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Fair Play: The Moral Dilemmas Of Spying
by James M. OlsonRevolutionary War officer Nathan Hale, one of America’s first spies, said, “Any kind of service necessary to the public good becomes honorable by being necessary.” A statue of Hale stands outside CIA headquarters, and the agency often cites his statement as one of its guiding principles. But who decides what is necessary for the public good, and is it really true that any kind of service is permissible for the public good? <p><p> These questions are at the heart of James M. Olson’s book, Fair Play: The Moral Dilemmas of Spying. Olson, a veteran of the CIA’s clandestine service, takes readers inside the real world of intelligence to describe the difficult dilemmas that field officers face on an almost daily basis. Far from being a dry theoretical treatise, this fascinating book uses actual intelligence operations to illustrate how murky their moral choices can be. Readers will be surprised to learn that the CIA provides very little guidance on what is, or is not, permissible. Rather than empowering field officers, the author has found that this lack of guidelines actually hampers operations. Olson believes that U.S. intelligence officers need clearer moral guidelines to make correct, quick decisions. Significantly, he believes these guidelines should come from the American public, not from closed-door meetings inside the intelligence community. Fair Play will encourage a broad public debate about the proper moral limits on U.S. intelligence activities.
Fair Reflection of Society in Judicial Systems - A Comparative Study
by Sophie TurenneThis book addresses one central question: if justice is to be done in the name of the community, how far do the decision-makers need to reflect the community, either in their profile or in the opinions they espouse? Each contributor provides an answer on the basis of a careful analysis of the rules, assumptions and practices relating to their own national judicial system and legal culture. Written by national experts, the essays illustrate a variety of institutional designs towards a better reflection of the community. The involvement of lay people is often most visible in judicial appointments at senior court level, with political representatives sometimes appointing judges. They consider the lay involvement in the judicial system more widely, from the role of juries to the role of specialist lay judges and lay assessors in lower courts and tribunals. This lay input into judicial appointments is explored in light of the principle of judicial independence. The contributors also critically discuss the extent to which judicial action is legitimised by any 'democratic pedigree' of the judges or their decisions. The book thus offers a range of perspectives, all shaped by distinctive constitutional and legal cultures, on the thorny relationship between the principle of judicial independence and the idea of democratic accountability of the judiciary.
Fair Shake: Women and the Fight to Build a Just Economy
by June Carbone Naomi Cahn Nancy LevitA stirring, comprehensive look at the state of women in the workforce—why women&’s progress has stalled, how our economy fosters unproductive competition, and how we can fix the system that holds women back.In an era of supposed great equality, women are still falling behind in the workplace. Even with more women in the workforce than in decades past, wage gaps continue to increase. It is the most educated women who have fallen the furthest behind. Blue-collar women hold the most insecure and badly paid jobs in our economy. And even as we celebrate high-profile representation—women on the board of Fortune 500 companies and our first female vice president—women have limited recourse when they experience harassment and discrimination. Fair Shake: Women and the Fight to Build a Just Economy explains that the system that governs our economy—a winner-take-all economy—is the root cause of these myriad problems. The WTA economy self-selects for aggressive, cutthroat business tactics, which creates a feedback loop that sidelines women. The authors, three legal scholars, call this feedback loop &“the triple bind&”: if women don&’t compete on the same terms as men, they lose; if women do compete on the same terms as men, they&’re punished more harshly for their sharp elbows or actual misdeeds; and when women see that they can&’t win on the same terms as men, they take themselves out of the game (if they haven&’t been pushed out already). With odds like these stacked against them, it&’s no wonder women feel like, no matter how hard they work, they can&’t get ahead. Fair Shake is not a &“fix the woman&” book; it&’s a &“fix the system&” book. It not only diagnoses the problem of what's wrong with the modern economy, but shows how, with awareness and collective action, we can build a truly just economy for all.
