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Humanism and Artificial Intelligence (SpringerBriefs in Philosophy)
by Antonino Vaccaro Rosa FioravanteThis book contributes to the debate on humanism in AI by providing a, so far lacking, comprehensive account of the significant challenges posed by AI to organizations from a humanistic perspective. It does so in two ways: by discussing ethical challenges of AI using humanistic assumptions, normative implications, and underpinning theoretical stances and by focusing on those challenges that can be considered well suited to be tackled from a humanistic perspective as they are more urgent for humanistic-led organizations, as well as those willing to become so. This new perspective allows for new and important discussions, making the book an important read for philosophers of technology and AI.
Humanism in Economics and Business
by Martin Schlag Domènec MeléThis book offers different perspectives on Humanism as developed by Catholic Social Teaching, with a particular focus on its relevance in economics and business. The work is composed of three sections, covering what is meant by Christian Humanism, how it links with economic activity, and its practical relevance in the business world of today. It reviews the historical development of Christian Humanism and discusses the arguments which justify it in the current cultural context and how it contributes to human development. The book argues that the current recognition of human dignity and the existence of innate human rights are both ultimately rooted in Christian Humanism. It sets out the importance of the concept for economic activities, and how Christian Humanism can serve as a metaphysical foundation and ethical basis for a social market economy. Applying Christian Humanism to business leads to the centrality of the person in organizations and to seeing the company as a community of persons working together for the common good. Three thought-provoking case studies illustrate the wide-reaching positive impacts of applying Christian Humanism in the organization.
Humanism in Marketing: Responsible Leadership and the Human-to-Human Approach (Humanism in Business Series)
by Philip Kotler Waldemar Pfoertsch Fabio Ancarani Ivan UretaThis edited collection hinges on the idea that marketing serves as the catalyst for capitalism and, in light of this, embracing a humanistic marketing approach holds the potential to foster a more humane form of capitalism. Particularly in the midst of our tumultuous era, this book has an added importance, and the twelve chapters represent a crucial update on the current status of marketing, ethics and humanistic management. Leading scholars have contributed chapters displaying an interdisciplinary take on humanistic marketing, featuring global examples and cutting-edge research. Topics include digital transformation and artificial intelligence, leadership, organization design and the future of work. This book will be of great interest for scholars and students of marketing, business ethics, corporate responsibility and leadership.
Humanism in Trans-civilizational Perspectives: Relational Subjectivity and Social Ethics in Classical Chinese Philosophy (Emerging Globalities and Civilizational Perspectives)
by Jana S. RoškerThis book introduces into the current global ethics debate models of humanism developed in classical Chinese traditions, which have not yet been comprehensively presented to Western scholarship or integrated into the framework of global discourses on social ethics and morality. It creates new paradigms for an understanding of humanism that meets the demands of our time. It begins by presenting European descriptions and critical assessments of this discourse, and then moves to an exploration of humanistic ideas shaped through historical developments in Asia, with a focus on the Chinese tradition. In this sense, the book is written from a transcivilizational perspective. The methods used in the research transcend---that is, surpass and overcome---the rigid, isolating, and essentialist concept of civilization. At the same time, the book points to the possibility of transformation through the exchange of knowledge and ideas between different civilizations. Within this framework, the book starts from the assumption that the ontology of civilizations and cultures is not based on immutable substances, but on the relations between different factors that constitute them as categories. The transcivilizational perspective rooted in transcultural dialogues between philosophies that originated in different cultures and civilizations is particularly valuable because of the globalized world in which we live today. This means that the problems that affect people in different parts of the world and the issues that are embedded in different geopolitical and developmental frameworks also affect all of humanity. This book is of particular interest to scholars and students of global ethics, globalization, Asian philosophy and Sinology.
Humanism: Foundations, Diversities, Developments (Routledge Approaches to History)
by Jörn RüsenThe book describes humanism in a systematic and historical perspective. It analyzes its manifestation and function in cultural studies and its role in the present. Within the book, special attention is given to the intention of contemporary humanism to overcome ethno-centric elements in the cultural orientation of contemporary living conditions and to develop humane dimensions of this orientation. This is linked to a fundamental critique of the current post-human self-understanding of the humanities. Furthermore, the intercultural aspect in the understanding of humanism is emphasized; for non-Western cultures also have their own humanistic traditions. Two further aspects are also addressed: the Holocaust as the most radical challenge to humanistic thinking and the relationship of humanism to nature. Sitting at the intersection of history and philosophy, the book is perfect for those exploring humanism from an historical perspective.
