "Interpreters must be able to quickly make sense out of what they see and hear, decide what the message means and how to transfer that message into another language with split-second accuracy." The stronger one's English skills, the better one interprets. Effective interpreters shift more easily between English and ASL, enjoy translating, consecutive interpreting, and simultaneous interpreting more, and have more satisfied clients. Cognitive Processing Skills in English is full of challenging exercises with videotaped source materials to improve flexibility and agility with English, the kind of linguistic quickness that is essential to the interpreting process. Give yourself a comprehensive, powerful learning tool with helpful theoretical Introductions for each topic, Study Questions, and a structured Five-Step Follow-up.
Cognitive Science, Literature, and the Arts: A Guide for Humanists
by Patrick Colm HoganThe rise cognitive science has been one of the most important intellectual developments of recent years, stimulating new approaches to everything from philosophy to film studies. This is an introduction to what cognitive science has to offer the humanities and particularly the study of literature. Hogan suggests how the human brain works and makes us feel in response to literature. He walks the reader through all of the major theories of cognitive science that are important for the humanities in order to understand the production and reception of literature.
Cognitive Semiotics: Integrating Signs, Minds, Meaning and Cognition (Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology #24)
by Claudio PaolucciThis volume serves as a reference on the field of cognitive semantics. It offers a systematic and original discussion of the issues at the core of the debate in semiotics and the cognitive sciences. It takes into account the problems of representation, the nature of mind, the structure of perception, beliefs associated with habits, social cognition, autism, intersubjectivity and subjectivity. The chapters in this volume present the foundation of semiotics as a theory of cognition, offer a semiotic model of cognitive integration that combines Enactivism and the Extended Mind Theory, and investigate the role of imagination as the origin of perception. The author develops an account of beliefs that are associated with habits and meaning, grounded in Pragmatism, testing his Narrative Practice Semiotic Hypothesis on persons with autism spectrum disorders. He also integrates his ideas about the formation of the theory of mind with a theory of subjectivity, understood as self-consciousness which derives from semiotic cognitive abilities. This text appeals to students, professors and researchers in the field.
Cognitive Spaces and Perspective in Literature (Geocriticism and Spatial Literary Studies)
by Liz FinniganThis book brings an original perspective to literary theory and criticism by using insights drawn from visual cognition and neuroscience. Employing recent findings in neuroscience to explain consistent patterns in the representation of space in literature, Finnigan explores how these patterns exploit readers’ power to imagine themselves in different times and places and identifies the literary power of deviating from these patterns. While focusing on Victorian, Modernist and Postmodernist texts, Finnigan brings a new critical framework that can applied in other literary contexts through neuroscience and psychological theory.
Cognitive Style and Perceptual Difference in Browning’s Poetry (Studies In Major Literary Authors Ser.)
by Suzanne BaileyCurrent work on speech pragmatics and visual thinking calls for a radical reassessment of the problem of obscurity or difficulty in Robert Browning’s work. In this innovative study, Bailey reinterprets Browning's life and work in the context of contemporary theories of language and attention, drawn from the cognitive sciences. Specifically, new readings of under-examined historical sources show the extent to which Browning’s cognitive and perceptual worlds differed from the norm, aligning him with Victorians like Sir Francis Galton or fellow-artist William Wetmore Story. Exploring how perceptual biases are transformed in the language of the poems, Bailey demonstrates how the cognitive sciences can ground a new biographical practice, drawing attention to such matters as the creative process and the ethics of understanding individuals who think differently. In doing so, she re-energizes debates about this unusual Victorian poet, his later works, and the nature of literary style.
Cognitive Task Complexity and Second Language Performance: Understanding L2 Learner Affect and Engagement (ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series)
by Mark D. Johnson Mahmoud Abdi TabariCognitive Task Complexity and Second Language Performance provides an overview of research focusing on the effects of cognitive task complexity (CTC) on second language (L2) performance. The edited volume brings together renowned scholars in the field who present data-driven insights into the intricate relationships between CTC and L2 performance, drawing on a combination of empirical studies and theoretical analyses.Each section summarizes the intersection of task complexity frameworks and models of second language production; synthesizes critical issues and research findings; and moves beyond the routine discussion of task complexity features and models of speaking, extending the discussion to the interface of task complexity features and (a) learner engagement, (b) virtual interaction, and (c) corpus linguistics. It also delves into the interface of CTC and technology, exploring how digital tools and resources can enhance task complexity and ultimately impact L2 performance. Overall, this edited volume not only consolidates the existing research on CTC and L2 performance but also highlights areas that require further investigation.In charting a course for future research and pedagogy, the book is a valuable resource for students, scholars, researchers, and practitioners seeking to deepen their understanding of CTC and its impact on second language acquisition.