Fair Share Divorce for Women: The Definitive Guide to Creating Your Own Winning Solution
by Kathleen MillerMore than 1.1 million women are actively involved in divorce each year and all need solid financial advice to help make this transition less painful. In Fair Share Divorce for Women, Second Edition, Certified Financial Planner Kathleen Miller has created a comprehensive guide to help you completely integrate all the financial aspects of your divorce into a personalized and sound financial plan. This completely revised and expanded second edition includes updated statistics, recent case studies that reflect modern marriages, complete indexing, and a comprehensive appendix of resources. Kathleen Miller has added new topics and chapters, including:-Current economic impacts on retirement and benefits planning-Dealing with a disparity of earnings post-divorce -Career planning and maintenance strategies business valuation-Succession long-term care and other insurance provisions-Child support and parenting plans-Pre-and post-nuptial and cohabitation agreements Grounded in the experiences of her more than 3,000 clients, Kathleen Miller's advice is clear and concise. Fair Share Divorce for Women , Second Edition will offer you the guidance and support you need to safeguard your marital assets, and will empower you to take control of your divorce and financial future.
Fair Trade Organizations and Social Enterprise: Social Innovation through Hybrid Organization Models (Routledge Studies in Management, Organizations and Society)
by Benjamin HuybrechtsFor several decades, social enterprises have been pioneers in the conception and implementation of a pathbreaking social innovation: Fair Trade (FT). Fair Trade Social Enterprises have created a movement which has challenged mainstream trading practices and offered development opportunities for disadvantaged producer groups in the South. Starting from a niche market aimed at convinced customers, FT has expanded and entered mainstream retailing outlets, growing in visibility and market share, while simultaneously experiencing diversification of its organization models. While pioneer Fair Trade Social Enterprises in the early years were largely nonprofit organizations relying on voluntary work, they have become increasingly diversified in terms of legal forms, governance models and organizational practices. These diversified models seem to reflect the hybrid nature of FT itself, through different ways of combining a commercial activity (trading of FT products), a social mission (support to producers), and an explicit or implicit political message (often expressed through education and advocacy). Based on the study of Fair Trade Social Enterprises across Europe, this book builds a typology of organization models for FT. Author Benjamin Huybrechts further examines how the different organization models combine the economic, social, and political dimensions of FT, and how they manage the possible tensions between these dimensions. Fair Trade Organizations and Social Enterprise proposes a range of theoretical approaches to interpret the diversity of Fair Trade Social Enterprises and offers concrete avenues for managing social enterprises and hybrid organizations in general.
Fair Trade and Sustainable Development: Dispersed Hybrid Markets (Citizenship and Sustainability in Organizations)
by Magdalena ŚliwińskaFair Trade constitutes a social-business initiative that plays a crucial role in the transition towards a "sustainable market economy", countering the major challenges of the 21st century. This research monograph reveals the mechanisms behind this process. It argues that Fair Trade constitutes a new type of market, "a Dispersed Hybrid Market (DHM)", that due to its specific features contributes to a more pro-social functioning of the entire market and taking responsibility for sustainable development by different market participants. It demonstrates, thus, what was underestimated about Fair Trade, and which is extremely important, that it can have a positive impact on the market in terms of sustainable transformation. The book is intended for researchers, lecturers, students, practitioners, and political decision-makers interested in sustainable development, Fair Trade, and transition towards sustainable markets, business, and economy. It contributes to better understanding of sustainability challenges explaining specifics of Fair Trade market, revealing paradoxes and barriers of its development and showing mechanisms of its spillover effects. It also develops arguments about the need to change the role of the state in the face of global challenges and to support such grassroots international initiatives as Fair Trade. Therefore the practical recommendations address both the desired directions of development of the self-governance of this initiative and the expected role of the state towards it, in particular possible ways to strengthen it.
Fair Trade in CSR Strategy of Global Retailers
by Magdalena Stefańska Renata NestorowiczFair Trade In CSR Strategy of Global Retailers shows how retailers can improve the success of their fair trade strategy. Using Polish market research, the authors analyze the aggressive and detrimental competition between retailers such as Ikea, and Tesco to emphasize the benefits of CSR strategy for stakeholders and society at large.
Fair Trade, Corporate Accountability and Beyond: Experiments in Globalizing Justice
by Shelley MarshallAs trade and production have increasingly crossed international boundaries, private bodies and governments alike have sought new ways to regulate labour standards and advance goals of fairness and social justice. Governments are harnessing social and market forces to advance corporate accountability, while private bodies are employing techniques drawn from command and control regulation to shape the behaviour of business. This collection brings together the research and reflections of a diverse international mix of academics, activists and practitioners in the fields of fair trade and corporate accountability, representing perspectives from both the industrialized and developing worlds. Contributors provide detailed case studies of a range of social justice governance initiatives, documenting the evolution of established strategies of advocacy and social mobilization, and evaluating the strengths and limitations of voluntary initiatives compared with legally enforceable instruments.
