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The Regulation of Medical Products: Dope, Drugs and Devices (Law, Science and Society)
by Penny GleesonThis book develops a theoretical framework for examining and assessing the regulatory arrangements for medical products.Since the first half of the 20th century, the regulation of pharmaceuticals, medical devices and, more recently, biologicals have been controlled in many jurisdictions by specific regulatory regimes and agencies. Their regulatory mandates are similar – to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of medical products. This book provides a timely and relevant assessment of the complexities of medical regulatory regimes, by drawing on a particular theory of political legitimacy. In this respect, the book adopts a ‘dialogic’ approach – according to which a shared set of normative beliefs and values are formulated – as a theoretical ‘tool’ to identify deficiencies in the regulatory arrangements for medical products. Drawing on several Australian cases studies, characterised by divergent normative perspectives, the book develops its dialogic approach in order to challenge the usual legitimation of regulatory regimes from the perspective of science alone. Specifically, it maintains that such regimes need to embrace a normative pluralism that admits a diversity of types and sources of knowledge.This evaluation of the increasingly influential domain of medical regulation will appeal to a range of scholars and practitioners working in law, public health, politics and science and technology studies.
The Regulation of Megabanks: Legal frameworks of the USA and EU (Routledge Research in Finance and Banking Law)
by Katarzyna ParchimowiczGlobal systemically important banks (G-SIBs) are the largest, most complex and, in the event of their potential failure, most threatening banking institutions in the world. The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was a turning point for G-SIBs, many of which contributed to the outbreak and severity of this downturn. The unfolding of the GFC also revealed flaws and omissions in the legal framework applying to financial entities. In the context of G-SIBs, it clearly demonstrated that the legal regimes, both in the USA and in the EU, grossly ignored the specific character of these institutions and their systemic importance, complexity, and individualism. As a result of this omission, these megabanks were long treated like any other smaller banking institutions. Since the GFC, legal systems have changed a lot on both sides of the Atlantic, and global and national lawmakers have adopted new rules applying specifically to G-SIBs to reduce their threat to financial stability. This book explores whether the G-SIB-specific regulatory frameworks are adequately tailored to their individualism in order to prevent them from exploiting overly general rules, as they did during the GFC. Analyzing the specific character and individualism of G-SIBs, in relation to their history, normal functioning, as well as their operations during the GFC, this book discusses transformation of banking systems and the challenges and opportunities G-SIBs face, such as Big Tech competitors, climate-related requirements, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking a multidisciplinary approach which combines financial aspects of operations of G- SIBs and legal analysis, the book describes G-SIB-oriented legal frameworks of the EU and the USA and assesses whether G-SIB individualism is adequately reflected, analyzing trends in supervisory action when it comes to discretion in the G-SIB context, all in order to contribute to the ongoing discussions about international banking law, its problems, and potential remedies to such persistent flaws.
Regulation of Outer Space: International Space Law and the State (Routledge-Giappichelli Studies in Law)
by Marco FerrazzaniThis edited book focuses on how States should regulate activities in space and explores strategies to advance State responsible behaviour to ensure sustainable use and effective protection of outer space for peaceful purposes. The time seems ripe to bring international law into the space sustainability discourse. The concept of sustainable development was conceptualized by the 1987 Brundtland Report, Our Common Future. Today, as then, the overlap between the security, environmental and economic dimensions, including in terms of intra/inter-generational equity, is reflected within the current ‘new space’ era that is now ‘our common future’. This edited book collects original theoretical and empirical contributions. It contributes to unpack the international outer space regulatory framework in the light of current trends and pressing challenges. This offers a unique perspective and guidance thus empowering regulatory strategies for stakeholders and end-users such as scholars, policy-makers, industry and society.
The Regulation of Prostitution in China: Law in the Everyday Lives of Sex Workers, Police Officers, and Public Health Officials (Cambridge Studies in Law and Society)
by Margaret L. BoittinIn this compelling book, Margaret L. Boittin delves into the complex world of prostitution in China and how it shapes the lives of those involved in it. Through in-depth fieldwork, Boittin provides a fascinating case study of the role of law in everyday life and its impact on female sex workers, street-level police officers, and frontline public health officials. The book offers a unique perspective on the dynamics between society and the state, revealing how the laws that govern sex work affect those on the frontlines. With clear and accessible prose, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in law, state-society relations, China, and sex work.
Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations
by Olivera SimicThis book critically examines the response of the United Nations (UN) to the problem of sexual exploitation in UN Peace Support Operations. It assesses the Secretary-General's Bulletin on Special Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2003) (SGB) and its definition of sexual exploitation, which includes sexual relationships and prostitution. With reference to people affected by the policy (using the example of Bosnian women and UN peacekeepers), and taking account of both radical and 'sex positive' feminist perspectives, the book finds that the inclusion of consensual sexual relationships and prostitution in the definition of sexual exploitation is not tenable. The book argues that the SGB is overprotective, relies on negative gender and imperial stereotypes, and is out of step with international human rights norms and gender equality. It concludes that the SGB must be revised in consultation with those affected by it, namely local women and peacekeepers, and must fully respect their human rights and freedoms, particularly the right to privacy and sexuality rights.
Regulation of State-Controlled Enterprises: An Interdisciplinary and Comparative Examination (International Law and the Global South)
by Julien Chaisse Jędrzej Górski Dini SejkoThis book analyses actual and potential normative (whether legislative or contractual) conflicts and complex transnational disputes related to state-controlled enterprises (SCEs) operations and how they are interwoven with the problem of foreign direct investment. Moreover, SCEs also fall within the remit of international political economy, international economics and other SCE-related fields that go beyond purely legal or regulatory matters. In this connection, research on such economic and political determinants of SCE’s operations greatly informs and supplements the state of knowledge on how to best regulate cross-border aspects of SCE’s and is also be covered in this book. The book also aims to analyse the “SCE phenomenon” which includes a wide panoply of entities that have various structures with different degrees of control by states at the central or regional level, and that critically discuss the above-mentioned overlapping legal economic and political systems which can emerge under various shades of shadows casted by governmental umbrellas (i.e., the control can be exercised through ownership, right to appoint the management, and special-voting-rights). The chapters in this book are grouped, so as to address cross-border investment by and in SCE, into four coherent major parts, namely --- (i) the regulatory framework of state capitalism: laws, treaties, and contracts; (ii) economic and institutional expansion of state capitalism; (iii) the accountability of state capitalism: exploring the forms of liabilities; and (iv) regional and country perspectives. Contributions address the core theme from a broad range of SCE and international economic regulations, including but not limited to competition law, WTO law, investment law, and financial/monetary law. They also cover the new emerging generation of Free Trade Agreements (EU-Vietnam FTA, EU China investment treaty, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; and the coordination between treaty systems). The book is a valuable addition and companion for courses, such as international trade law, international law of foreign investment, transnational law, international and economic development, world politics, law of preferential trade agreements, international economics, and economics of development.
The Regulation of the London Clearing Banks, 1946–1971: Stability And Compliance (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)
by Linda ArchThis book explores the way in which banks were regulated in the UK in the period from 1946 until 1971. It focuses upon a group of 11 banks known as the London clearing banks. These banks included the ‘Big Five’ – Barclays, Lloyds, Midland, National Provincial and Westminster – and were the equivalent to today’s retail banks.The time period in question is an intriguing one in the history of banking and bank regulation in that the banking system was very stable, but the regulatory framework was less dependent upon codified forms of regulation than it is today. Having explored the nature of clearing bank regulation, Arch goes on to consider the rationale behind it, as well as its consequences. She concludes by reflecting upon the nature of bank regulation since the global financial crisis. This title is essential reading for academics with an interest in banking history and bank regulation, for practicing bank regulators and for regulatory policymakers.
Regulation of the Voluntary Sector: Freedom and Security in an Era of Uncertainty (Critical Approaches to Law)
by Mark SidelHave we gone too far in enacting laws, promulgating regulations and announcing policies that threaten freedom of association, either now or ‘in waiting’ for the future? Regulation of the Voluntary Sector focuses on the legal and political environment for civil society in an era in which counter-terrorism policy and law have challenged civil society and civil liberties in a number of countries. The ways in which counter-terrorism law and policy affect civil society can and do differ dramatically by country and region. Through the lens of developments since September 11th, Mark Sidel provides the first comparative analysis of state responses to voluntary sector activity. Comparing the situations in the UK and the US, as well as in Australia, Canada, India and within the European Union, he surveys the increasing efforts to delimit and restrict voluntary sector activities – such as fundraising and grant-making – as well as opposition to them.