Cognitive and Educational Psychology for TESOL: A Guide for Practitioners (Springer Texts in Education)
by Sharon McCulloch Andrzej Cirocki Bimali IndrarathneThis volume has been written specifically with TESOL teacher educators, practitioners, and classrooms in mind. It is divided into three sections: cognitive aspects of language learning, individual differences, and language learning difficulties and challenging behaviours. Structured in this way, it enables TESOL teacher educators and practitioners to better understand how language learners process and retain new information, improving their overall ability to learn and remember. In addition to supporting TESOL teacher educators and practitioners in promoting effective language learning, this volume explains individual differences among language learners and the importance of developing learners’ emotional, social, and behavioural skills while addressing learning difficulties, disorders, disabilities, and challenging behaviours whenever required. The individual chapters are written in an accessible style to enable readers to explore various psychological concepts in their pedagogical practice by engaging in reflective teaching through action research. This volume is a vital resource for pre- and in-service language teachers and will encourage language teacher educators to reassess their existing practices.
Cognitive and Neural Foundations of Chinese Reading: From Learning to Advanced Processing and Beyond (Chinese Language Learning Sciences)
by Denise Hsien WuThis book provides a comprehensive and concise introduction of experiments on contemporary issues of language processing and the brain. It covers a wide range of neurolinguistic and neuroscience topics, including but not limited to word recognition, reading acquisition and dyslexia (in typically developed children, foreign language learners, and deaf people), comprehension of sentences and fictional narratives, the interplay of language processing/acquisition with other cognitive domains, and aging of language comprehension and Chinese reading. This book showcases the significance of empirical studies on language and cognitive processing, particularly those emerging from the Taiwan research community, to illuminate the intricate nature of the language faculty enabled by the sophisticated computations of the brain. This book informs readers of crucial issues in the neurolinguistic literature and advances in neuroimaging technology and provides perspectives inspired by evolution and neuroscience.
Cognitively Inspired Natural Language Processing: An Investigation Based on Eye-tracking (Cognitive Intelligence and Robotics)
by Pushpak Bhattacharyya Abhijit MishraThis book shows ways of augmenting the capabilities of Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems by means of cognitive-mode language processing. The authors employ eye-tracking technology to record and analyze shallow cognitive information in the form of gaze patterns of readers/annotators who perform language processing tasks. The insights gained from such measures are subsequently translated into systems that help us (1) assess the actual cognitive load in text annotation, with resulting increase in human text-annotation efficiency, and (2) extract cognitive features that, when added to traditional features, can improve the accuracy of text classifiers. In sum, the authors’ work successfully demonstrates that cognitive information gleaned from human eye-movement data can benefit modern NLP. Currently available Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are weak AI systems: they seek to capture the functionality of human language processing, without worrying about how this processing is realized in human beings’ hardware. In other words, these systems are oblivious to the actual cognitive processes involved in human language processing. This ignorance, however, is NOT bliss! The accuracy figures of all non-toy NLP systems saturate beyond a certain point, making it abundantly clear that “something different should be done.”
Coherence, Continuity, and Cohesion: Theoretical Foundations for Document Design (Routledge Communication Series)
by Kim Sydow CampbellThere is a need for general theoretical principles describing/explaining effective design -- those which demonstrate "unity" and enhance comprehension and usability. Theories of cohesion from linguistics and of comprehension in psychology are likely sources of such general principles. Unfortunately, linguistic approaches to discourse unity have focused exclusively on semantic elements such as synonymy or anaphora, and have ignored other linguistic elements such as syntactic parallelism and phonological alliteration. They have also overlooked the non-linguistic elements -- visual factors such as typography or color, and auditory components such as pitch or duration. In addition, linguistic approaches have met with criticism because they have failed to explain the relationship between semantic cohesive elements and coherence. On the other hand, psychological approaches to discourse comprehension have considered the impact of a wider range of discourse elements -- typographical cuing of key terms to enhance comprehension -- but have failed to provide general theoretical explanations for such observations. This volume uses Gestalt theory to provide general principles for predicting one aspect of coherence -- that of continuity -- across the entire range of discourse elements, and also to outline the relationship between cohesion and coherence. The theoretical core of this book argues that the cognitive principles that explain why humans "sense" unity in a succession of sounds (a whole musical piece) or in a configuration of visual shapes (a complete object) are the basis of principles which explain why we "sense" unity in oral, written, and electronically produced documents.