Humanistic Crisis Management: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 (Humanism in Business Series)
by Wolfgang Amann Ernst Von Kimakowitz Agata Stachowicz-Stanusch Shiban Khan Shiv K. TripathiThis book aims at catalyzing our learning from the COVID-19 crisis. Numerous studies have emerged confirming that during the COVID-19 pandemic, crisis management has been far from holistic. Progress previously made towards sustainability has in many cases been reversed and global inequality has grown. This volume scrutinizes the crucial role of businesses in the lived experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and calls for a new goal system in business, establishing human dignity as the ultimate outcome of sound business. Part of the Humanism in Business Series, this book brings together a group of international experts to consolidate the lessons to be learnt from the pandemic and how it was handled. It explores the foundations of the crisis, before focusing on selected sectors and regions for analysis and, finally, drawing conclusions according to the principles of humanistic crisis management. It will be of great interest to scholars and students of business ethics, as well as policy-makers, professionals and all those who practice humanistic management.
Humanistic Ethics in the Age of Globality
by Claus Dierksmeier Wolfgang Amann Michael Pirson Ernst Von Kimakowitz Heiko SpitzeckCultures and moral expectations differ around the globe, and so the management of corporate responsibilities has become increasingly complex. Is there, however, a humanistic consensus that can bridge cultural and ethnic divides and reconcile the diverse and contrary interests of stakeholders world-wide? This book seeks to answer that question.
Humanistic Foundation of Criminal Law
by Xingliang ChenThis book uses humanity-rationality and experience and the freedom of human will as a theoretical perspective to examine the basic framework of criminal law theories constructed by the criminal classic school and the criminal empirical school. The author puts forward the principle of the duality of rationality and experience of humanity and affirms the determinism of human behavior in the ontological sense and the freedom of will in the axiological sense. From this point of view, this book examines the humanistic foundations of crime and punishment, legislation and justice.
Humanistic Governance in Democratic Organizations: The Cooperative Difference (Humanism in Business Series)
by Cian McMahon Sonja Novković Karen MinerThis open access edited book brings together a number of theories under the umbrella of humanistic governance to develop a persuasive alternative perspective on governance, particularly for democratic organisations such as co-operatives. It examines how we can move beyond a profit-first approach to governance, into a framework that prioritises human dignity in all aspects of an operation. This book also discusses key issues for different types of cooperatives and how these might be addressed. And, finally, it addresses how cooperatives can better cope with dynamic change processes. This book will be of interest for academics working in the areas of stakeholder governance, social solidarity economy, ethical management and co-operatives.
Humanistic Leadership Practices: Exemplary Cases from Different Cultures (Humanism in Business Series)
by Pingping FuThis edited volume offers a comprehensive analysis of humanistic leadership, bringing together authors with experience working in different cultures to demonstrate that humanistic leadership exists everywhere and has enabled companies to sustain all over the world. There is a high volume of evidence that executive education has significant influence in the decisions of executives and upper managers in business, government and other institutions. However, in spite of the many different leadership theories in existence, there is a severe deficit of research and literature addressing the specific needs of organizations for integrating the human dimension. This book highlights different cultural case studies from around the world to demonstrate that humanistic leadership is the model that best enables employees to thrive and businesses to sustain. Part of the popular Humanism in Business series, this book will be of great interest to academics, students and practitioners of leadership and human resources.“People are realizing that leadership today requires more than just managing an organization well for the purpose of maximizing profit. In this important book, several authors explore the defining characteristics and behavior of what are becoming known as ‘humanistic leaders’. Humanistic Leadership in Different Cultures is a powerful and inspiring accompaniment to bodies of work about servant leadership and quantum leadership, and adds the dimension about how these are practiced in different cultures. I recommend it highly.” Danah Zohar, Author of The Quantum Leader and Zero Distance
Humanistic Management and Sustainable Tourism: Human, Social and Environmental Challenges (Humanistic Management)
