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Exiled Home: Salvadoran Transnational Youth in the Aftermath of Violence
by Susan Bibler CoutinIn Exiled Home, Susan Bibler Coutin recounts the experiences of Salvadoran children who migrated with their families to the United States during the 1980-1992 civil war. Because of their youth and the violence they left behind, as well as their uncertain legal status in the United States, many grew up with distant memories of El Salvador and a profound sense of disjuncture in their adopted homeland. Through interviews in both countries, Coutin examines how they sought to understand and overcome the trauma of war and displacement through such strategies as recording community histories, advocating for undocumented immigrants, forging new relationships with the Salvadoran state, and, for those deported from the United States, reconstructing their lives in El Salvador. In focusing on the case of Salvadoran youth, Coutin's nuanced analysis shows how the violence associated with migration can be countered through practices that recuperate historical memory while also reclaiming national membership.
Existential Flourishing: A Phenomenology of the Virtues
by Irene McMullinThis innovative volume argues that flourishing is achieved when individuals successfully balance their responsiveness to three kinds of normative claim: self-fulfilment, moral responsibility, and intersubjective answerability. Applying underutilised resources in existential phenomenology, Irene McMullin reconceives practical reason, addresses traditional problems in virtue ethics, and analyses four virtues: justice, patience, modesty, and courage. Her central argument is that there is an irreducible normative plurality arising from the different practical perspectives we can adopt - the first-, second-, and third-person stances - which each present us with different kinds of normative claim. Flourishing is human excellence within each of these normative domains, achieved in such a way that success in one does not compromise success in another. The individual virtues are solutions to specific existential challenges we face in attempting to do so. This book will be important for anyone working in the fields of moral theory, existential phenomenology, and virtue ethics.
Existentialist Criminology
by Ronnie Lippens Don CreweExistentialist Criminology captures an emerging interest in the value of existentialist thought and concepts for criminological work on crime, deviance, crime control, and criminal justice. This emerging interest chimes with recent social and cultural developments - as well as shifts in their theoretical consideration - that are oriented around contingency and unpredictability. But whilst these conditions have largely been described and analysed through the lens of complexity theory, post-structuralist theory and postmodernism, there exploration by critical criminologists in existentialist terms offers a richer and more productive approach to the social and cultural dimensions of crime, deviance, crime control and, more broadly, of regulation and governance. Covering a range of topics that lend themselves quite naturally to existentialist analysis - crime and deviance as becoming and will, the existential openness of symbolic exchange, the internal conversations that take place within criminal justice practices, and the contingent and finite character of resistance - the contributions to this volume set out to explore a largely untapped reservoir of critical potential.
Existenzgründung schwerbehinderter Menschen: Verwirklichung eines inklusiven Arbeitsmarktes unter Berücksichtigung des SGB IX
by Normen FranzkeBehinderte Menschen haben einen Anspruch auf Nachteilsausgleiche, um die Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben zu fördern. Dies schließt auch eine selbständige Tätigkeit mit ein. Welche Nachteilsausgleiche gibt es und erhöhen sie die Chancen einer Teilhabe? Das Buch gibt Auskunft über Fördermechanismen im Sinne eines Nachteilsausgleiches für eine Existenzgründung und zur Sicherung einer Selbständigkeit. Dabei werden die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen, der Umfang und die Wirkung des Nachteilsausgleiches dargestellt.
Existing Legal Limits to Security Council Veto Power in the Face of Atrocity Crimes
by Jennifer TrahanIn this book, the author outlines three independent bases for the existence of legal limits to the veto by UN Security Council permanent members while atrocity crimes are occurring. The provisions of the UN Charter creating the veto cannot override the UN's 'Purposes and Principles', nor jus cogens (peremptory norms of international law). There are also positive obligations imposed by the Geneva and Genocide Conventions in situations of war crimes and genocide - conventions to which all permanent members are parties. The author demonstrates how vetoes and veto threats have blocked the Security Council from pursuing measures that could have prevented or alleviated atrocity crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes) in places such as Myanmar, Darfur, Syria, and elsewhere. As the practice continues despite regular condemnation by other UN member states and repeated voluntary veto restraint initiatives, the book explores how the legality of this practice could be challenged.