Cohesion in English
by Ruqaiya Hasan M.A.K. HallidayCohesion in English is concerned with a relatively neglected part of the linguistic system: its resources for text construction, the range of meanings that are speciffically associated with relating what is being spoken or written to its semantic environment. A principal component of these resources is 'cohesion'. This book studies the cohesion that arises from semantic relations between sentences. Reference from one to the other, repetition of word meanings, the conjunctive force of but, so, then and the like are considered. Further, it describes a method for analysing and coding sentences, which is applied to specimen texts.
Coinage and State Formation in Early Modern English Literature (Early Modern Cultural Studies 1500–1700)
by Stephen DengA reassessment of the historic relation between money and the state through the lens of early modern English literature, Coinage and State Formation examines the political implications of the monetary form in light of material and visual properties of coins as well as the persistence of both intrinsic and extrinsic theories of value.
Cold Moon Rising: Die Berichterstattung über die erste bemannte Mondlandung als Globalgeschichte in Zeiten des Kalten Krieges
by Sven GramppIn diesem Sammelband wird eine Welt- und Zeitreise in 21 Ländern auf nicht weniger als sechs Kontinente unternommen. So soll die globale Rezeption eines der bis dato größten Medienereignisse Kontur erhalten. Anhand der Berichterstattung über die erste bemannte Mondlandung kann so die Globalgeschichte im/des Kalten Krieges zu Zeiten des Space Racesowohl in ihren vielen unterschiedlichen lokalen Facetten als auch in ihrer weltweiten Vernetzung erzählt werden.Vor dem Hintergrund gegenwärtiger Bestrebungen diverser Länder, wieder auf den Mond zurückzukehren oder gleich eine Weltraumarmee zu gründen, wie auch in Anbetracht der überaus angespannten geopolitischen Lage, die bereits vielerorts als ‚Kalter Krieg 2.0‘ beschworen wird, scheint solch ein weltumspannender Blick zurück in die Zeit des ‚Kalten Krieges 1.0‘ durchaus von Relevanz, um Gegenwart und nahe Zukunft politischer (Medien-)Kulturen besser zu verstehen.
Cold Mountain (SparkNotes Literature Guide Series)
by SparkNotesCold Mountain (SparkNotes Literature Guide) by Charles Frazier Making the reading experience fun! Created by Harvard students for students everywhere, SparkNotes is a new breed of study guide: smarter, better, faster.Geared to what today's students need to know, SparkNotes provides:chapter-by-chapter analysis explanations of key themes, motifs, and symbols a review quiz and essay topics Lively and accessible, these guides are perfect for late-night studying and writing papers.
Cold Mountain Poems: Text Travel and Canon Construction
by Anjiang HuThis book unveils the legendary life and the mystic poems of the iconic Chinese Tang poet Han-shan (known by his pen name “Cold Mountain”) and investigates the dissemination and reception of the Cold Mountain Poems (CMPs) attributed to him. Han-shan and the CMPs are amongst the most legendary literary landscapes and cultural memories in the history of world scholarly exchange. The maniac poet recluse hidden in the Cold Mountains, the delicate poetic realms of Confucianism, Buddhism, Zen and Taoism contained in the Cold Mountain Poems, and the incredible pervasiveness of its text travel and canon construction worldwide, as well as the profound impact of CMPs on comparative literature, world literature and Chinese studies, provide the perfect lens to learn about Chinese language, literature, culture and society. This book is thus intended to investigate CMPs in a coherent global context. Considering the vertical studies of the Chinese literature polysystem, it highlights the horizontal influence of CMPs, literarily or non-literarily. Furthermore, it addresses the making and developing of the Han-shan phenomenon and its implications for translation studies, travel writing, canon construction and literary historiography. This book is for scholars, researchers and students in literary history and East Asian Studies focusing on Chinese literature and culture and those interested in the history of poetry in general.