by Maria Della Lucia Ernestina GiudiciTourism is a fast-growing and changing industry, which has become a driver of economic development in both developed and underdeveloped countries. While the tourism industry’s potential for shared value creation and sustainable development is acknowledged, the concerns around the environmental and social pressures remain a challenge for businesses, organizations, and destinations. This is because sustainable tourism arguably conflicts with the predominant neoliberal structure of the economy and with the hierarchical, profit- and consumption-driven societies. The emphasis on competition, growth, and profitability may undermine economic viability itself by consuming unreproducible resources and by undermining the six essential elements—dignity, people, prosperity, social justice, planet, and partnership—that are conceptually linked to sustainable development. The crises recurrently challenging the global travel and tourism environment, including climate change, bushfires, extreme weather disasters, pandemics, and the financial crisis, show the weaknesses of neoliberal approaches and the collective economic dependency of countries on tourism that is vulnerable, if not completely unsustainable. This vulnerability asks for understanding that the collective future depends on developing entirely new approaches and interpretation of tourism to effectively respond to the human, societal, social, and climate challenges. This book offers a novel and original perspective entailing the application of a humanistic management approach to sustainable tourism, which is centered on the value of human life, the protection of human dignity and the promotion of well-being. Multiple theoretical approaches, methods, and practical cases, on an international scale, shed light on shared value creation and human dignity as a necessary condition for its achievement in different contexts. Implicitly and explicitly, they respond to the current urgency to implement strategies to recover from the worldwide impact of the pandemic crisis and to provide a vision of what tourism could and should be when it recovers. It will be of interest to researchers, academics, professionals, and postgraduates in the fields of management, sustainability, and tourism development.
Humanistic Management in Latin America (Humanistic Management)
by Consuelo A. García-de-la-Torre; Osmar Arandia; Mario Vázquez-MaguirreHumanistic management has been part of a growing conversation about a different approach to management that contributes to dignity in the workplace and better organisations overall. The theoretical concepts have mostly derived from developed countries. This book seeks to redress the balance and looks at the development and application of the concepts, approaches and models of inequality, corruption, poverty, and uncertainty in the context of Latin America. The book provides a comprehensive overview of what is happening in Latin America in terms of Humanistic Management and the promotion of the Sustainable Development Goals. The first section describes the development of Humanistic Management by reviewing two different schools that have strongly influenced the discipline: the Montreal School and the Saint Gallen School. Humanistic Management is then presented as a model that can be used by scholars and practitioners in Latin America. The third part aims to explore how Humanistic Management has been, and could be, implemented across different organizations and business sectors in Latin America. Part four examines the implications of Humanistic Management for external stakeholders such as customers and consumers, suppliers, community, government, and universities. Finally, the conclusion provides new approaches to Humanistic Management for Latin America. Humanistic Management in Latin America will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts and policy makers, who want to acquire a broad understanding of social responsibility and business across the world.
Humanistic Management in Practice
by Wolfgang AmannHumanistic Management in Practice is a collection of business cases from all corners of the globe, in a variety of industries and sizes. What unites this group of businesses is that all of them are highly successful market actors in a competitive environment and yet they consider their ultimate raison d'etre as the generation of societal benefit rather than maximum profit. These companies are managed as an integrated and responsive part of society and complement theoretical arguments on a humanistic management approach with proof of concept. They demonstrate that managerial freedom includes the option to align social purpose and business success. Humanistic management has a profoundly liberating effect on a company by putting people first and integrating the desire to generate benefits for all stakeholders into managerial decision making. Consequently, internal as well as external stakeholders can derive meaning and find purpose in a company's activities that create value for society, making them loyal customers, engaged employees, long-term-oriented investors and collaborative civil society stakeholders. True business leadership proves that business success and societal benefit generation can go hand in hand. With this book The Humanistic Management Network presents convincing evidence of businesses that stand out by showing that it is not only possible for companies to earn healthy profits when putting people first, but that those who do, deliver outstanding results to their owners and to society. "
Humanistic Management in Practice: Volume II (Humanism in Business Series)
by Claus Dierksmeier Ernst Von Kimakowitz Hanna Schirovsky Carlos Largacha-MartínezThis book demonstrates how principles of a Humanistic Management paradigm are practiced in a variety of industries and regions by businesses of different ownership structures and sizes.What unites these businesses is their commitment to the three stepped approach of Humanistic Management, which is grounded in unconditional respect for the dignity of life, the integration of ethics in management decisions, and active engagement with stakeholders.These businesses are not labeled social enterprises, but operate within the mainstream of competitive markets. However, they do have a deep sense of responsibility towards the communities in which they operate and act accordingly, knowing that sustaining business success over time depends on a value proposition to society at large. The cases featured in this book serve to clarify that businesses can thrive not despite but because they are upholding principles of Humanistic Management. It will be valuable reading for academics working in the field of business ethics, sustainability and corporate social responsibility.
