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Mechanical Engineering in Biomedical Application: Bio-3D Printing, Biofluid Mechanics, Implant Design, Biomaterials, Computational Biomechanics, Tissue Mechanics
by Pankaj Kumar Shubham Tayal Jay Prakash Srivastava Vinayak Ranjan Ranjan Kumar Dražan KozakMECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS The book explores the latest research and developments related to the interdisciplinary field of biomedical and mechanical engineering offering insights and perspectives on the research, key technologies, and mechanical engineering techniques used in biomedical applications. The book is divided into several sections that cover different aspects of mechanical engineering in biomedical research. The first section focuses on the role of additive manufacturing technologies, rehabilitation in healthcare applications, and artificial recreation of human organs. The section also covers the advances, risks, and challenges of bio 3D printing. The second section presents insight into biomaterials, including their properties, applications, and fabrication techniques. The section also covers the use of powder metallurgy methodology and techniques of biopolymer and bio-ceramic coatings on prosthetic implants. The third section covers biofluid mechanics, including the mechanics of fluid flow within our body, the mechanical aspects of human synovial fluids, and the design of medical devices for fluid flow applications. The section also covers the use of computational modeling to study the blockage of carotid arteries. The final section elaborates on soft robotic manipulation for use in medical sciences. Audience The book provides practical insights and applications for mechanical engineers, biomedical engineers, medical professionals, and researchers working on the design and development of biomedical devices and implants.
Mechanical Reliability Improvement: Probability and Statistics for Experimental Testing
by Robert LittleProviding probability and statistical concepts developed using pseudorandom numbers, this book covers enumeration-, simulation-, and randomization-based statistical analyses for comparison of the test performance of alternative designs, as well as simulation- and randomization-based tests for examination of the credibility of statistical presumptions. The book discusses centroid and moment of inertia analogies for mean and variance and the organization structure of completely randomized, randomized complete block, and split spot experiment test programs. Purchase of the text provides access to 200 microcomputer programs illustrating a wide range of reliability and statistical analyses.
Mechanical Reliability: Prediction and Management Under Extreme Load Conditions
by Oleksandr Grynchenko Oleksiy AlfyorovThe volume describes the main theoretical propositions of the methodology to predict mechanical reliability under conditions of repeated exposure to random extreme loads. The mechanical load process is considered to be a form of a discrete sequence of loads occurring at times that form a random flow. The authors present solved problems of reliability prediction of elements having deterministic or random bearing capacity. A method for the probabilistic justification of safety factors is also developed in the book, providing a predetermined level of reliability of elements and systems for sudden failures during design. It considers the methods of prediction and managing reliability under conditions of using safety devices. The main theoretical results are presented in a form available for practical engineering applications. The book can be used by researchers and as a manual by teachers and graduate students of higher technical educational institutions.
Mechanical and Corrosion-Resistant Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
by Philip A. SchweitzerA study of the physical, mechanical and corrosion resistant properties of all the most common commercially available plastics and elastomers. It offers examples of typical applications and describes methods of joining. The physical, mechanical and corrosion resistant properties of 32 thermoplastics, 20 thermosets, and 27 elastomers are provided. Th
Mechanics
by Masud Chaichian Anca Tureanu Ioan MerchesMechanics is one of the oldest and at the same time newest disciplines, in the sense that there are methods and principles developed first in mechanics but now widely used in almost all branches of physics: electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, classical and quantum field theory, special and general theory of relativity, etc. More than that, there are some formalisms like Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches, which represent the key stone for the development of the above-mentioned disciplines. During the last 20-25 years, classical mechanics has undergone an important revival associated with the progress in non-linear dynamics, applications of Noether's theorem and the extension of variational principles in various interdisciplinary sciences (for instance, magnetofluid dynamics). Thus, there ought to exist a book concerned with the applied analytical formalism, first developed in the frame of theoretical mechanics, which has proved to be one of the most efficient tools of investigation in the entire arena of science.The present book is an outcome of the authors' teaching experience over many years in different countries and for different students studying diverse fields of physics. The book is intended for students at the level of undergraduate and graduate studies in physics, engineering, astronomy, applied mathematics and for researchers working in related subjects. We hope that the original presentation and the distribution of the topics, the various applications in many branches of physics and the set of more than 100 proposed problems, shall make this book a comprehensive and useful tool for students and researchers. The present book is an outcome of the authors' teaching experience over many years in different countries and for different students studying diverse fields of physics. The book is intended for students at the level of undergraduate and graduate studies in physics, engineering, astronomy, applied mathematics and for researchers working in related subjects. We hope that the original presentation and the distribution of the topics, the various applications in many branches of physics and the set of more than 100 proposed problems, shall make this book a comprehensive and useful tool for students and researchers.