Fair Trade, Sustainability, and Social Change
by Mark Hudson Ian Hudson Mara FridellThe authors critically evaluate the fair trade movement's role in pursuing a more just and environmentally sustainable society. Using fair trade as a case study of the shift toward non-state forms of governance, they focus on its role not only as a regulatory tool, but as a catalyst for broader social and political transformation.
Fair Treatment of Persons in Police Custody
by Ralf AlleweldtThis book analyses and evaluates the international efforts to ensure the fair and human treatment of persons in police custody. Respecting the dignity of all detained persons, and in particular preventing torture, is a key issue of international human rights protection. The authors explore various approaches to tackle this issue, including the introduction of investigative, non-coercive interviewing techniques as well as the implementation of fundamental safeguards such as the access to a lawyer and a doctor. Supported by case studies, they describe the special role of national preventive mechanisms and the efforts to improve the treatment of detainees in the context of capacity building activities. Police components of international peace missions face special legal and practical human rights challenges. Authors also ask how the positive potentials and strengths within police organisations could be mobilised for realising human rights, and, last but not least, they seek to assess the prospects of how fair treatment of persons in police custody may be ensured in the future effectively.
Fair Trial Rights and Multilingualism in Africa: Perspectives from Comparable Jurisdictions (Law, Language and Communication)
by Catherine S. NamakulaThis book examines the best language fair trial practices of the courts in arguably the most multilingual region of the world. It contains an instructive list of standards and approaches to linguistic dynamics, which may be considered a language fair trial rights code. By way of jurisprudential analysis and scrutiny of constitutional imperatives and examination of legislation among the respective jurisdictions from the Sahel region, to the Horn of Africa, and the Cape, this publication presents peculiar country-specific practices and common standards aiming towards the realisation of a fair trial in a multilingual context. The exceptionally multilingual nature of legal processes in Africa makes the standards in the region instructive in the progression towards a universal language fair trial rights code. The book reveals valuable lessons across jurisdictions, including those outside Africa, and suggests measures that may be taken to improve existing approaches. It will be a valuable resource for academics, researchers, and policy-makers working in the areas of Law and Language, Legal Linguistics, Forensic Linguistics, Criminal Justice, and Comparative Law.
Fair Trial Rules of Evidence: The Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights (Routledge Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice and Procedure)
by Jurkka JämsäThis book examines how the European Court of Human Rights approaches the matter of evidence, and how its judgments affect domestic law.The case law of the Court has affected many areas of law in Europe. One of these areas is the law of evidence, and especially criminal evidence. This work examines the key defence rights that may touch upon evidence, such as the right to adduce evidence, the right to disclosure, the privilege against self-incrimination and access to a lawyer, entrapment, and the right to cross-examine prosecution witnesses. It explains the relevant assessment criteria used by the Court and introduces a simple framework for understanding the various assessment models developed by the Court, including "the Perna test", "the Ibrahim criteria", and "the sole or decisive rule".The book provides a comprehensive overview on the relevant case law, and will be a valuable asset for students and researchers, as well as practitioners, such as judges, prosecutors, and lawyers, working in the areas of criminal procedure and human rights.
Fair Trial and Judicial Independence
by Attila BadóThis comprehensive publication analyzes numerous aspects of the relationship between judicature and the fair trial principle in a comparative perspective. In addition, it examines the manifestation of some of the most significant elements inherent to the fair trial concept in different legal systems. Along with expansion of judicial power during the past century and with the strengthening of judicial independence, the fair trial requirement has appeared more often, especially in different international agreements and national constitutions, as the summarizing principle of what were formerly constitutional principles pertaining to judicature. Despite its generality and supranational application, the methods of interpreting this clause vary significantly among particular legal systems. This book assumes that the substantive content of this term conveys relevance to the organizational independence of judicial power, the selection of judges, and the mutual relationship between the branches of power. The comparative studies included in this collection offer readers a widespread understanding of the aforementioned correlations and will ultimately contribute to their mastery of the concept of fair trial.