Humanistic Management in the Gig Economy: Dignity, Fairness and Care (Humanism in Business Series)
by Kemi OgunyemiGig-workers are often not regarded as employees by the platforms they work with. Yet they do not always have all the freedoms enjoyed by independent contractors. The world of work is changing, and this is one area in which the new realities need to be better understood in order to promote human dignity, protect the vulnerable and foster flourishing. To achieve this, justice and fairness need to be researched and innovatively translated into new forms of work in diverse ways and in various cultures. This edited collection explores and examines ways in which the humanistic management and fairness considerations help to humanise the way gig-workers are treated, with particular attention paid to economies in the global south. Countries represented in the case study section are Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Kenya, Nigeria, South Korea, and Uganda, and both traditional and innovative lenses of fairness and ethics are applied to these new forms of work. The book will be of great interest to scholars and students of work and employment, digital business, human resource management and business ethics.
Humanistic Management in the Public Sector: Global Contexts and Perspectives (Humanism in Business Series)
by Kemi Ogunyemi Agnieszka Konior Katarzyna Kopeć Anna GóralRelative to the private sector, the public sector has always had a greater demand for scientific research in its running and decision making and, more recently, there has been a significant increase in the demand for research on humanism and ethics more broadly. In response, this book seeks to analyse the public sector through the lens of humanistic management, referring to its three-stepped approach – respect for human dignity, ethical reflection and decision-making, and stakeholder engagement. The establishment of a humanistic approach in the public sector should be a launchpad for humanistic transformation in businesses and in other organisations. With contributors and research from around the globe, this book explores topics such as the work-family balance, collective leadership, the COVID pandemic, environmental issues and public entrepreneurship. It will be of interest to researchers and students in the fields of business ethics, public management theory and practice, public management history and human resource management.
Humanistic Management: Protecting Dignity and Promoting Well-Being (Humanism In Business Ser.)
by Michael PirsonHumanistic Management in Practice is a collection of business cases from all corners of the globe, in a variety of industries and sizes. What unites this group of businesses is that all of them are highly successful market actors in a competitive environment and yet they consider their ultimate raison d'etre as the generation of societal benefit rather than maximum profit. These companies are managed as an integrated and responsive part of society and complement theoretical arguments on a humanistic management approach with proof of concept. They demonstrate that managerial freedom includes the option to align social purpose and business success. Humanistic management has a profoundly liberating effect on a company by putting people first and integrating the desire to generate benefits for all stakeholders into managerial decision making. Consequently, internal as well as external stakeholders can derive meaning and find purpose in a company's activities that create value for society, making them loyal customers, engaged employees, long-term-oriented investors and collaborative civil society stakeholders. True business leadership proves that business success and societal benefit generation can go hand in hand. With this book The Humanistic Management Network presents convincing evidence of businesses that stand out by showing that it is not only possible for companies to earn healthy profits when putting people first, but that those who do, deliver outstanding results to their owners and to society. "
Humanistic Tourism: Values, Norms and Dignity (Humanistic Management)
by Maria Della Lucia Ernestina GiudiciHuman dignity has experienced limited attention in tourism studies. The interlinked dimensions of dignity in tourism urgently ask for broad avenues of future research, as tourism is both an information-intensive industry and an "experience good" resulting from the relationship and co-creation processes involving hosts and guests in different political, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental contexts. These contexts play a role in how an individual’s values, norms, and experiences may be experienced in tourism. This edited book is one of the first attempts to apply to tourism a humanistic management approach entailing a re-discovery of the value of human life, dignity, and awareness of the ethical dimensions of work. The book develops awareness of the contemporary relevance of the human dignity concept to interpret and manage the weaknesses of traditional approaches to tourism and cope with the challenges and new scenarios, including the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis. It presents ethical values and norms as both foundations and vehicles to dignify tourism stakeholders’ vision and mission (policy, strategies, and practices) as well as people/tourist beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. It grounds humanistic education as a pervasive mechanism to innovate tourism management contents and practices by offering to different targets new educational and training formats or framing differently traditional ones. Presenting both a critical and a positive approach to tourism management, the diversity of disciplinary approaches, case studies, and examples makes the book attractive to a variety of readers including tourism scholars, researchers, practitioners, and postgraduate students of management and organization disciplines.