The Regulation of Turkish Network Industries
by Muzaffer Eroğlu Matthias FingerThis book brings together academics and experts on Turkish network industries. It provides fundamental information on the current developments regarding regulation of the different network industries in Turkey. Turkey has gone through a liberalization process in most of the network industries during the past 20 years. In most of them, independent regulatory authorities have been established, but some network industries are still remaining under the central or local government regulatory regime. As a result, there is now a very complicated regulatory regime in place which makes Turkey’s regulatory system difficult to understand for practitioners, academics, lawyers, researchers and investors. This book offers unique insight into Turkey’s regulatory regime in various network industries. It also offers a historical background to regulation, a description of the current regulatory regimes, as well as an analysis of the foreseeable evolutions. The book covers all the important network industries in Turkey. No similar book is available on the market to date. Moreover, the book provides an extensive analysis of the current regulatory regimes in the energy, the transport, and the telecommunications industries. This book should be of interest to anyone wishing to understand Turkish regulation and will be very helpful handbook to researchers who are interested in regulation of network industries not only in Turkey but also in other developing countries, as Turkey is quite representative of other emerging countries. Readers will acquire a thorough understanding of the state of play of the Turkish network industries and their regulation.
The Regulation on Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market: A Path to a Level Playing Field? (SpringerBriefs in Law)
by Wolfgang WeißThe book shows that the Regulation pursues its objective of ensuring greater equality of competitive conditions on the EU´s Internal Market only by accepting new bureaucracy, establishing the need for complex and extensive assessments and raising considerable legal uncertainties as a result of undefined legal terms and comprehensive Commission discretion. The EU legislators, the Council and the European Parliament, in June 2022 adopted a new regulation that entered into force 12 January 2023: Regulation 2022/2560 on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market. This book analyses the regulation in more detail. To this end, after the brief introduction, its rationale and core contents are first presented. Then, its scope of application is to be explored in more detail, as the Regulation was criticised early on with regard to its compatibility with international law, which has an intense bearing on the substantive and personal scope of application of the Regulation. Subsequently the central regulatory concepts of the Regulation will be presented and then the specific rules for concentrations and public procurement procedures analysed. The conclusion will summarise the findings. In view of the likely backlash from powerful third countries, there is a risk of new distortions to the detriment of EU companies´ activities in third country markets.
Regulation vs. Litigation: Perspectives from Economics and Law (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report)
by Daniel P. KesslerThe efficacy of various political institutions is the subject of intense debate between proponents of broad legislative standards enforced through litigation and those who prefer regulation by administrative agencies. This book explores the trade-offs between litigation and regulation, the circumstances in which one approach may outperform the other, and the principles that affect the choice between addressing particular economic activities with one system or the other. Combining theoretical analysis with empirical investigation in a range of industries, including public health, financial markets, medical care, and workplace safety, Regulation versus Litigation sheds light on the costs and benefits of two important instruments of economic policy.
Regulations and Applications of Ethics in Business Practice (Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance & Fraud: Theory and Application)
by Jing Bian Kıymet Tunca ÇalıyurtThis book presents a variety of discussions from different countries about regulations and applications of ethics in business practice. It demonstrates how Ethics, both in the world of business and in academic life, is consistently a central and unavoidable issue that institutions must devise new regulations on a regular basis to address. Given that applying such regulations becomes complicated in a global business landscape and that International companies have lost large amounts of revenues due to fraudulent activities, the book provides insights for professionals in business world to teach, learn, apply, measure and report on companies' daily business. Business and Professional Ethics: Theories, Standards, and Analysis is essential reading for researchers and students in business schools around the world.
Regulations, Crown Corporations and Adminstrative Tribunals: Royal Commission
by Ivan Bernier Andrée LajoieThis is the third of six volumes dealing with Law, Society and the Economy (see list in back of book), included in the Collected Research Studies of the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada.This volume surveys administrative law in its various manifestations and considers new themes and issues that are likely to affect the subject. Challenging generally accepted views, the contributors discuss such topics as the structures and processes of Canadian administrative tribunals, Crown corporations as an instrument of economic intervention, and the use of delegated legislation as the preferred instrument of government regulations.
