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Forgiveness and Moral Understanding
by Hugo StrandbergThis book sets out to deepen our moral understanding by thinking about forgiveness: what does it mean for our understanding of morality that there is such a thing as forgiveness? Forgiveness is a challenge to moral philosophy, for forgiveness challenges us: it calls me to understand my relations to others, and thereby myself, in a new way. Without arguing for or against forgiveness, the present study tries to describe these challenges. These challenges concern both forgiving and asking for forgiveness. The latter is especially important in this context: what does the need to be forgiven mean? In the light of such questions, central issues in the philosophy of forgiveness are critically discussed, about the reasons and conditions for forgiveness, but mostly the focus is on new questions, about the relation of forgiveness to plurality, virtue, death, the processes of moral change and development, and the possibility of feeling at home in the world.
Forgiveness and Retribution
by Margaret R. HolmgrenForgiveness and Retribution: Responding to Wrongdoing argues that ultimately, forgiveness is always the appropriate response to wrongdoing. In recent decades, many philosophers have claimed that unless certain conditions are met, we should resent those who have wronged us personally and that criminal offenders deserve to be punished. Conversely, Margaret Holmgren posits that we should forgive those who have ill-treated us, but only after working through a process of addressing the wrong. Holmgren then reflects on the kinds of laws and social practices a properly forgiving society would adopt.
Forgiveness and Revenge
by Trudy GovierForgiveness and Revenge is a powerful exploration of our attitudes to serious wrongdoings and a careful examination of the values that underlie our thinking about revenge and forgiveness.From adulterous spouses to terrorist factions, we are surrounded by wrongdoing, yet we rarely agree which response is appropriate. The problem of how to respond realistically and sensitively to the wrongs of the past remains a perplexing one. Trudy Govier clarifies our thinking on this subject by examining the moral and practical impact of revenge and forgiveness, both personal and political.Forgiveness and Revenge offers much-needed clarity and reason where emotions often prevail. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the ethics of attitudes to wrongdoing.
Forgiveness: An Alternative Account
by Matthew Ichihashi PottsA deeply researched and poignant reflection on the practice of forgiveness in an unforgiving world Matthew Ichihashi Potts explores the complex moral terrain of forgiveness, which he claims has too often served as a salve to the conscience of power rather than as an instrument of healing or justice. Though forgiveness is often linked with reconciliation or the abatement of anger, Potts resists these associations, asserting instead that forgiveness is simply the refusal of retaliatory violence through practices of penitence and grief. It is an act of mourning irrevocable wrong, of refusing the false promises of violent redemption, and of living in and with the losses we cannot recover. Drawing on novels by Kazuo Ishiguro, Marilynne Robinson, Louise Erdrich, and Toni Morrison, and on texts from the early Christian to the postmodern, Potts diagnoses the real dangers of forgiveness yet insists upon its enduring promise. Sensitive to the twenty-first-century realities of economic inequality, colonial devastation, and racial strife, and considering the role of forgiveness in the New Testament, the Christian tradition, philosophy, and contemporary literature, this book heralds the arrival of a new and creative theological voice.
Forgotten Casualties: Downed American Airmen and Axis Violence in World War II (World War II: The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension)
by Kevin T HallSheds new light on the mistreatment of downed airmen during World War II and the overall relationship between the air war and state-sponsored violence.Throughout the vast expanse of the Pacific, the remoteness of Southeast Asia, and the rural and urban communities in Nazi-occupied Europe, more than 120,000 American airmen were shot down over enemy territory during World War II, thousands of whom were mistreated and executed. The perpetrators were not just solely fanatical soldiers or Nazi zealots but also ordinary civilians triggered by the death and devastation inflicted by the war. In Forgotten Casualties, author Kevin T Hall examines Axis violence inflicted on downed Allied airmen during this global war.Compared with all other armed conflicts, World War II exhibited the most widespread and ruthless violence committed against airmen. Flyers were deemed guilty because of their association with the Allied air forces, and their fate remained in the hands of their often-hostile captors. Axis citizens angered by the devastation inflicted by the war, along with the regimes’ consent and often encouragement of citizens to take matters into their own hands, resulted in thousands of Allied flyers’ being mistreated and executed by enraged civilians. Written to help advance the relatively limited discourse on the mistreatment against flyers in World War II, Forgotten Casualties is the first book to analyze the Axis violence committed against Allied airmen in a comparative, international perspective. Effectively comparing and contrasting the treatment of POWs in Germany with that of their counterparts in Japan, Hall’s thorough analysis of rarely seen primary and secondary sources sheds new light on the largely overlooked complex relationship among the air war, propaganda, the role of civilians, and state-sponsored terror during the radicalized conflict. Sources include postwar trial testimonies, Missing Air Crew Reports (MACR), Escape and Evasion reports, perpetrators’ explanations and rationalizations for their actions, extensive judicial sources, transcripts of court proceedings, autopsy reports, appeals for clemency, and justifications for verdicts.Drawing heavily on airmen’s personal accounts and the testimonies of both witnesses and perpetrators from the postwar crimes trials, Forgotten Casualties offers a new narrative of this largely overlooked aspect of Axis violence.