Humanistisches Krisenmanagement: Lessons Learned aus COVID-19 (Humanismus in der Wirtschaft)
by Wolfgang Amann Ernst Von Kimakowitz Agata Stachowicz-Stanusch Shiban Khan Shiv K. TripathiDieses Buch hat zum Ziel, unser Lernen aus der COVID-19-Krise zu katalysieren. Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass das Krisenmanagement während der COVID-19-Pandemie alles andere als ganzheitlich war. Fortschritte, die zuvor in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit erzielt wurden, sind in vielen Fällen rückgängig gemacht worden, und die globale Ungleichheit ist gewachsen. Dieser Band untersucht die entscheidende Rolle von Unternehmen in der gelebten Erfahrung der COVID-19-Pandemie und fordert ein neues Zielsystem in der Wirtschaft, das die menschliche Würde als letztendliches Ergebnis solider Geschäftsführung etabliert. Als Teil der Reihe "Humanismus in der Wirtschaft" bringt dieses Buch eine Gruppe internationaler Experten zusammen, um die Lektionen, die aus der Pandemie und ihrem Umgang damit gelernt werden können, zu konsolidieren. Es erforscht die Grundlagen der Krise, bevor es sich auf ausgewählte Sektoren und Regionen für die Analyse konzentriert und schließlich Schlussfolgerungen gemäß den Prinzipien des humanistischen Krisenmanagements zieht. Es wird für Wissenschaftler und Studierende der Wirtschaftsethik von großem Interesse sein, ebenso wie für Entscheidungsträger, Fachleute und alle, die humanistisches Management praktizieren.
Humanitarian Aftershocks in Haiti
by Mark SchullerThe 2010 earthquake in Haiti was one of the deadliest disasters in modern history, sparking an international aid response--with pledges and donations of $16 billion--that was exceedingly generous. But now, five years later, that generous aid has clearly failed. In Humanitarian Aftershocks in Haiti, anthropologist Mark Schuller captures the voices of those involved in the earthquake aid response, and they paint a sharp, unflattering view of the humanitarian enterprise. Schuller led an independent study of eight displaced-persons camps in Haiti, compiling more than 150 interviews ranging from Haitian front-line workers and camp directors to foreign humanitarians and many displaced Haitian people. The result is an insightful account of why the multi-billion-dollar aid response not only did little to help but also did much harm, triggering a range of unintended consequences, rupturing Haitian social and cultural institutions, and actually increasing violence, especially against women. The book shows how Haitian people were removed from any real decision-making, replaced by a top-down, NGO-dominated system of humanitarian aid, led by an army of often young, inexperienced foreign workers. Ignorant of Haitian culture, these aid workers unwittingly enacted policies that triggered a range of negative results. Haitian interviewees also note that the NGOs "planted the flag," and often tended to "just do something," always with an eye to the "photo op" (in no small part due to the competition over funding). Worse yet, they blindly supported the eviction of displaced people from the camps, forcing earthquake victims to relocate in vast shantytowns that were hotbeds of violence. Humanitarian Aftershocks in Haiti concludes with suggestions to help improve humanitarian aid in the future, perhaps most notably, that aid workers listen to--and respect the culture of--the victims of catastrophe.