Mechanics
by Florian ScheckPurpose and Emphasis. Mechanics not only is the oldest branch of physics but was and still is the basis for all of theoretical physics. Quantum mechanics can hardly be understood, perhaps cannot even be formulated, without a good knowledge of general mechanics. Field theories such as electrodynamics borrow their formal framework and many of their building principles from mechanics. In short, throughout the many modem developments of physics where one fre quently turns back to the principles of c1assical mechanics its model character is feIt. For this reason it is not surprising that the presentation of mechanics reflects to some extent the development of modem physics and that today this c1assical branch of theoretical physics is taught rather differently than at the time of Arnold Sommerfeld, in the 1920s, or even in the 1950s, when more emphasis was put on the theory and the applications of partial-differential equations. Today, symme tries and invariance principles, the structure ofthespace-time continuum, and the geometrical structure of mechanics play an important role. The beginner should realize that mechanics is not primarily the art of describing block-and-tackles, coIIisions of billiard balls, constrained motions of the cylinder in a washing ma chine, or bicycle riding.
Mechanics and Geometry of Enriched Continua
by Luis EspathThis monograph presents a comprehensive and rigorous new framework for the theoretical description and modelling of enriched continua. In other words, continua that exhibit more complex behaviour than their conventional counterparts and, in particular, multicomponent systems. It employs gradient theories, exhibiting multiple transition layers described by phase fields. As a point of departure, we account for multiple continuum kinematic processes, including motion and various phase fields. These gradient theories arise by considering various kinematic processes which are tightly linked to the level of the arbitrariness of the Euler–Cauchy cuts. The surface defining the Euler–Cauchy cut may lose its smoothness along a curve, and the curve may also lose its smoothness at a point. Additionally, we postulate the principle of virtual power on surfaces. Then, the first and second laws of thermodynamics with the power balance provide suitable and consistent choices for the constitutive equations. Finally, the complementary balances, namely the balances on surfaces, are tailored to coincide with different parts of the boundaries of the body. These surface balances are then called environmental surface balances and aid in determining suitable and consistent boundary conditions. Ultimately, the environmental surface power balance is relaxed to yield an environmental surface imbalance of powers, rendering a more general type of boundary condition.A detailed introduction sets the scene for the mathematical chapters that follow, ensuring that graduate students and newcomers can profit from the material presented.
Mechanics and Physics of Fracture: Multiscale Modeling of the Failure Behavior of Solids (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #608)
by Laurent PonsonThe volume provides a comprehensive understanding of the macroscopic failure behavior of solids from the description of the microscopic failure processes and their coupling with the microstructure. Several fundamental questions were addressed: the relation between the microstructural features of materials and their fracture properties and crack trajectories; the role of damage mechanisms and non-linear deformations near the crack tip on the failure behavior of solids; and finally the role of dynamic inertial effects during fast fracture was more briefly evoked. The chapters provide a pedagogical overview of recently developed concepts and tools, that permit to perform the transition from small scales to large ones in fracture problems, thus introducing basic rules for the rational design of tough solids.