Exit Wounds: How America's Guns Fuel Violence across the Border (California Series in Public Anthropology #57)
by Ieva JusionyteTurns the familiar story of trafficking across the US-Mexico border on its head, looking at firearms smuggled south from the United States to Mexico and their ricochet effects. American guns have entangled the lives of people on both sides of the US-Mexico border in a vicious circle of violence. After treating wounded migrants and refugees seeking safety in the United States, anthropologist Ieva Jusionyte boldly embarked on a journey in the opposite direction—following the guns from dealers in Arizona and Texas to crime scenes in Mexico. An expert work of narrative nonfiction, Exit Wounds provides a rare, intimate look into the world of firearms trafficking and urges us to understand the effects of lax US gun laws abroad. Jusionyte masterfully weaves together the gripping stories of people who live and work with guns north and south of the border: a Mexican businessman who smuggles guns for protection, a teenage girl turned trained assassin, two US federal agents trying to stop gun traffickers, and a journalist who risks his life to report on organized crime. Based on years of fieldwork, Exit Wounds expands current debates about guns in America, grappling with US complicity in violence on both sides of the border.
Exonerated: The Failed Takedown of President Donald Trump by the Swamp
by Dan BonginoFrom the New York Times bestselling author of SPYGATE <P><P>An explosive, whistle-blowing expose, Exonerated: The Failed Takedown of Donald Trump by the Swamp reveals how Deep State actors relied on a cynical plug-and-play template to manufacture the now-discredited Russiagate scandal. <P><P>With the cutting analysis and insight he exhibited in his blockbuster bestseller Spygate: The Attempted Sabotage of Donald J. Trump, Fox News contributor Bongino exposes who masterminded the dangerous playbook to take down Trump, their motives, and how a plan filled with faked allegations backfired—forcing investigators to up the ante and hide their missteps and half-truths in a desperate effort to prove a collusion case that never happened. <P><P>The result? The misguided multimillion Mueller investigation that tore the nation apart, tried to destabilize the presidency and led, as the world now knows, to nowhere! <P><P><b>A New York Times Bestseller</b>
Expanding Access to Justice: An Empirical Analysis of the Participation of State and Non-State Actors in the International Court of Justice
by Paula Wojcikiewicz Almeida Giulia Tavares RomayThis book addresses the repercussions of expanded participation in international judicial decision-making by investigating community interest issues. Focusing on the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the book reveals the growing involvement – formal and/or informal – of State and non-State actors (NSAs) in the ICJ’s contentious and advisory functions. This includes the participation of States, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) and NSAs, i.e., non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and individuals. The book concentrates on the role and multifunctional character of international courts and tribunals (ICTs). As a component of the international governance structure, ICTs are equipped to protect, express and shape values that reflect community interests by the power granted them in international treaties. They can also be considered a key element for promoting the international rule of law, including the provision of global public goods. Public interest litigation is often used as a vehicle to advance human rights at the national and international level. As the main judicial organ of the UN, the participation of State and NSAs in ICJ proceedings is a subject of the utmost importance to international dispute settlement in general. The decisions delivered by the World Court can help to pursue community interests, for instance by setting internationally relevant precedents or concepts as obiter dicta. By applying an empirical research methodology to map ICJ practices concerning notifications, submissions and/or applications of State and NSAs, as well as other forms of submitting relevant information to the Court under the ICJ Statute and Rules, the book addresses the potential and limitations of expanded participation in the ICJ’s contentious cases and advisory proceedings. The analysis employs broad definitions of "participants" and "participation" in order to reflect the contemporary dynamics of the actors involved in international practice.
Expanding Responsibility for the Just War: A Feminist Critique
by Rosemary KellisonAs demonstrated in any conflict, war is violent and causes grave harms to innocent persons, even when fought in compliance with just war criteria. In this book, Rosemary Kellison presents a feminist critique of just war reasoning, with particular focus on the issue of responsibility for harm to noncombatants. Contemporary just war reasoning denies the violence of war by suggesting that many of the harms caused by war are necessary, though regrettable, injuries for which inflicting agents bear no responsibility. She challenges this narrow understanding of responsibility through a feminist ethical approach that emphasizes the relationality of humans and the resulting asymmetries in their relative power and vulnerability. According to this approach, the powerful individual and collective agents who inflict harm during war are responsible for recognizing and responding to the vulnerable persons they harm, and thereby reducing the likelihood of future violence. Kellison's volume goes beyond abstract theoretical work to consider the real implications of an important ethical problem.