Forgotten Communities of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh: A Story of De-notified Tribes
by Vijay KorraThe book discusses the socio-cultural-historical, occupational, educational, employment and discriminatory status of one of the most neglected and marginalised communities: the de-notified tribes or ex-criminal tribes of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Based on primary data collected from 14 communities in 11 districts in these states, it discusses the current state of affairs concerning de-notified tribes. There is no accurate and comprehensive information available on the present socio-economic status of these communities, either in the literature or with government agencies. This book provides valuable information on how they are faring in post-independence India since their de-notification from the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871.
Forgotten Crimes: The Holocaust And People With Disabilities
by Suzanne E. EvansBetween 1939 and 1945 the Nazi regime systematically murdered hundreds of thousands of children and adults with disabilities as part of its "euthanasia" programs. These programs were designed to eliminate all persons with disabilities who, according to Nazi ideology, threatened the health and purity of the German race. Forgotten Crimes explores the development and workings of this nightmarish process, a relatively neglected aspect of the Holocaust. Suzanne Evans's account draws on the rich historical record as well as scores of exclusive interviews with disabled Holocaust survivors. It begins with a description of the Nazis' Children's Killing Program, in which tens of thousands of children with mental and physical disabilities were murdered by their physicians, usually by starvation or lethal injection. The book goes on to recount the T4 euthanasia program, in which adults with disabilities were disposed of in six official centers, and the development of the Sterilization Law that allowed the forced sterilization of at least a half-million young adults with disabilities. Ms. Evans provides portraits of the perpetrators and accomplices of the killing programs, and investigates the curious role of Switzerland's rarely discussed exclusionary immigration and racially eugenic policies. Finally, Forgotten Crimes notes the inescapable implications of these Nazi medical practices for our present-day controversies over eugenics, euthanasia, genetic engineering, medical experimentation, and rationed health care.
Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence Against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928
by William D. Carrigan Clive WebbMob violence in the United States is usually associated with the southern lynch mobs who terrorized African Americans during the Jim Crow era. <p><p>In Forgotten Dead, William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb uncover a comparatively neglected chapter in the story of American racial violence, the lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent. Over eight decades lynch mobs murdered hundreds of Mexicans, mostly in the American Southwest. Racial prejudice, a lack of respect for local courts, and economic competition all fueled the actions of the mob. Sometimes ordinary citizens committed these acts because of the alleged failure of the criminal justice system; other times the culprits were law enforcement officers themselves. Violence also occurred against the backdrop of continuing tensions along the border between the United States and Mexico aggravated by criminal raids, military escalation, and political revolution.
Forgotten Trials of the Holocaust
by Michael J. Bazyler Frank M. TuerkheimerIn the wake of the Second World War, how were the Allies torespond to the enormous crime of the Holocaust? Even in an ideal world, itwould have been impossible to bring all the perpetrators to trial.Nevertheless, an attempt was made to prosecute some. This book uncovers ten “forgotten trials” of the Holocaust,selected from the many Nazi trials that have taken place over the course of thelast seven decades. It showcases how perpetrators of the Holocaust were dealtwith in courtrooms around the world, revealing how differentlegal systems responded to the horrors of the Holocaust. The book provides agraphic picture of the genocidal campaign against the Jews through eyewitnesstestimony and incriminating documents and traces how the public memory of theHolocaust was formed over time.