Mechanics of Elastic Composites
by Nicolaie Dan Cristescu Eduard-Marius Craciun Eugen SoósThis is a comprehensive, reader-friendly treatment of the theory behind modern elastic composite materials. The treatment includes recently developed results and methods drawn from research papers published in Eastern Europe that until now were unavailable in many western countries. Among the book's many notable features is the inclusion of more th
Mechanics of Elastic Solids
by Bo Lu Junqian Zhang Yicheng SongThis book entitled Mechanics of Elastic Solids is written as a textbook of the course “Elasticity” or “Theory of Elasticity” or “Elasticity Mechanics” for relevant engineering majors. It can also be used as a professional book for relevant technical persons. It mainly introduces elasticity theory, including stress analysis, deformation analysis, constitutive relations, elasticity model construction for actual problems, solutions for infinitesimal plane stress and strain problems, three-dimensional problems, multiphysics field problems, variation principle in elasticity, thin plate, and cylindrical shells. The rapid and continuous advancements in numerical methods and computer power have diminished the significance of certain analytical solutions in elasticity problems.. Therefore, this book simplifies some traditional contents such as the solution of plane problems and twist of cylinder. Instead, some new topics which are important for real-world problems are introduced, such as the accurate description of finite deformation, constitutive equations for small strain but large rotation problems, hyperelasticity, procedural steps and general methodologies for model construction of real-world problems, and multiphysics field problems. A plenty of examples is prepared in this book for comprehensive understanding.
Mechanics of Strain Gradient Materials (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #600)
by Samuel Forest Albrecht BertramOver the past 50 years, strain gradient material theories have been developed for the continuum modeling of size effects in materials and structures in terms of their elasticity, plasticity and fracturing. This book puts forward a unifying perspective to combine existing theories involving the higher order gradient of the strain tensor, or of plastic strain. It begins by reviewing experimental findings on the existence (or non-existence) of size effects on the mechanics of materials. In turn, the book devises first, second and higher order strain gradient theories from general principles, and presents constitutive frameworks that satisfy thermodynamic requirements. The special case of strain gradient plasticity is then developed and illustrated via computational analyses of size effects on the plasticity of metals at small scales. In closing, the book explains the origin of gradient effects in the case of lattice structures by drawing on homogenization theory.
Mechanics of Structures: Variational and Computational Methods
by Walter D. Pilkey Walter WunderlichResoundingly popular in its first edition, the second edition of Mechanics of Structures: Variational and Computational Methods promises to be even more so, with broader coverage, expanded discussions, and a streamlined presentation.The authors begin by describing the behavior of deformable solids through the differential equations for the
Mechanik für das gymnasiale Lehramt: Theoretische Physik und mathematische Methoden klar erklärt
by Hendrik van HeesDieses Lehrbuch in drei Bänden führt in die Standardinhalte der Vorlesungen über Theoretische Physik (klassische Mechanik, Elektrodynamik und Quanten- und Relativitätstheorie) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der speziellen Bedürfnisse von Lehramtsstudierenden ein. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei die grundlegenden Konzepte basierend auf Symmetrieprinzipien. Der vorliegende 1. Band behandelt die Newtonsche und analytische Mechanik. Besonderheiten Die konzeptionellen Grundlagen der klassischen Mechanik, insbesondere die mathematische Beschreibung von Raum und Zeit sowie der Begriff des Inertialsystems werden sorgfältig herausgearbeitet. Die für das Verständnis der theoretischen Physik unabdingbaren mathematischen Methoden werden parallel zu den eigentlichen physikalischen Lernhinhalten bereitgestellt und alle Rechnungen mit ausführlichen Zwischenschritten vollständig ausgeführt. Neben einer ausführlichen Behandlung der Newtonschen Mechanik mit den üblichen Beispielen zum freien Fall in Erdnähe, dem harmonischen Oszillator und dem Kepler-Problem der Planetenbewegung nimmt das Hamiltonsche Prinzip der kleinsten Wirkung und die ausführliche Behandlung der Symmetrieprinzipien und des Noether-Theorems einen breiten Raum ein. Dies ermöglicht ein vertieftes Verständnis für die moderne Beschreibung der Naturgesetze und erleichtert den Einstieg für die weiterführenden Vorlesungen beträchtlich, insbesondere der Quanten- und Relativitätstheorie. Inhalt 1. Kinematik und Dynamik der Newtonschen Mechanik und Erhaltungssätze, 2. Newtonsches Gravitationsgesetz und Himmelsmechanik, 3. Bewegung in beschleunigten Bezugssystemen, 4. Analytische Mechanik und das Noether-Theorem in Lagrangescher und Hamiltonscher Formulierung, 5. Anwendungen auf die Bewegung starrer Körper und Kreiseltheorie. Zielgruppe Das Buch richtet sich an Bachelor-Studierende der Physik und im Besonderen an Studierende der Physik für das Gymnasiallehramt. Dabei wird dem besonderen Bedarf dieser Zielgruppe einer möglichst einfachen Einführung in die mathematischen Methoden Rechnung getragen. Vorkenntnisse Vorausgesetzt werden Grundkenntnisse der Analysis, der linearen Algebra und der klassischen Mechanik und Eektrodynamik auf Abiturniveau.