Regulations Regarding Living Organ Donation in Europe
by Leonie LoppOrgan transplantation is a much-discussed subject, and the importance of living organ donation is increasing significantly. Yet despite all efforts, too few donor organs are available to help all patients in need. This book analyses whether the national legal regulations are also partly responsible for the organ shortage in the Member States of the European Union. In addition to a detailed analysis of the various national regulations, the main arguments in favour of and against legal restrictions on living organ donation are considered. Furthermore, the European Union's authority is investigated, namely, whether it is entitled to establish statutory provisions for the Member States with respect to a harmonized regulation of living organ donation. Based on the results of the analysis, the author establishes a Best Practice Proposal for living organ donation.
Regulators of Last Resort: Whistleblowers, the Limits of the Law and the Power of Partnerships
by Kate KennyHow do public whistleblowers prevail despite employers' attempts to silence them? Whistleblowing is essential for raising awareness of extreme wrongdoing within organizations yet, despite changing laws designed to offer more protection, workers exposed for public disclosures frequently find themselves the targets of extreme retaliation. Featuring high-profile cases from Amazon, Facebook and Theranos, Kate Kenny reveals the critical - and often unseen - role that skilled allies play in supporting whistleblowers when official channels fail. Novel and sophisticated means of silencing require new strategies for whistleblowing – and supportive partners are key. In this new era of whistleblowing, oppressive lawfare is used against truth-telling workers, and official channels can be weaponized. Yet powerful employers can still make mistakes. Regulators of Last Resort shows how aggressive reprisals can yield surprising advantages for dissenters. Working in partnership with advocates, public whistleblowers can find strategies to survive, persist and bring their disclosures to light.
The Regulatory Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis
by Niamh Moloney Jennifer G. Hill Ethiopis Tafara Jr. Eilís Ferran Jr.The EU and the US responded to the global financial crisis by changing the rules for the functioning of financial services and markets and by establishing new oversight bodies. With the US Dodd-Frank Act and numerous EU regulations and directives now in place, this book provides a timely and thoughtful explanation of the key elements of the new regimes in both regions, of the political processes which shaped their content and of their practical impact. Insights from areas such as economics, political science and financial history elucidate the significance of the reforms. Australia's resilience during the financial crisis, which contrasted sharply with the severe problems that were experienced in the EU and the US, is also examined. The comparison between the performances of these major economies in a period of such extreme stress tells us much about the complex regulatory and economic ecosystems of which financial markets are a part.
Regulatory Breakdown
by Cary CoglianeseRegulatory Breakdown: The Crisis of Confidence in U.S. Regulation brings fresh insight and analytic rigor to what has become one of the most contested domains of American domestic politics. Critics from the left blame lax regulation for the housing meltdown and financial crisis--not to mention major public health disasters ranging from the Gulf Coast oil spill to the Upper Big Branch Mine explosion. At the same time, critics on the right disparage an excessively strict and costly regulatory system for hampering economic recovery. With such polarized accounts of regulation and its performance, the nation needs now more than ever the kind of dispassionate, rigorous scholarship found in this book.With chapters written by some of the nation's foremost economists, political scientists, and legal scholars, Regulatory Breakdown brings clarity to the heated debate over regulation by dissecting the disparate causes of the current crisis as well as analyzing promising solutions to what ails the U.S. regulatory system. This volume shows policymakers, researchers, and the public why they need to question conventional wisdom about regulation--whether from the left or the right--and demonstrates the value of undertaking systematic analysis before adopting policy reforms in the wake of disaster.