Fair Use, Free Use, and Use by Permission: How to Handle Copyrights in All Media
by Lee WilsonWho needs this book? Only every writer, photographer, illustrator, designer, businessperson, musician, songwriter, filmmaker, teacher, researcher, advertiser, and Web designer in the United States How to find copyright owners, request permissions, and keep records Easy-reference copyright duration chart, form agreements, form letters, resources, and checklistsPermissions-they're enough to make anyone crazy. Thank heavens there's Fair Use, Free Use and Use by Permission, the one-volume reference that is sure to save the sanity of thousands of grateful readers. Writers, photographers, illustrators, designers, teachers, researchers-anyone involved with intellectual property needs this practical, straightforward guide to copyright law. Find out what constitutes fair use, how to get permissions, and how to protect creative work, plus learn about copyright infringement, public domain, and much more. Illuminating true-life stories enliven the ins and outs of copyright law, and helpful charts, resource lists, and forms make the permissions experience vastly more manageable. Let a respected intellectual property lawyer show the way through the copyright maze!
Fair Warning (Jack McEvoy #3)
by Michael ConnellyThe hero of The Poet and The Scarecrow is back in the new thriller from #1 New York Times bestselling author Michael Connelly. <P><P>Jack McEvoy, the journalist who never backs down, tracks a serial killer who has been operating completely under the radar--until now. Veteran reporter Jack McEvoy has taken down killers before, but when a woman he had a one-night stand with is murdered in a particularly brutal way, McEvoy realizes he might be facing a criminal mind unlike any he's ever encountered. <P><P>Jack investigates--against the warnings of the police and his own editor--and makes a shocking discovery that connects the crime to other mysterious deaths across the country. Undetected by law enforcement, a vicious killer has been hunting women, using genetic data to select and stalk his targets. <P><P>Uncovering the murkiest corners of the dark web, Jack races to find and protect the last source who can lead him to his quarry. But the killer has already chosen his next target, and he's ready to strike.Terrifying and unputdownable, Fair Warning shows once again why "Michael Connelly has earned his place in the pantheon of great crime fiction writers" (Chicago Sun-Times). <P><P><b>A New York Times Bestseller</b>
Fair Warning: The Instant Number One Bestselling Thriller
by Michael ConnellyHOW DO YOU FIND A KILLER WHO KNOWS EVERYTHING ABOUT YOU?THE INSTANT NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER'AS EXCITING AS ANYTHING CONNELLY HAS WRITTEN' THE TIMES'UTTERLY COMPELLING ... THIS IS CONNELLY AT THE PEAK OF HIS POWERS' MAIL ON SUNDAY* * * *Jack McEvoy is a reporter with a track record in finding killers. But he's never been accused of being one himself.Jack went on one date with Tina Portrero. The next thing he knows, the police are at his house telling Jack he's a suspect in her murder.Maybe it's because he doesn't like being accused of a crime he didn't commit. Or maybe it's because the method of her murder is so chilling that he can't get it out of his head.But as he uses his journalistic skills to open doors closed to the police, Jack walks a thin line between suspect and detective - between investigation and obsession - on the trail of a killer who knows his victims better than they know themselves... Riveting, original and terrifying - this masterpiece from Michael Connelly is the best thriller you will read this summer.* * * * *CRIME DOESN'T COME BETTER THAN CONNELLY.'One of the very best writers working today in any genre' Sunday Telegraph'The pre-eminent detective novelist of his generation' Ian Rankin'Crime thriller writing of the highest order' Guardian'A superb natural storyteller' Lee Child'A master' Stephen King'A genius' Independent on Sunday'America's greatest living crime writer' Daily Express'No one writes a better modern thriller than Connelly' Evening Standard
FairTax: Answering the Critics
by Neal Boortz John Linder Rob WoodallThe author of the #1 New York Times bestseller The FairTax Book offers a new look at the fast-growing populist tax reform movement that’s poised to become a key campaign issue for 2008In 2005, firebrand radio talk show host Neal Boortz and Georgia congressman John Linder teamed up to create The FairTax Book, the first book devoted to the FairTax movement they had been promoting for years. Riding the growing groundswell of popular support for the tax reform measure, The FairTax Book became an overnight sensation. As the election season heats up, Boortz and Linder return to add fuel to the fire with this radical follow-up. Talking back to the critics who have grossly misrepresented the simple principles behind the tax reform measure—which would abolish the IRS and replace it with a 23 percent retail sales tax on all new goods and services—Boortz and Linder: • Debunk myths about the tax and answer critical charges—that it would bankrupt the economy, that it would leave poor people in the lurch, that the math doesn’t work• Offer new insights into aspects of the plan not originally covered • Show the American voter that there’s still hope of replacing our currently outdated, corrupt,and punitive income tax system with a simple plan that will revolutionize the way American pays for itself.