Expanding the Gaze: Gender and the Politics of Surveillance
by Emily van der Meulen Robert HeynenFrom sexualized selfies and hidden camera documentaries to the bouncers monitoring patrons at Australian nightclubs, the ubiquity of contemporary surveillance goes far beyond the National Security Agency's bulk data collection or the proliferation of security cameras on every corner.Expanding the Gaze is a collection of important new empirical and theoretical works that demonstrate the significance of the gendered dynamics of surveillance. Bringing together contributors from criminology, sociology, communication studies, and women's studies, the eleven essays in the volume suggest that we cannot properly understand the implications of the rapid expansion of surveillance practices today without paying close attention to its gendered nature. Together, they constitute a timely interdisciplinary contribution to the development of feminist surveillance studies.
Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism
by Tamar Ross"Expanding the Palace of Torah offers a broad philosophical overview of the challenges the women's revolution poses to Orthodox Judaism, and Orthodox Judiasm's response to those challenges. Writing as an insider (herself an Orthodox Jew), Ross seeks to develop a theological response that fully acknowledges the male bias of Judaism's sanctified texts, yet nevertheless provides a rational for transforming that bias in today's world without undermining their authority. She proposes an approach to divine revelation-- the theological heart of traditional Judaism-- which she calls "cumulativism." This approach is based on a conflating of strict boundaries between text and its interpretation, or the divine intent and the evolution of human understanding." "Ross believes that the greater fluidity afforded by cumulativism is necessary for legitimizing the insights of feminism and fully absorbing women's changed status within the religious rubric of Jewish tradition. Emphasizing that continuity with tradition can be maintained only when the halakhic system is understood as a living organism that grows via affirmation of its historical legacy and respect for its constraints, her book shows that the feminist revolution in Orthodox Judaism reaches beyond its practical effect upon individual lives to teach us something more profound about the nature of religious practice in general." -- Amy Gottlieb Zorn berg (from the back cover)
Expectations vs Realities of Information Privacy and Data Protection Measures: A Machine-Generated Literature Overview
by Indranath GuptaThis book is a machine-generated literature overview of the legal and ethical debates over privacy and data protection measures in the last three decades, showcasing the expectations vis-à-vis realities of their presence and application in different sectors. The book identifies the role and application of consent in different situations. Over time, consent in its various forms and types, informed, explicit and otherwise, ensured data subjects have a measured understanding of the purpose of data processing. The idea of consent with time has been challenging to implement with the rapid advancement of research in different areas. It remains the most critical fulcrum, yet there are instances when the implementation continues to challenge. Owing to the nature of this sub-discipline, it remains a work in progress yet portrays a comprehensive range of issues. The entire narrative is being explored through two such machine-generated overview volumes and this is the firstof the two. These volumes have consciously tried to remain both jurisdictional and technology neutral while considering a range of data protection and privacy issues. Towards that end, this book has chapters that capture overarching issues about data protection and privacy; conceptualizes data protection from different perspectives and its existing debates with other rights and developments in a democratic society; provides a snapshot of developments happening in various jurisdictions and how data protection framework engages with other laws. It also broaches the critical issue of consent and how consent as a requirement has evolved and integrated with health research and other allied areas. The subsequent volume, titled &‘Operationalizing Expectations and Mapping Challenges of Information Privacy and Data Protection Measures in the Last Three Decades&’, would focus on different sectors and how these sectors have been tackling different expectations concerning data protection and privacy. It will also showcase how technology plays a catalyst in implementing data protection requirements. The book highlights the future research areas in the context of data protection and privacy. The volumes are an invaluable resource for not only researchers, but also policy makers, practitioners, corporate sector, across disciplines, and anyone looking to get an idea about the evolution of privacy, data protection issues and the application of consent over the last three decades since 1990.