Regulatory Cooperation Chapters in the new Generation FTAS: Legitimacy Requirements for their Manifestation and Interaction with the EU Legal Order (European Yearbook of International Economic Law #36)
by Kornilia Pipidi-KalogirouDive into the intricate world of international trade with this original analysis of Regulatory Cooperation Chapters in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). This book meticulously examines for the first time the content, legal nature, and implications of these chapters within the European Union (EU) legal framework. Narrowing its focus to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement ( EU-Japan EPA), chosen for their advanced Regulatory Cooperation provisions, the book proceeds to a rich analysis and comparison of the enshrined provisions. The book delves into the political and legal landscape that necessitated this shift towards bilateral regulatory cooperation. It explains the strategic pivot from the stalled WTO negotiations to bilateralism, highlighting the inadequacies of existing WTO rules on non-tariff barriers. This analysis prompts the question: what has changed? Using the concept of ‘Legalization’ as developed in political sciences, this interdisciplinary perspective reveals the increasing legalization and binding nature of these commitments, challenging the initial skepticism about their normative value. The book further tracks the practical implementation of Regulatory Cooperation, using developments from CETA and EU-Japan EPA. It presents the two manifestation mechanisms of the Regulatory Cooperation in the EU legal order and highlights their roles in shaping EU's internal regulations. In that regard, the book challenges the legitimacy of these regulatory practices, assessing them through the lenses of input, output, and throughput legitimacy. With a view to maintain the rule of law and democratic principles, the author makes various proposals in that regard, from updated legal tools and model rules to a framework for EU Commission’s decision-making capacity. This book offers invaluable insights for policymakers, legal scholars, and trade professionals, providing a thorough understanding of the complex dynamics of Regulatory Cooperation in modern FTAs and their crucial role in shaping global trade relations.
A Regulatory Design for Financial Stability in Hong Kong
by Evan GibsonIn Hong Kong, the banking system is the primary source of financial stability risk. Post-2008 regulatory reforms have focused on financial stability policies and tools while neglecting the design of supervisory models. This book provides a comparative analysis of how supervisory models affect the management of financial stability regulations in Hong Kong's banking system. Regulatory issues discussed span prudential regulations, systemically important banks, unconventional liquidity tools, deposit insurance, lender of last resort, resolution regimes, central clearing counterparties and derivatives, Renminbi infrastructure, stock and bond connect schemes, distributed ledger technology, digital yuan, US dollar sanctions, cryptocurrencies, RegTech, and FinTech. A Regulatory Design for Financial Stability in Hong Kong elucidates the flaws and synergies in Hong Kong's banking regulatory framework and proposes conventional and innovative regulatory reforms. This book will be of great interest to banking, financial, and legal practitioners, central bankers, regulators, policy makers, finance ministries, scholars, researchers, and policy institutes.
Regulatory Dilemmas of Suborbital Flight (Space Regulations Library #10)
by Bartosz MalinowskiThis book addresses legislative challenges faced by national and EU legislators, and by the international community, in the suborbital flight sector. Apart from a few isolated jurisdictions, the current state of regulation in the field of suborbital aviation is characterized by legal uncertainty and the risk of arbitrary, socially and economically harmful decisions by public administration bodies. The importance of suborbital flight regulation, which includes exploring and defining its status in international aerospace law, EU law, and in national legal systems, is supported by the development of projects for the use of suborbital vehicles, the technological significance of suborbital flight for the development of space activities and, consequently, for all future human economic activity. Successful suborbital flights, if they ensure the recovery and reuse of the launch vehicle, support low-cost vehicle development programs. They allow easier verification of how the vehicle and its subsystems operate under flight conditions, yielding insights that can be used in future orbital vehicles. This reduces the financial risks and, in the case of manned flights, increases the safety of the participants. Suborbital rockets also provide a platform for microgravity research, studying the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth’s magnetic field, and solar physics, as well as a test platform for satellite equipment, space tourism, and potential rapid high-altitude transport between two locations on the surface.
A Regulatory Framework for the Art Market?: Authenticity, Forgeries and the Role of Art Experts (Studies in Art, Heritage, Law and the Market #7)
by Anna BolzThis book addresses practical issues in connoisseurship and authentication, as well as the legal implications that arise when an artwork’s authenticity is challenged. In addition, the standards and processes of authentication are critically examined and the legal complications which can inhibit the expression of expert opinions are discussed. The notion of authenticity has always commanded the attention of art market participants and the general art-minded public alike. Coinciding with this, forgery is often considered to be the world’s most glamorous crime, packed with detective stories that are usually astonishing and often bizarre. The research includes findings by economists, sociologists, art historians, lawyers, academics and practitioners, all of which yield insights into the mechanics and peculiarities of the art business and explain why it works so differently from other markets. However, this book will be of interest not only to academics, but to everyone interested in questions of authenticity, forgery and connoisseurship. At the same time, one of its main aims is to advocate best practices in the art market and to stress the importance of cooperation among all disciplines with a stake in it. The results are intended to offer guidance to art market stakeholders, legal practitioners and art historians alike, while also promoting mutual understanding and cooperation.