Fairness
by Nicholas RescherIn theory and practice, the notion of fairness is far from simple. The principle is often elusive and subject to confusion, even in institutions of law, usage, and custom. In Fairness, Nicholas Rescher aims to liberate this concept from misunderstandings by showing how its definitive characteristics prevent it from being absorbed by such related conceptions as paternalistic benevolence, radical egalitarianism, and social harmonization. Rescher demonstrates that equality before the state is an instrument of justice, not of social utility or public welfare, and argues that the notion of fairness stops well short of a literal egalitarianism.Rescher disposes of the confusions arising from economists' penchant to focus on individual preferences, from decision theorists' concern for averting envy, and from political theorists' sympathy for egalitarianism. In their place he shows how the idea of distributive equity forms the core of the concept of fairness in matters of distributive justice. The coordination of shares with valid claims is the crux of the concept of fairness. In Rescher's view, this means that the pursuit of fairness requires objective rather than subjective evaluation of the goods being shared. This is something quite different from subjective equity based on the personal evaluation of goods by those laying claim to them. Insofar as subjective equity is a concern, the appropriate procedure for its realization is a process of maximum value distribution. Further, Rescher demonstrates that in matters of distributive justice, the distinction between new ownership and preexisting ownership is pivotal and calls for proceeding on very different principles depending on the case. How one should proceed depends on context, and what is adjudged fair is pragmatic, in that there are different requirements for effectiveness in achieving the aims and purposes of the sort of distribution that is intended.Rescher concludes that fairness is a fundamentally ethical concept. Its distinctive modus operandi contrasts sharply with the aims of paternalism, preference-maximizing, or economic advantage. Fairness will be of interest to philosophers, economists, and political scientists.
Fairness and Justice in Natural Resource Politics (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Studies)
by Cornelia Staritz Melanie Pichler Karin Küblböck Christina Plank Werner Raza Fernando Ruiz PeyréAs demand for natural resources increases due to the rise in world population and living standards, conflicts over their access and control are becoming more prevalent. This book critically assesses different approaches to and conceptualizations of resource fairness and justice and applies them to the analysis of resource conflicts. Approaches addressed include cosmopolitan liberalism, political economy and political ecology. These are applied at various scales (local, national, international) and to initiatives and instruments in public and private resource governance, such as corporate social responsibility instruments, certification schemes, international law and commodity markets. In doing so, the contributions contrast existing approaches to fairness and justice and extend them by taking into account the interplay between political scales, regions, resources, and power structures in "glocalized" resource politics. Various case studies are included concerning agriculture, agrofuels, land grabbing, water resources, mining and biodiversity. The volume adds to the academic and policy debate by bringing together a variety of disciplines and perspectives in order to advance both a research and policy agenda that puts notions of resource fairness and justice center-stage.
Fairness and the Goals of International Criminal Trials: Finding a Balance
by Caleb H WheelerThis book presents a ground-breaking, interdisciplinary study into the various goals assigned to international criminal trials. It starts from the proposition that no hierarchy exists amongst the different goals meaning that trials should strive to achieve all of them in equal measure. This is made difficult by the fact that not all of these goals are compatible and the fulfilment of one may lead to others going unmet. Therefore, a balance must be found if the goals of trial are to be achieved at all. The book posits that fairness should serve as the guiding principle when weighing the different trial goals against one another. It is argued that without fairness international and internationalised criminal courts and tribunals lack legitimacy and without legitimacy they lack effectiveness. The book concludes that international criminal trials must adopt procedures that emphasise fairness to all of the parties and trial participants if they wish to accomplish any of the goals set for them. Each chapter is devoted to identifying and explaining a different trial goal, providing analysis of how that particular goal functions in conjunction with the other goals, and discussing the ways in which a fairness oriented trial model will help achieve those goals. The book provides a dynamic understanding of the different trial goals and the importance of fairness in the trial process by drawing on research from a variety of different legal disciplines while also incorporating scholarship rooted in criminology, political theory, international relations, and psychology. The book will be essential reading for researchers, academics and professionals working in the areas of International Criminal Law, Public International Law and Transitional Justice.