Experiences of Criminal Justice: Perspectives From Wales on a System in Crisis
by Daniel Newman Roxanna DehaghaniAusterity continues to impact the criminal justice process in England and Wales: police numbers are down, the Crown Prosecution Service is in disarray, legal aid has been reduced, courts are closing and magistrates are leaving. Research into the criminal process usually focuses on England, however this book offers a rare insight into South Wales. Drawing on first-hand accounts of lawyers, police, suspects, and the convicted and their families, it uncovers how these affected individuals navigate the challenges caused by austerity, what has changed and what can be done to improve the system. This book is a reliable and evocative account of the reality of criminal justice in Wales.
Experiencing Animal Minds: An Anthology of Animal-Human Encounters
by Robert W. Mitchell. Julie A. SmithIn these multidisciplinary essays, academic scholars and animal experts explore the nature of animal minds ad the methods humans conventionally and unconventionally use to understand them. The collection features chapters by scholars working in psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, literary studies, and art as well as chapters by or about people who live or work with animals, including the founder of a sanctuary for chickens, a fur trapper, a popular canine psychologist, a horse trainer, and an art photographer who captures everyday contact between humans and their animal companions.
Experiencing Animal Minds: An Anthology of Animal-Human Encounters (Critical Perspectives on Animals: Theory, Culture, Science, and Law)
by Robert W. Mitchell. Julie A. Smith EdsIn these multidisciplinary essays, academic scholars and animal experts explore the nature of animal minds and the methods humans conventionally and unconventionally use to understand them. The collection features chapters by scholars working in psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, literary studies, and art, as well as chapters by and about people who live and work with animals, including the founder of a sanctuary for chickens, a fur trapper, a popular canine psychologist, a horse trainer, and an art photographer who captures everyday contact between humans and their animal companions.Divided into five sections, the collection first considers the ways that humans live with animals and the influence of cohabitation on their perceptions of animals' minds. It follows with an examination of anthropomorphism as both a guide and hindrance to mapping animal consciousness. Chapters next examine the effects of embodiment on animals' minds and the role of animal-human interembodiment on humans' understandings of animals' minds. Final sections identify historical representations of difference between human and animal consciousness and their relevance to pre-established cultural attitudes, as well as the ways that representations of animals' minds target particular audiences and sometimes produce problematic outcomes. The editors conclude with a discussion of the relationship between the book's chapters and two pressing themes: the connection between human beliefs about animals' minds and human ethical behavior, and the challenges and conditions for knowing the minds of animals. By inviting readers to compare and contrast multiple, uncommon points of view, this collection offers a unique encounter with the diverse perspectives and theories now shaping animal studies.
Experiencing Corrections: From Practitioner to Professor
by Lee M. JohnsonWritten by scholars who have practical experience in corrections, the readable essays in this one-of-a-kind collection draw on real-world experiences to illustrate theoretical and methodological concepts and demonstrate approaches to corrections practice. Spanning the three general types of correctional environments—incarceration, community corrections, and juvenile corrections—the essays discuss working in prisons or prison systems, juvenile residential and community corrections, and probation and parole.
Experiencing Other Minds in the Courtroom
by Neal FeigensonSometimes the outcome of a lawsuit depends upon sensations known only to the person who experiences them, such as the buzzing sound heard by a plaintiff who suffers from tinnitus after an accident. Lawyers, litigants, and expert witnesses are now seeking to re-create these sensations in the courtroom, using digital technologies to simulate litigants' subjective experiences and thus to help jurors know--not merely know about--what it is like to be inside a litigant's mind. But with this novel type of evidence comes a host of questions: Can anyone really know what it is like to have another person's sensory experiences? Why should courts allow jurors to see or hear these simulations? And how might this evidence alter the ways in which judges and jurors do justice? In Experiencing Other Minds in the Courtroom, Neal Feigenson turns the courtroom into a forum for exploring the profound philosophical, psychological, and legal ramifications of our efforts to know what other people's conscious experiences are truly like. Drawing on disciplines ranging from cognitive psychology to psychophysics to media studies, Feigenson harnesses real examples of digitally simulated subjective perceptions to explain how the epistemological value of this evidence is affected by who creates it, how it is made, and how it is presented. Through his close scrutiny of the different kinds of simulations and the different knowledge claims they make, Feigenson is able to suggest best practices for how we might responsibly incorporate such evidence into the courtroom.