Regulatory Gaps in Baltic Sea Governance: Selected Issues (Mare Publication Ser. #18)
by Henrik RingbomThe focus of this publication is the uniqueness of the Baltic Sea from a legal perspective, and the regulatory voids that result from the multiple layers of regulation this area is subjected to: up to six layers of regulation (general international law, regional conventions, EU law, national laws, local and municipal rules plus a whole range of non-binding norms and other 'soft law' arrangements) act in parallel. However, a large number of rules or regulatory layers does not in itself ensure effectiveness or consistency. When the regulatory landscape is approached from the point of view of individual substantive topics, it is apparent that the norms of different regulatory layers entail both overlaps, gaps and uncertainties, differently for each topic. This publication addresses a selection of topics that are decidedly international in nature, but for which current international and EU rules include important gaps or uncertainties.In addition to presenting a set of legal analyses of topical issues for the region, which in itself is a meritorious objective in view of the relative scarcity of legal studies with a focus on the Baltic Sea, the publication also seeks to analyze the regulatory 'anatomy' of the selected issues in more detail. Through the legal analyses the chapters explore how regulatory gaps are formed, how they are filled, how the rules of the different layers work together and interact with each other in the selected areas. Accordingly, the secondary ambition is to explore, through the chapters, whether more general conclusions can be drawn about the nature of the regulatory gaps and multi-layerism in order to produce a better understanding of how regulations on multiple levels operate in practice.
Regulatory Governance: Policy Making, Legislative Drafting and Law Reform
by Edward DonelanThis book describes how governments formulate policies, draft legislation, and manage stocks of legislation and how approaches to these tasks are converging. That convergence has developed over 30 years through the work by the OECD in its studies on regulatory reform and the work of other international organizations to improve regulatory management. The Institutions of the European Union and its member states, OECD member countries and a growing number of developing and transitional countries have developed a policy best described as ‘Better Regulation.’ That policy is characterized using regulatory impact assessment, improving public consultation, and reducing administrative burdens. The policy has brought improvements in legislative drafting and managing stocks of legislation. The book concludes with a description of the impact of information technology on governments and how the challenges posed by the Internet, globalization and pandemics are being met by new approaches to regulating to ensure its benefits exceed its costs.
Regulatory Governance: Learnings, Challenges and Way Forward
by Abha YadavThis book explores the role of regulatory bodies and their emergence as the fourth branch of governments. It brings together professionals, academicians, and experts working in regulatory sector to present a foundational text on regulatory regime in India. From case studies to theoretical interventions, the book brings together a wide range of insights on an important but often neglected aspect of governance. It examines a range of themes including, the need for regulatory policy in a post-Covid world, regulatory excellence, impact of regulatory assessments, regulation of hazard, competition commissions, regulation of digital assets, stakeholder interests and investor activism, and anti-trust laws.The volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of law and governance, public policy and South Asian studies.
Regulatory Governance and Risk Management: Occupational Health and Safety in the Coal Mining Industry (Routledge Advances in Management and Business Studies)
by Binglin YangRegulatory Governance and Risk Management will be the first book addressing the diffusion of risk-based governance in the coal mining industry from a health and safety standpoint. More specifically, it aims to understand a puzzling phenomenon. Since the 1990s, the approach of risk-based governance has been widely adopted in almost all developed countries in Europe and commonwealth countries. It, however, has diffused much more slowly in the U.S. Using a diffusion approach and comparisons between Australia and the U.S., this book examines mechanisms that both drive and prevent the diffusion of risk-based governance in the coal mining industry. This book has two major selling points. First, this is a timely work given the Upper Big Branch coal mine explosion occurred in April, 2010. After this disaster, many asked why an enhanced level of enforcement after 2006 has not prevented catastrophic accidents from occurring and why risk-based governance, which helps other countries achieve better safety performance, has been largely ignored in the U.S. This book answers these questions and makes recommendations on how to remove barriers in moving toward risk-based governance. Second, this book is readable because it embeds theories into storytelling and gives particular emphasis on the influence of key strategic individuals.