Form Your Own Limited Liability Company
by Anthony MancusoMake your business an LLC. Structuring your business as an LLC can bring important advantages: It lets you limit your personal liability for business debts and simplify your taxes. Here, you’ll find the key legal forms you need to create an LLC in your state, including: LLC articles of organization, Operating agreement for member-managed LLC, LLC management operating agreement, LLC reservation of name letter, Minutes of meeting form Form Your Own Limited Liability Company has easy-to-understand instructions, including how to create an operating agreement that covers how profits and losses are divided and major business decisions are made. You’ll also learn how to choose a unique LLC name that meets state legal requirements and how to take care of ongoing legal and tax paperwork. This new edition of has been carefully revised and updated to reflect the latest federal regulations, as well as the most current laws of all 50 states. Plus, all the forms you need are included. Interactive forms are downloadable. This book covers only United States law, unless it specifically states otherwise.
Form Your Own Limited Liability Company: Create An LLC in Any State
by Anthony MancusoMake your business an LLC Structuring your business as an LLC can bring important advantages: It lets you limit your personal liability for business debts and simplify your taxes. Here, you’ll find the key legal forms you need to create an LLC in your state, including: LLC articles of organization operating agreement for member-managed LLC operating agreement for manager-managed LLC LLC reservation of name letter, and minutes of meeting form. Form Your Own Limited Liability Company has easy-to-understand instructions, including how to create an operating agreement that covers how profits and losses are divided and major business decisions are made. You’ll also learn how to choose a unique LLC name that meets state legal requirements and how to take care of ongoing legal and tax paperwork. This edition is completely revised to reflect the latest federal and state laws.
Form a Partnership: The Complete Legal Guide
by Ralph Warner Denis CliffordEverything you and your partners need to go into business together! Form a Partnership thoroughly explains the legal and practical issues involved in forming a business partnership, creating a partnership agreement and protecting each person's interests. In plain English, the book covers: partnerships compared to other business structures the financial and tax liability of partners contributions of cash, property and services what happens if a partner wants out how to value partnership assets admitting new partners buying out a partner's interest limited partnerships and much more. This edition of Form a Partnership is totally revised and updated to reflect the law and realities of today's business world. Plus, all the forms you need to create a partnership agreement are provided.
Form a Partnership: The Complete Legal Guide
by Ralph Warner Dennis CliffordEverything you and your partners need to go into business together! Form a Partnership thoroughly explains the legal and practical issues involved in forming a business partnership, creating a partnership agreement and protecting each person's interests. In plain English, the book covers: <P> * partnerships compared to other business structures<P> * the financial and tax liability of partners<P> * contributions of cash, property and services<P> * what happens if a partner wants out<P> * how to value partnership assets<P> * admitting new partners<P> * buying out a partner's interest<P> * limited partnerships <P> * and much more<P> This edition of Form a Partnership is totally revised and updated to reflect the law and realities of today's business world. Plus, all the forms you need to create a partnership agreement are provided.
Form a Partnership: The Legal Guide for Business Owners
by Ralph Warner Denis CliffordThe nuts-and-bolts guide to forming a partnership A solid partnership agreement is the foundation for a lasting and successful business partnership. Don’t skip this essential step, or you might run into major problems later. Form a Partnership helps you create the agreement you need for your shared business venture. It takes you through the important issues, then helps you write your own partnership agreement tailored to your needs, clause-by-clause. The book covers: cash, property, and service contributions financial and tax liabilities how partners will make decisions allocating profits and losses admitting new partners what happens if a partner wants out buying out a partner’s interest the death of a partner and much more. The 11th edition—completely updated to reflect current law and business issues—provides the forms, worksheets, and legal information you need to create a partnership agreement. With Downloadable Forms: download and customize partnership agreements (details inside).
Form and Spirit: A Study in Religion (Routledge Revivals)
by J.H. BadleyFirst published in 1951, Form and Spirit deals with two primary questions regarding religion- a) the nature of religion as a permanent need in human life, and its relation to the cults and creeds in which it has been embodied, and b) whether what is admittedly a crying need of our time can be met by the revival of religious forms which have lost their hold. An attempt is made to trace the evolution of religion, and a brief survey is given of the development of the chief world religions. The object is not to show that any of these can be accounted ‘truer’ than the rest but rather to see what were the reasons for the forms that they have taken, and what elements and tendencies are common to them, as throwing light both on the meaning of religion and on the needs of man's spiritual nature. This is an essential read for general readers interested in religion.