Cold Mountain Poems: Zen Poems of Han Shan, Shih Te, and Wang Fan-chih
by J. P. Seaton Han ShanThe incomparable poetry of Han Shan (Cold Mountain) and his sidekick Shih Te, the rebel poets who became icons of Chinese poetry and Zen, has long captured the imagination of poetry lovers and Zen aficionados. Popularized in the West by Beat Generation writers Gary Snyder and Jack Kerouac, these legendary T'ang era (618-907) figures are portrayed as the laughing, ragged pair who left their poetry on stones, trees, farmhouses, and the walls of the monasteries they visited. Their poetry expressed in the simplest verse but in a completely new tone, the voice of ordinary people. Here premier translator J. P. Seaton takes a fresh look at these captivating poets, along with Wang Fan-chih, another "outsider" poet who lived a couple centuries later and who captured the poverty and gritty day-to-day reality of the common people of his time. Seaton's comprehensive introduction and notes throughout give a fascinating context to this vibrant collection.
Cold Rush: Critical Assemblage Analysis of a Heating Arctic (Language and Globalization)
by Sari PietikäinenThis book is an original study of Cold Rush, an accelerated race for the extraction and protection of Arctic natural resources. The Northernmost reach of the planet is caught up in the double developments of two unfinished forces – rapidly progressing climate change and global economic investment - working simultaneously in tension and synergy. Neither process is linear or complete, but both are contradictory and open-ended. This book traces the multiplicity of Cold Rush in the Finnish Arctic, a high-stakes ecological, economic, and political hotspot. It is a heterogeneous space, understood as indigenous land within local indigenous Sámi people politics, the last frontier from a colonial perspective, and a periphery under the modernist nation-state regime. It is now transforming into an economic hub under global capitalism, intensifying climate change and unforeseen geo-political changes. Based on six years of ethnography, the book shows how people struggle, strategize, and profit from this ongoing, complex, and multidirectional change. The author offers a new theoretical approach called critical assemblage analysis, which provides an alternative way of exploring the dynamics between language and society by examining the interaction between material, discursive, and affective dimensions of Cold Rush. The approach builds on previous work at the intersection of critical discourse analysis, critical sociolinguistics, nexus analysis and ethnography, but expands toward works by philosophers Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, and Felix Guattari. This book will be of interest to researchers on language, discourse, and sociolinguistics interested in engaging with social critique embedded in global capitalism and accelerating climate change; as well as researchers in the social and human sciences and natural sciences, who are increasingly aware of the fact that the theoretical and analytical move beyond the traditional dichotomies like language/society, nature/human and micro/macro is central to understanding today´s complex, intertwined social, political, economic and ecological processes.
Cold Sassy Tree (SparkNotes Literature Guide Series)
by SparkNotesCold Sassy Tree (SparkNotes Literature Guide) by Edmond Rostand Making the reading experience fun! Created by Harvard students for students everywhere, SparkNotes is a new breed of study guide: smarter, better, faster.Geared to what today's students need to know, SparkNotes provides:chapter-by-chapter analysis explanations of key themes, motifs, and symbols a review quiz and essay topics Lively and accessible, these guides are perfect for late-night studying and writing papers.
Cold War American Literature and the Rise of Youth Culture: Children of Empire (Routledge Transnational Perspectives on American Literature)
by Denis JonnesDemands placed on many young Americans as a result of the Cold War give rise to an increasingly age-segregated society. This separation allowed adolescents and young adults to begin to formulate an identity distinct from previous generations, and was a significant factor in their widespread rejection of contemporary American society. This study traces the emergence of a distinctive post-war family dynamic between parent and adolescent or already adult child. In-depth readings of individual writers such as, Arthur Miller, William Styron, J. D. Salinger, Tennessee Williams, Vladimir Nabokov, Jack Kerouac, Flannery O’Connor and Sylvia Plath, situate their work in relation to the Cold War and suggest how the figuring of adolescents and young people reflected and contributed to an empowerment of American youth. This book is a superb research tool for any student or academic with an interest in youth culture, cultural studies, American studies, cold war studies, twentieth-century American literature, history of the family, and age studies.