Experiencing Trusts and Estates (Experiencing Law Series)
by Deborah Gordon Allison Tait Alfred Brophy Carla Spivack Karen SneddonThis textbook takes a learner-centered and experiential approach to trusts and estates law, which makes it well suited to teaching both online and face-to-face. The opening chapters introduce students to key concepts in intergenerational wealth transfer and planning for incapacity and death. The remainder of the book highlights inheritance law concepts from both a forward-looking (planning/drafting) and backward-looking (litigation) perspective. <p><P> The second edition continues to feature some of the most teachable trusts and estates cases, to focus on issues of gender, race, class, and sexuality, and to offer online student resources. New features of this edition include learning outcomes at the beginning of each chapter to help with ABA compliance and student focus, a broad and varied array of formative assessments, a glossary of terms, highlight boxes containing practice notes, connection notes, and language notes, and final chapter take-aways to link topics together. Some examples of assessments include; role playing exercises; drafting client letters and testamentary instruments; writing policy papers, legislation, and judicial opinions; and preparing community and client presentations. Each chapter also features more traditional hypotheticals, fact patterns, and discussion questions, extensive notes designed to help lead students through the major issues, and an appendix of sample documents.
Experimental Ethics
by Matthias Uhl Christoph Luetge Hannes RuschAcademic philosophy has experienced a major upheaval in the last decade. Venturous young philosophers, psychologists, and economists have begun to challenge the traditional stance that philosophy is an undertaking best pursued from the safety and calm of an arm-chair. Instead, they took the gloves off and brought philosophical questions to the experimental laboratory. This volume sets the stage for the development of a consistent theoretical framework for one of the branches of Experimental Philosophy: the empirical study of human moral reasoning, that is, Experimental Ethics. To this end it assembles contributions from philosophers, psychologists and cognitive scientists, economists, and sociologists active in this lively and growing field of research. These elaborate and substantiated works will enable its readers to immerse themselves into Experimental Ethics' history, its current topics and future perspectives, its methodology, and the criticism it is subject to.
Experimental Legislation in China between Efficiency and Legality: The Delegated Legislative Power Of The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
by Madeleine MartinekThis book analyzes the benefits of and legal concerns in connection with the delegated legislation of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone as a prime example of experimental legislation in Chinese law. It offers solutions for improving the legal design of experimental regulations in Special Economic Zones by striking a balance between the pursuit of rapid socio-economic progress on the one hand, and the increasing need and will to govern by the rule of law on the other. The book offers a valuable guide for the academic community and legal practitioners, as well as students eager to gain insights into Chinese constitutional law and the conflict between legality and achieving reforms.
Experimental Methodology for Human–Robot Interaction: Guidelines and Case Studies for Human-Centred and Ethical Robotics Research
by Dana Kulić Leimin Tian Tina L.Y. Wu Nicole L. Robinson Pamela Carreno-Medrano Wesley P. Chan Maram Sakr Elahe Abdi Elizabeth A. CroftLeading figures in Australian robotics research provide an overview and guidance for human–robot interaction (HRI) experimental design and evaluation methodologies that consider the ethical implications of the research and its applications from a human-centred and contextual perspective. The authors explain introductory and advanced topics in HRI with a focus on human-centred evaluation and ethical practices. They also provide an online interactive checklist tool for novice HRI researchers and students to deploy when designing their own studies.The book is structured into three parts. In Part I, the authors first review fundamental methodologies and provide an interactive checklist tool of the HRI experimental study life cycle to guide beginners to the field. Part II introduces an expanded set of approaches to support researchers and practitioners to create high-quality study designs that draw on practices from human-computer interaction, human-centred artificial intelligence, psychology and social science, and advance ethical HRI research. Finally, in Part III, the authors discuss a selection of HRI studies as examples of how the introduced methodologies are adopted, which will support the readers to further understand the fundamental and advanced methodologies described in Parts I and II. The diverse collection of case studies enables readers to grasp the state of the art and apply what they have learned in their own practices.This book is a vital resource for both students new to the field and experienced researchers and practitioners. The book’s practical focus and clear elucidation of relevant case studies, from its introduction to the HRI experimental study life cycle through to advanced methods emerging in the field, ensures that this will greatly benefit progress in the field with human-centred and ethical experimental methodology.