Formalization of the Informal Economy: An e-Government Approach (SpringerBriefs in Economics)
by Colin C. WilliamsThis Brief provides a cutting-edge evaluation of the application of digital technologies to tackle the informal economy. Employing institutional theory to explain the informal economy, this book reveals that the informal economy arises when formal institutional failings trigger a gap between the formal rules of the game and social norms. Chapters outline how use of digital technologies by public authorities, such as tax, social security and labor authorities, can alter social norms so that they accord with the formal rules of the game and generate a formalization of the informal economy. Setting out the e-government tools that can improve the relationship between businesses, employers, workers and citizens, and government, this book will be essential reading for academics and advanced students studying development economics, labor economics, public economics, behavioral economics, economic sociology and institutional economics as well as for government policymakers working in related fields.
Forming a Culture of Peace
by Karina V. KorostelinaThis book challenges the discourses, narrative frames, and systems of beliefs that support and promote violence and conflict, it defines new comprehensive approaches to human security as preventative and empowering to individuals, and it provides conceptual frameworks and methodological tools for enhancing the processes of communicating peace.
Forms of Fellow Feeling
by Neil Roughley Thomas SchrammeWhat is the basis of our capacity to act morally? This is a question that has been discussed for millennia, with philosophical debate typically distinguishing two sources of morality: reason and sentiment. This collection aims to shed light on whether the human capacity to feel for others really is central for morality and, if so, in what way. To tackle these questions, the authors discuss how fellow feeling is to be understood: its structure, content and empirical conditions. Also discussed are the exact roles that relevant psychological features - specifically: empathy, sympathy and concern - may play within morality. The collection is unique in bringing together the key participants in the various discussions of the relation of fellow feeling to moral norms, moral concepts and moral agency. By integrating conceptually sophisticated and empirically informed perspectives, Forms of Fellow Feeling will appeal to readers from philosophy, psychology, sociology and cultural studies.
Forms of Pluralism and Democratic Constitutionalism (Religion, Culture And Public Life Ser. #3)
by Christophe Jaffrelot Nadia Urbinati Alfred Stepan Yüksel Sezgin Frederick Cooper Patrick Macklem Courtney Jung Emmanuelle Saada Katharina Pistor Gary Wilder Joshua Simon Tsilly Dagan Rob Howse Michael Karayanni Jeff MileyThe achievements of the democratic constitutional order have long been associated with the sovereign nation-state. Civic nationalist assumptions hold that social solidarity and social plurality are compatible, offering a path to guarantees of individual rights, social justice, and tolerance for minority voices. Yet today, challenges to the liberal-democratic sovereign nation-state are proliferating on all levels, from multinational corporations and international institutions to populist nationalisms and revanchist ethnic and religious movements. Many critics see the nation-state itself as a tool of racial and economic exclusion and repression. What other options are available for managing pluralism, fostering self-government, furthering social justice, and defending equality?In this interdisciplinary volume, a group of prominent international scholars considers alternative political formations to the nation-state and their ability to preserve and expand the achievements of democratic constitutionalism in the twenty-first century. The book considers four different principles of organization—federation, subsidiarity, status group legal pluralism, and transnational corporate autonomy—contrasts them with the unitary and centralized nation-state, and inquires into their capacity to deal with deep societal differences. In essays that examine empire, indigenous struggles, corporate institutions, forms of federalism, and the complexities of political secularism, anthropologists, historians, legal scholars, political scientists, and sociologists remind us that the sovereign nation-state is not inevitable and that multinational and federal states need not privilege a particular group. Forms of Pluralism and Democratic Constitutionalism helps us answer the crucial question of whether any of the alternatives might be better suited to core democratic principles.
Fortin's Children's Rights and the Developing Law (Law in Context)
by Rachel E. TaylorThe notion that children constitute an important group of rights holders has gained increasing acceptance both domestically and internationally. Nevertheless, this rhetorical commitment to children's rights is not necessarily realised in practice. Now in its fourth edition, Fortin's Children's Rights and the Developing Law explores the extent to which law and policy in England promotes or undermines the rights of children. Fully revised and updated, this textbook uses current research on child development and welfare to reflect on the extent to which the law fulfils children's rights in a wide range of areas, including medical law, education and child poverty. These developments are measured again the domestic law and the UK's international obligations under, for example, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Forum Shopping
by Carel Baron van LyndenThis reference book, arranged alphabetically by country, describes how to found jurisdiction in over 20 jurisdictions. A questionnaire-based analysis ensures consistent headings are used throughout to allow cross-referencing and points of comparison between the various jurisdictions covered. Despite the existence of various international conventions designed to ensure uniformity of approach, significant differences in the laws of various countries exist which make it possible to create jurisdiction in one country which is not possible elsewhere. This reference book, arranged alphabetically by country, describes in a clear but concise manner how to found jurisdiction in over 20 jurisdictions. A questionnaire-based analysis ensures consistent headings are used throughout to allow easy cross-referencing and points of comparison between the various jurisdictions covered.