Cold War Correspondents: Soviet and American Reporters on the Ideological Frontlines
by Dina FainbergForeign correspondents played a crucial role in promoting the ideas and values of the Cold War. As they brought the foreign world to their Soviet and American readers, these journalists projected their own ideologies onto their reporting.In an age of mutual acrimony and closed borders, journalists were among the few individuals who crossed the Iron Curtain. Their reporting strongly influenced the ways that policy makers, pundits, and ordinary people came to understand the American or the Soviet "other." In Cold War Correspondents, Dina Fainberg examines how Soviet and American journalists covered the rival superpower and how two distinctive sets of truth systems, professional practices, and political cultures shaped international reporting.Fainberg explores private and public interactions among multiple groups that shaped coverage of the Cold War adversary, including journalists and their sources, editors, news media executives, government officials, diplomats, American pundits, Soviet censors, and audiences on both sides. Foreign correspondents, Fainberg argues, were keen analytical observers who aspired to understand their host country and probe its depths. At the same time, they were fundamentally shaped by their cultural and institutional backgrounds—to the point that their views of the rival superpower were refracted through values of their own culture. International reporting grounded and personalized the differences between the two nations, describing the other side in readily recognizable, self-referential terms. Fundamentally, Fainberg demonstrates, Americans and Soviets during the Cold War came to understand themselves through the creation of images of each other. Drawing on interviews with veteran journalists and Soviet dissidents, Cold War Correspondents also uses previously unexamined Soviet and US government records, newspaper and news agency archives, rare Soviet cartoons, and individual correspondents' personal papers, letters, diaries, books, and articles. Striking black-and-white photos depict foreign correspondents in action. Taken together, these sources illuminate a rich history of private and professional lives at the heart of the superpower conflict.
Cold War Genres: Local and International in Hindi Literature
by Gregory GouldingCold War Genres explores post-independence Hindi literature, framing it within the sociopolitical backdrop of Nehruvian India during the early Cold War. The book underscores the pivotal role of Hindi's claims to be a national language following independence, which fostered a unique moment of literary innovation. Central to its narrative is the work of Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh, a pivotal figure in modern South Asian literature. Using Muktibodh's poetry, criticism, and fiction as a primary example, the book shows how literary form shapes a response to the internal contradictions of 1950s India, one that must be read in light of both the antinomies of Hindi literature and North India as well as the aesthetic debates and emerging ideas of global space during this time. Cold War Genres therefore functions as a lens to evaluate questions of genre and form shared by a range of literary cultures in the mid-twentieth-century decolonizing world. This book features extensive translations from Muktibodh's poetry and prose, including full translations of two poems "Brahmarākṣas" (The Brahman Demon) and "Aṃdhere meṃ" (In the Dark).
Cold War Journalism: Between Cold Reception and Common Ground
by Kevin GrievesThis book explores Cold War journalism and journalists as threat, representing ‘enemy’ systems and ideologies. The book also examines Cold War aspirations of forging transnational journalistic connections across the Iron Curtain as well as finding common journalistic ground within the East and West blocs. The book shines a critical light on overly idealistic visions for that journalistic common ground, drawing on primary archival source material to investigate journalists and reporting work, journalistic content and journalistic venues during the Cold War era. This is not a book about traditional war correspondence – rather, it is about the rhetorical battles and the ideological fronts that have shaped and continue to shape our world. By fully understanding how journalism and journalists have intersected with hostile barriers and divisions in the past, we can have a more nuanced understanding of the current global media environment.
Cold War Literature: Writing the Global Conflict (Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Literature #Vol. 3)
by Andrew HammondThe Cold War was the longest conflict in a century defined by the scale and brutality of its conflicts. In the battle between the democratic West and the communist East there was barely a year in which the West was not organising, fighting or financing some foreign war. It was an engagement that resulted – in Korea, Guatemala, Nicaragua and elsewhere – in some twenty million dead. This collection of essays analyses the literary response to the coups, insurgencies and invasions that took place around the globe, and explores the various thematic and stylistic trends that Cold War hostilities engendered in world writing. Drawing together scholars of various cultural backgrounds, the volume focuses upon such themes as representation, nationalism, political resistance, globalisation and ideological scepticism. Eschewing the typical focus in Cold War scholarship on Western authors and genres, there is an emphasis on the literary voices that emerged from what are often considered the ‘peripheral’ regions of Cold War geo-politics. Ranging in focus from American postmodernism to Vietnamese poetry, from Cuban autobiography to Maoist theatre, and from African fiction to Soviet propaganda, this book will be of real interest to all those working in twentieth-century literary studies, cultural studies, history and politics.
Cold War Modernists
by Greg BarnhiselCold War Modernists documents how the CIA, the State Department, and private cultural diplomats transformed modernist art and literature into pro-Western propaganda during the first decade of the Cold War