Humanitarian Aid and Empowerment of Ukrainian Refugees: The Case of Visegrad Group countries: Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia
by Dorota Moroń, Małgorzata Madej and Judit CsobaThe book presents good practices in humanitarian assistance and empowerment of Ukrainian refugees in various areas: emergency aid to large groups crossing the border, organisation of support in places of temporary stay, learning local languages, inclusion of children in school and adults in the labour market, and inclusion in the local community. It indicates the forms of international protection and the scope of their application by migrants from Ukraine, and discusses the temporary protection status dedicated to Ukrainian refugees.The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of migration and diaspora studies, immigration law, and public policy.
Humanitarian Assistance for Displaced Persons from Myanmar
by Supang Chantavanich Premjai Vungsiriphisal Dares ChusriThis book is one of four volumes on a major empirical migration study by leading Thai migration specialists from Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok) for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This volume examines the protracted refugee situation at the Thai-Myanmar border. Displaced persons are kept in closed settlements, and this has limited their self-reliance. A resettlement program has been implemented and many refugees have been accepted in resettlement countries. Repatriation is not recommended as a durable solution unless Myanmar becomes a safe place for return. Funding and intervention policies of international organizations and NGOs vary. Donors prefer to switch humanitarian assistance to development aid. The book provides realistic policy recommendations for a durable solution for refugees at the borders. Practitioners and policymakers from governments, international organizations and NGOs will benefit from its findings. The volume is also helpful for anyone studying forced migration and its denouement in the globalized age.
Humanitarian Countermeasures
by Cathrine Crämer“[I]f humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica—to gross and systematic violations of human rights that offend every precept of our common humanity?” – Kofi Annan This question asked by Kofi Annan over twenty years ago has not lost its relevance since, as for instance demonstrated by the paralysis of the Security Council in the face of the continued use of chemical weapons by the Syrian regime against its own population. The present work addresses the question of whether the unilateral use of force by states for humanitarian purposes, hence without a Security Council authorization, could be justified via the concept of 'humanitarian countermeasures’. In this context, humanitarian countermeasures are derived from the notion of countermeasures, which stems from the law of state responsibility as conceived in Art. 49 et seq. DARS and traditionally only refers to peaceful, bilateral measures. The core of the study is to open up countermeasures to humanitarian military action, discuss the legal feasibility of such an approach, while effectively containing the potential for abuse by establishing a legal framework. In a final step, concrete conditions for humanitarian countermeasures are defined, which can guide a reinterpretation of countermeasures and the further development of customary law. About the author Cathrine Crämer studied law at the Humboldt European Law School at the HU Berlin, the Université Paris II Panthéon Assas (Maîtrise en Droit in Private International Law) and at King's College London (LL.M. in Transnational Law). She obtained her doctorate at the LMU Munich, where she worked as a research assistant and taught public international law. Cathrine Crämer is currently a legal trainee at the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations in New York.
Humanitarian Disarmament: An Historical Enquiry (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law #148)
by Treasa DunworthThe humanitarian framing of disarmament is not a novel development, but rather represents a re-emergence of a much older and long-standing sensibility of humanitarianism in disarmament. It rejects the 'big bang' theory that presents the Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention 1997, and its successors – the Convention on Cluster Munitions 2008, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2017 – as a paradigm shift from an older traditional state-centric approach towards a more progressive humanitarian approach. It shows how humanitarian disarmament has a long and complex history, which includes these treaties. This book argues that the attempt to locate the birth of humanitarian disarmament in these treaties is part of the attempt to cleanse humanitarian disarmament of politics, presenting humanitarianism as a morally superior discourse in disarmament. However, humanitarianism carries its own blind spots and has its own hegemonic leanings. It may be silencing other potentially more transformative discourses.
Humanitarian Intervention
by Brendan Simms D. J. TrimThe dilemma of how best to protect human rights is one of the most persistent problems facing the international community today. This unique and wide-ranging history of humanitarian intervention examines responses to oppression, persecution and mass atrocities from the emergence of the international state system and international law in the late sixteenth century, to the end of the twentieth century. Leading scholars show how opposition to tyranny and to religious persecution evolved from notions of the common interests of 'Christendom' to ultimately incorporate all people under the concept of 'human rights'. As well as examining specific episodes of intervention, the authors consider how these have been perceived and justified over time, and offer important new insights into ideas of national sovereignty, international relations and law, as well as political thought and the development of current theories of 'international community'.