Mechanik – smart gelöst
by Peter KerstenDieses Buch bietet Studierenden in MINT-Fächern eine optimale Hilfestellung beim Erlernen der Grundlagen der Physik. Typische Aufgaben der Mechanik werden dabei Schritt für Schritt erklärt und mit Hilfe leistungsstarker Software aus den Bereichen Tabellenkalkulation, Computeralgebra und technisch-wissenschaftlichem Rechnen gelöst. Die dabei verwendeten Programme (Excel®, der Internetdienst Wolfram|Alpha® sowie die Software MATLAB®) sind sowohl auf Desktop-Rechnern, als auch als Apps auf mobilen Endgeräten wie Smartphones oder Tablets verfügbar – und damit immer schnell zur Hand. Das Fähigkeit mit diesen Programmen zu arbeiten kann auch im weiteren Studienverlauf und später in der beruflichen Praxis von großen Nutzen sein. Nach einer kompakten Einführung in mathematische Methoden und die verwendeten Programme deckt das Buch dabei die Bereiche der klassischen Mechanik mit den Teilgebieten Kinematik und Dynamik ab und liefert somit eine ideale Unterstützung für Einführungsvorlesungen in Physik an Hochschulen. Allen Studierenden, die sich beim Lösen von Aufgaben in der Physik schon einmal eine kleine Hilfestellung gewünscht haben, die einfach mal einen Funktionsverlauf visualisieren, eine Gleichung ohne Papier und Bleistift lösen oder das eigene Rechenergebnis überprüfen möchten, wird das vorliegende Buch ein praktischer und wertvoller Begleiter sein.
Mechanism Design: A Linear Programming Approach
by Rakesh V. VohraMechanism design is an analytical framework for thinking clearly and carefully about what exactly a given institution can achieve when the information necessary to make decisions is dispersed and privately held. This analysis provides an account of the underlying mathematics of mechanism design based on linear programming. Three advantages characterize the approach. The first is simplicity: arguments based on linear programming are both elementary and transparent. The second is unity: the machinery of linear programming provides a way to unify results from disparate areas of mechanism design. The third is reach: the technique offers the ability to solve problems that appear to be beyond solutions offered by traditional methods. No claim is made that the approach advocated should supplant traditional mathematical machinery. Rather, the approach represents an addition to the tools of the economic theorist who proposes to understand economic phenomena through the lens of mechanism design.
Mechanism of Hairpin Vortex Formation by Liutex (Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology)
by Chaoqun Liu Yifei YuThis book presents the importance of the mechanism of hairpin vortex formation to understanding flow transition, turbulence, and flow control. This book blends direct numerical simulation (DNS) and mathematical analysis with experiments to create a foundation for understanding turbulence. The authors discuss hairpin vortex as a main component of transitional flow and turbulent flow. In addition, Liutex is utilized and described as a theoretical system that presents valid tools for turbulence research. Readers are exposed to understanding 3D and non-linear instability; the Lambda vortex formation; sweeps, ejections, and shear instability; the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and vortex ring formation; and turbulence generation and sustenance.
Mechanisms for Generating Mathematical Curves (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)
by Dan B. Marghitu Iulian Popescu Liliana Luca Mirela CherciuThis book focuses on important mathematical considerations in describing the synthesis of original mechanisms for generating curves. The synthesis is manual and not based on the use of computer tools. Kinematics is applied to confirm the drawing of the curves, and the closed loop method, and in some cases the distances method, is applied in this phase. The book provides all the notions of structure and kinematics that are necessary to calculate the mechanisms and also analyzes other kinematic possibilities of the created mechanisms. Offering a concise, yet self-contained guide to the mathematical fundamentals for mechanisms of curve generation, together with a useful collection of mechanisms exercises, the book is intended for students learning about mechanism kinematics, as well as engineers dealing with mechanism design and analysis. It is based on the authors’ many years of research, which has been published in different books and journals, mainly, but not exclusively, in Romanian.