Forum Shopping in International Adjudication
by Luiz Eduardo SallesForum shopping, which consists of strategic forum selection, parallel litigation and serial litigation, is a phenomenon of growing importance in international adjudication. Preliminary objections (or a party's placement of conditions on the existence and development of the adjudicatory process) have been traditionally conceived as barriers to adjudication before single forums. This book discusses how adjudicators and parties may refer to questions of jurisdiction and admissibility in order to avoid conflicting decisions on overlapping cases, excessive exercises of jurisdiction and the proliferation of litigation. It highlights an emerging, overlooked function of preliminary objections: transmission belts of procedure-regulating rules across the 'international judiciary'. Activating this often dormant, managerial function of preliminary objections would nurture coordination of otherwise independent and autonomous tribunals.
Foster Children, Rights and the Law: Best Interest, Normalcy and the Welfare System
by Matthew TrailThis book discusses child wishes, rights and participation in the foster care system. Making decisions in a foster child’s best interest is a widely used, but also widely criticized international legal doctrine. This work discusses the two major legal frameworks, best interest and normalcy, for which foster care decisions are made and how those frameworks might shape how child welfare professionals view and interpret children’s rights and participation. Normalcy, the idea that decisions should promote a “normal” life, is a separate legal doctrine which can be in conflict with best interest determinations. However, the concept of normalcy is also theoretically built into best interest decisions and therefore also plays a role in most child welfare systems. Mixing both empirical legal and child welfare research, the book demonstrates the ways in which risk aversion and fear drive best interest decision-making to the detriment of both practitioners and the children they aim to serve. It argues that a children’s rights framework starting with normalcy is a better tool for promoting child participation and centering the child within the dependency process. The book will be of interest to academics, researchers and policymakers working in the areas of children’s rights law, child welfare and international human rights law.
Fostering Accessible Technology through Regulation
by Delia Ferri and G. Anthony GiannoumisTechnology has attracted an increasing level of attention within studies of disability and disability rights. Many researchers and advocates have maintained skepticism towards technology out of the fear that technology becomes another way to ‘fix’ impairments. These skeptical views, however, contrast with a more positive approach towards the role that technology can play in eliminating barriers to social participation. Legal scholarship has started to focus on accessibility and accessible technology and in conjunction with the recently adopted United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has put a great emphasis on accessibility, highlighting the role that accessible technology plays in the promotion and protection of the rights of people with disabilities. Against this background, this book gathers together different contributions that focus on enhancing the production, marketing and use of accessible technology. Building upon previous academic studies and in light of the UNCRPD, accessible technology is considered a tool to increase autonomy and participation. Overall, this book attempts to show, through a multifaceted and inter-disciplinary analysis, that different regulatory approaches might enhance accessible technology and its availability. This title was previously published as a special issue of the International Review of Law, Computers & Technology.
Fostering Innovation for Agriculture 4.0: A Comprehensive Plant Germplasm System
by Miguel Angel RapelaThe scientific and technical development of any kind of germplasm is regulated by a vast network of treaties, conventions, international agreements, and national and regional legislation. These regulations govern biotechnological innovations in plants and microorganisms, access to and use of plant genetic resources, and biosafety. This complex mix has made it difficult to arrive at global interpretations, due to overlaps, gaps, ambiguities, contradictions, and lack of consistency. The big picture is even more complex, as a series of scientific developments – gene editing in particular – have in some cases rendered these international regulatory frameworks obsolete.This book puts forward an innovative approach: a “Comprehensive Plant Germplasm System”. The System is a cooperative game theory-based proposal for a binding international convention which would supersede all other conventions, treaties, national and regional legislation covering native varieties and traditional developments, heterogeneous plant varieties, microorganisms, biotechnological inventions, plant genetic resources, and biosafety regulation. In short, it offers a comprehensive framework regarding intellectual property, biosafety, and business regulation and covers all types of germplasm.If applied, the system is expected to yield higher productivity rates in crops and improved food biodiversity, as well as a new paradigm based on the promotion of innovation for “Agriculture 4.0.”