Experimental Philosophy for Beginners: A Gentle Introduction to Methods and Tools (Springer Graduate Texts in Philosophy)
by Mark Alfano Justin Sytsma Eugen Fischer Florian Cova Stephan Kornmesser Alexander Max Bauer Aurélien Allard Lucien Baumgartner Paul Engelhardt Henrike Meyer Kevin Reuter Kyle Thompson Marc WyszynskiThis graduate textbook provides a basic introduction to experimental philosophy (x-phi). In nine chapters, different methods and tools used in X-Phi are explained, spanning quantitative vignette studies, interactive experiments, corpus analysis, psycholinguistic experiments as well as qualitative interview studies. Each chapter introduces a specific experimental method by means of a case study in an easily accessible way and covers the whole research process from the development of a research question to the interpretation of the data.
Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Aristotle to CRISPR (Johns Hopkins Introductory Studies in the History of Science)
by Anita GuerriniExamining the ideas and attitudes that encourage scientists to experiment on living creatures, what their justifications are, and how these have changed over time.Experimentation on animals—particularly humans—is often assumed to be a uniquely modern phenomenon. But the ideas and attitudes that encourage biological and medical scientists to experiment on living creatures date from the earliest expressions of Western thought. In Experimenting with Humans and Animals, Anita Guerrini looks at the history of these practices and examines the philosophical and ethical arguments that justified them.Guerrini discusses key historical episodes in the use of living beings in science and medicine, including the discovery of blood circulation, the development of smallpox and polio vaccines, and recent research in genetics, ecology, and animal behavior. She also explores the rise of the antivivisection movement in Victorian England, the modern animal rights movement, and current debates over gene therapy and genetically engineered animals. We learn how perceptions and understandings of human and animal pain have changed; how ideas of class, race, and gender have defined the human research subject; and that the ethical values of science seldom stray far from the society in which scientists live and work.Thoroughly rewritten and updated, with new material in every chapter, the book emphasizes a broader understanding of experimentation and adds material on gene therapy, self-experimentation, and prisoners and slaves as experimental subjects. A new chapter brings the story up to the present while reflecting on the current regulatory scene, new developments in science, and emerging genomics. Experimenting with Humans and Animals offers readers a context within which to understand more fully the responsibility we all bear for the suffering inflicted on other living beings in the name of scientific knowledge.
Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights (Johns Hopkins Introductory Studies In The History Ser.)
by Anita GuerriniExperimentation on animals and particularly humans is often assumed to be a uniquely modern phenomenon. But the ideas and attitudes that encourage the biological and medical sciences to experiment on living creatures date from the earliest expression of Western thought. <p><p> In Animal and Human Experimentation, the author looks at the history of these practices from vivisection in ancient Alexandria to present-day battles over animal rights and medical research employing human subjects. The author discusses in-depth key historical episodes in the use of living beings in science and medicine, including the discovery of blood circulation, the development of smallpox and polio vaccines, and recent AIDS research. <p><p> She also explores the rise of the antivivisection movement in Victorian England, the modern animal rights movement, and current debates over gene therapy. In this highly accessible text, we learn how our understanding of an animal's capacity to feel pain has evolved. The author reminds us that the ethical values of science seldom stray far from those of the society in which scientists live and work. Ethical questions about the use of animals and humans in research remain among the most vexing within both the scientific community and society at large. These often rancorous arguments have gone on, however, with little awareness of their historical antecedents. <p><p> Animal and Human Experimentation offers students and concerned general readers on every side of this debate a context within which to understand more fully the responsibility we all bear for the suffering inflicted on other living beings in the name of scientific knowledge.
Experiments in Automating Immigration Systems
by Joe Tomlinson Jack MaxwellIn recent years, the United Kingdom's Home Office has started using automated systems to make immigration decisions. These systems promise faster, more accurate, and cheaper decision-making, but in practice they have exposed people to distress, disruption, and even deportation. This book identifies a pattern of risky experimentation with automated systems in the Home Office. It analyses three recent case studies including: a voice recognition system used to detect fraud in English-language testing; an algorithm for identifying ‘risky’ visa applications; and automated decision-making in the EU Settlement Scheme. The book argues that a precautionary approach is essential to ensure that society benefits from government automation without exposing individuals to unacceptable risks.