Mechanisms of Cracking and Debonding in Asphalt and Composite Pavements: State-of-the-art Of The Rilem Tc 241-mcd (RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports #28)
by Gabriele Tebaldi William G. Buttlar Armelle Chabot Eshan V. Dave Christophe PetitPremature cracking in asphalt pavements and overlays continues to shorten pavement lifecycles and creates significant economic and environmental burden. In response, RILEM Technical Committee TC 241-MCD on Mechanisms of Cracking and Debonding in Asphalt and Composite Pavements has conducted a State-of-the-Art Review (STAR), as detailed in this comprehensive book. Cutting-edge research performed by RILEM members and their international partners is presented, along with summaries of open research questions and recommendations for future research. This book is organized according to the theme areas of TC 241-MCD - i.e., fracture in the asphalt bulk material, interface debonding behaviour, and advanced measurement systems. This STAR is expected to serve as a long term reference for researchers and practitioners, as it contributes to a deeper fundamental understanding of the mechanisms behind cracking and debonding in asphalt concrete and composite pavement systems.
Mechanistic Data Science for STEM Education and Applications
by Wing Kam Liu Zhengtao Gan Mark FlemingThis book introduces Mechanistic Data Science (MDS) as a structured methodology for combining data science tools with mathematical scientific principles (i.e., “mechanistic” principles) to solve intractable problems. Traditional data science methodologies require copious quantities of data to show a reliable pattern, but the amount of required data can be greatly reduced by considering the mathematical science principles. MDS is presented here in six easy-to-follow modules: 1) Multimodal data generation and collection, 2) extraction of mechanistic features, 3) knowledge-driven dimension reduction, 4) reduced order surrogate models, 5) deep learning for regression and classification, and 6) system and design. These data science and mechanistic analysis steps are presented in an intuitive manner that emphasizes practical concepts for solving engineering problems as well as real-life problems. This book is written in a spectral style and is ideal as an entry level textbook for engineering and data science undergraduate and graduate students, practicing scientists and engineers, as well as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) high school students and teachers.
Mechanistic Explanations in Physics and Beyond (European Studies in Philosophy of Science #11)
by Brigitte Falkenburg Gregor SchiemannThis volume offers a broad, philosophical discussion on mechanical explanations. Coverage ranges from historical approaches and general questions to physics and higher-level sciences . The contributors also consider the topics of complexity, emergence, and reduction. Mechanistic explanations detail how certain properties of a whole stem from the causal activities of its parts. This kind of explanation is in particular employed in explanatory models of the behavior of complex systems. Often used in biology and neuroscience, mechanistic explanation models have been often overlooked in the philosophy of physics. The authors correct this surprising neglect. They trace these models back to their origins in physics. The papers present a comprehensive historical, methodological, and problem-oriented investigation. The contributors also investigate the conditions for using models of mechanistic explanations in physics. The last papers make the bridge from physics to economics, the theory of complex systems and computer science . This book will appeal to graduate students and researchers with an interest in the philosophy of science, scientific explanation, complex systems, models of explanation in physics higher level sciences, and causal mechanisms in science.
Mechanizing Hypothesis Formation: Principles and Case Studies
by Jan Rauch Milan Šimůnek David Chudán Petr MášaMechanizing hypothesis formation is an approach to exploratory data analysis. Its development started in the 1960s inspired by the question “can computers formulate and verify scientific hypotheses?”. The development resulted in a general theory of logic of discovery. It comprises theoretical calculi dealing with theoretical statements as well as observational calculi dealing with observational statements concerning finite results of observation. Both calculi are related through statistical hypotheses tests. A GUHA method is a tool of the logic of discovery. It uses a one-to-one relation between theoretical and observational statements to get all interesting theoretical statements. A GUHA procedure generates all interesting observational statements and verifies them in a given observational data. Output of the procedure consists of all observational statements true in the given data. Several GUHA procedures dealing with association rules, couples of association rules, action rules, histograms, couples of histograms, and patterns based on general contingency tables are involved in the LISp-Miner system developed at the Prague University of Economics and Business. Various results about observational calculi were achieved and applied together with the LISp-Miner system. The book covers a brief overview of logic of discovery. Many examples of applications of the GUHA procedures to solve real problems relevant to data mining and business intelligence are presented. An overview of recent research results relevant to dealing with domain knowledge in data mining and its automation is provided. Firsthand experiences with implementation of the GUHA method in the Python language are presented.