Fairness in Consumer Contracts: The Case of Unfair Terms (Markets and the Law)
by Chris WillettThis book focuses on unfair contract terms in consumer contracts, in particular the existing legislation and the proposals by the Law Commissions for a new unified regime. In this context it considers, in particular, what we mean by fairness (both procedurally and in substance); the tools used; the European dimension; the move from general principles from the more piecemeal approach typical in UK legal tradition; and the further move in this direction as a result of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.
Fairness in Criminal Appeal: A Critical and Interdisciplinary Analysis of the ECtHR Case-Law
by Helena Morão Ricardo Tavares da SilvaThis book addresses the European Court of Human Rights’ fairness standards in criminal appeal, filling a gap in this less researched area of studies. Based on a fair trial immediacy requirement, the Court has found several violations of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights at the appellate level by at least eighteen States of the Council of Europe in a vast array of cases, particularly in contexts of first instance acquittals overturning and of sentences increasing on appeal.On the one hand, the book critically engages this case-law with the law revisions it has recently inspired in European countries, as well as with the critiques and difficulties that it continues to raise. On the other hand, it interweaves insight from criminal procedure theory with new discoveries in the field of cognitive sciences (neuroscience of memory, philosophy of knowledge, AI), shedding an interdisciplinary light on the (in)adequacy and limits of the Strasbourg Court’s jurisprudence.
Fairness in Criminal Justice: Golden Threads and Pragmatic Patches (The Hamlyn Lectures)
by Sian EliasBritish criminal justice is a principal legacy of Empire in the common law world. It attempts fairness between prosecutors and accused in an accusatory system for establishing criminal responsibility supervised by a judge who is conspicuously detached from the fray. Fundamental features, today recognised as human rights, include the presumption of innocence and onus of proof, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the right to legal advice and representation. In these lectures, Dame Sian Elias examines modern challenges to this conception of criminal justice prompted by anxiety about crime and the costs and delays in proof of guilt. They include enlarged prosecutorial discretion in charging, incentivisation of early guilty pleas, adoption of reverse onuses of proof, application to criminal proceedings of principles of modern civil case management, and measures to bring the victim into the criminal justice system. The lectures question whether this repositioning risks the integrity of the system.
Fairness in International Climate Change Law and Policy
by Friedrich SoltauThis work analyses fairness and equity dimensions of the climate regime. A central issue in international law and policy is how countries of the world should allocate the burden of addressing global climate change. With the link between human activities and climate change clearly established, and the first impacts of climate change being felt, there is a renewed sense of urgency in addressing the problem. Based on an overview of science and the development of the climate regime to date, this book seeks to identify the elements of a working consensus on fairness principles that could be used to solve the hitherto intractable problem of assigning responsibility for combating climate change. The book demonstrates how an analysis of fairness dimensions of climate change - grounded in practical developments and illustrated with reference to the latest developments - can add value to our understanding of current developments and future options for international climate law and policy.
Fairness in International Trade
by Geoff MooreThis book arises out of papers delivered at the World Congress of the International Society of Business, Economics and Ethics (ISBEE) held in Cape Town in 2008. There are two sections. First, a number of key papers provide an insight into global business, wealth creation and welfare issues with particular reference to the African continent - appropriate for a Congress that was based in South Africa and drew wide participation from African scholars. Second, it provides the output from a global research project on "Fairness in International Trade" which ran over the two years prior to the Congress. This project drew together the work of scholars in five regions across the globe and is the first time that such a global perspective has been attempted. This book is aimed at academics working in the area of international trade or development economics particularly those who have an interest in the ethical dimensions of trade. It will also be of interest to students of development economics and business ethics particularly at Masters and Doctoral level.