Mechatronic Futures: Further Challenges and Solutions for Mechatronic Systems and their Designers
by David Bradley Peter HehenbergerThis book, a new and revised edition of “Mechatronic Futures”, sets out to identify and discuss the key issues likely to impact on the design and implementation of future mechatronic systems. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive overview of the challenges, risks and options that define the future of mechatronics and provides insights into how these issues are currently being assessed and managed. The book aims to support mechatronics practitioners in identifying key areas in design, modelling and technology and to place these in the wider context of concepts such as cyber-physical systems, Digital Twins and the Internet of Things and alongside issues such as privacy, security and sustainability. For educators, it considers the potential effects of developments in these areas on mechatronic course design, and ways of integrating these. Written by experts in the field, it explores topics including systems integration, design, modelling, privacy, ethics, lifecycle monitoring, sustainability and other potential future application domains. This new edition contains many new chapters as well as updated and revised chapters from the previous edition, and takes into account how recent significant developments in artificial intelligence and cyber-security are changing how current mechatronic systems are designed, manufactured, operated, used and potentially recycled. Highlighting novel innovations and directions, the book is intended for academics, engineers, managers, researchers and students working in the field of mechatronics, particularly those developing new concepts, methods and ideas.
Mechatronics 4.0: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Mechatronics 4.0, June 8–9, 2019, Mahdia, Tunisia (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)
by Jean-Yves Choley Fakher Chaari Mohamed Haddar Maher Barkallah Jamel Louati Omar AyadiThis book gathers original findings, both theoretical and experimental, related to various cutting-edge topics in the design and modeling of mechatronic systems, including multiphysics problems. It presents peer-reviewed papers from the first installment of the Mechatronics 4.0 workshop, which was jointly organized by the Laboratory of Mechanics, Modeling and Manufacturing (LA2MP), National School of Engineers of Sfax, Tunisia, and the QUARTZ Laboratory, Higher Institute of Mechanics of Paris, SUPMECA, France. The event follows in the tradition of the Workshop on Mechatronic Systems (JSM2014), organized by the same universities, while shifting the focus to the concept of Industry 4.0. As this new type of industry is emerging as the convergence of the virtual world, digital design, and management with real-world products and objects, the chapters gathered here highlight recent work on mechatronics systems that are expected to help shape the industry of tomorrow. Thanks to a healthy balance of theory and practical findings, the book offers a timely snapshot for the research and industrial communities alike, as well as a bridge to facilitate communication and collaboration between the two groups.
Mechatronics – Industry-Inspired Advances (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1042)
by Adam Martowicz Michał Mańka Krzysztof MendrokThis book addresses the key aspects concerning the rapid development of mechatronics. It also helps to understand the respective great significance of cooperation between researchers and professionals. Mechatronics is crucial for many areas of life. However, its invaluable contribution is particularly seen in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). In response to the current issues in mechatronics, the 6th International Conference Mechatronics 2023: Ideas for Industrial Applications was organized from 11 to 13 December 2023 in Krakow, Poland. The following topics were discussed: artificial intelligence, robotics, image processing, software, control systems, space applications, modeling and identification of mechatronic systems, smart materials, and prototype construction with 3D printing. This book provides the solutions ready for implementation in industry. These solutions grew out of the ideas exchange between the Conference attendees representing various backgrounds.
Medical Biostatistics (Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series)
by Abhaya Indrayan Rajeev Kumar MalhotraEncyclopedic in breadth, yet practical and concise, Medical Biostatistics, Fourth Edition focuses on the statistical aspects ofmedicine with a medical perspective, showing the utility of biostatistics as a tool to manage many medical uncertainties. This edition includes more topics in order to fill gaps in the previous edition. Various topics have been enlarged and modified as per the new understanding of the subject.