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Parameterized Complexity in the Polynomial Hierarchy: Extending Parameterized Complexity Theory to Higher Levels of the Hierarchy (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11880)
by Ronald de HaanParameterized Complexity in the Polynomial Hierarchy was co-recipient of the E.W. Beth Dissertation Prize 2017 for outstanding dissertations in the fields of logic, language, and information. This work extends the theory of parameterized complexity to higher levels of the Polynomial Hierarchy (PH). For problems at higher levels of the PH, a promising solving approach is to develop fixed-parameter tractable reductions to SAT, and to subsequently use a SAT solving algorithm to solve the problem. In this dissertation, a theoretical toolbox is developed that can be used to classify in which cases this is possible. The use of this toolbox is illustrated by applying it to analyze a wide range of problems from various areas of computer science and artificial intelligence.
Parameterized and Exact Computation
by Marek Cygan Pinar HeggernesThis book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation, IPEC 2014, in Wroclaw, Poland, in September 2014. The 27 revised full papers presented together with one invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The topics addressed cover research in all aspects of parameterized/exact algorithms and complexity including but are not limited to new techniques for the design and analysis of parameterized and exact algorithms, fixed-parameter tractability results; parameterized complexity theory, relationship between parameterized complexity and traditional complexity classifications; applications of parameterized and exact exponential-time computation; and implementation issues of parameterized and exact exponential-time algorithms.
Parametric Array Loudspeakers: From Theory to Application
by Jun Yang Peifeng JiThis book highlights a comprehensive overview of research and technical advances related to parametric array loudspeakers (PALs), covering modeling and simulation, measurements, signal processing, beamsteering, and their implementations and applications. PALs that can achieve directional sound reproduction have received widespread attention from global researchers due to their advantages of narrow beam, highly directivity, and very small sidelobes. PALs have developed rapidly in theory and application and have been used in various commercial products. At present, PALs have become a research hotspot in the field of audio engineering. The book is a must-have guiding reference for researchers, professionals and graduate students who seek to conduct further research on PALs.
Parametric and Nonparametric Inference for Statistical Dynamic Shape Analysis with Applications
by Luigi Salmaso Chiara Brombin Lara Fontanella Luigi Ippoliti Caterina FusilliThis book considers specific inferential issues arising from the analysis of dynamic shapes with the attempt to solve the problems at hand using probability models and nonparametric tests. The models are simple to understand and interpret and provide a useful tool to describe the global dynamics of the landmark configurations. However, because of the non-Euclidean nature of shape spaces, distributions in shape spaces are not straightforward to obtain. The book explores the use of the Gaussian distribution in the configuration space, with similarity transformations integrated out. Specifically, it works with the offset-normal shape distribution as a probability model for statistical inference on a sample of a temporal sequence of landmark configurations. This enables inference for Gaussian processes from configurations onto the shape space. The book is divided in two parts, with the first three chapters covering material on the offset-normal shape distribution, and the remaining chapters covering the theory of NonParametric Combination (NPC) tests. The chapters offer a collection of applications which are bound together by the theme of this book. They refer to the analysis of data from the FG-NET (Face and Gesture Recognition Research Network) database with facial expressions. For these data, it may be desirable to provide a description of the dynamics of the expressions, or testing whether there is a difference between the dynamics of two facial expressions or testing which of the landmarks are more informative in explaining the pattern of an expression.
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics for Sample Surveys and Customer Satisfaction Data (SpringerBriefs in Statistics)
by Stefano Bonnini Livio Corain Luigi Salmaso Rosa Arboretti Eleonora Carrozzo Arne Bathke Paolo BordignonThis book deals with problems related to the evaluation of customer satisfaction in very different contexts and ways. Often satisfaction about a product or service is investigated through suitable surveys which try to capture the satisfaction about several partial aspects which characterize the perceived quality of that product or service. This book presents a series of statistical techniques adopted to analyze data from real situations where customer satisfaction surveys were performed.The aim is to give a simple guide of the variety of analysis that can be performed when analyzing data from sample surveys: starting from latent variable models to heterogeneity in satisfaction and also introducing some testing methods for comparing different customers. The book also discusses the construction of composite indicators including different benchmarks of satisfaction. Finally, some rank-based procedures for analyzing survey data are also shown.
Parents Without Papers: The Progress and Pitfalls of Mexican American Integration
by Frank D. Bean James D. Bachmeier Susan K. BrownFor several decades, Mexican immigrants in the United States have outnumbered those from any other country. Though the economy increasingly needs their labor, many remain unauthorized. In Parents Without Papers, immigration scholars Frank D. Bean, Susan K. Brown, and James D. Bachmeier document the extent to which the outsider status of these newcomers inflicts multiple hardships on their children and grandchildren. Parents Without Papers provides both a general conceptualization of immigrant integration and an in-depth examination of the Mexican American case. The authors draw upon unique retrospective data to shed light on three generations of integration. They show in particular that the “membership exclusion” experienced by unauthorized Mexican immigrants—that is, their fear of deportation, lack of civil rights, and poor access to good jobs—hinders the education of their children, even those who are U.S.-born. Moreover, they find that children are hampered not by the unauthorized entry of parents itself but rather by the long-term inability of parents, especially mothers, to acquire green cards. When unauthorized parents attain legal status, the disadvantages of the second generation begin to disappear. These second-generation men and women achieve schooling on par with those whose parents come legally. By the third generation, socioeconomic levels for women equal or surpass those of native white women. But men reach parity only through greater labor-force participation and longer working hours, results consistent with the idea that their integration is delayed by working-class imperatives to support their families rather than attend college. An innovative analysis of the transmission of advantage and disadvantage among Mexican Americans, Parents Without Papers presents a powerful case for immigration policy reforms that provide not only realistic levels of legal less-skilled migration but also attainable pathways to legalization. Such measures, combined with affordable access to college, are more important than ever for the integration of vulnerable Mexican immigrants and their descendants.
Pareto Distributions (Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability)
by Barry C. ArnoldSince the publication of the first edition over 30 years ago, the literature related to Pareto distributions has flourished to encompass computer-based inference methods. Pareto Distributions, Second Edition provides broad, up-to-date coverage of the Pareto model and its extensions. This edition expands several chapters to accommodate recent result
Paris-Princeton Lectures on Mathematical Finance 2013
by Dan Crisan Johannes Muhle-Karbe Colm Nee Konstantinos Manolarakis Philip Protter Fred Espen Benth Vicky Henderson Paolo Guasoni Ronnie SircarThe current volume presents four chapters touching on some of the most important and modern areas of research in Mathematical Finance: asset price bubbles (by Philip Protter); energy markets (by Fred Espen Benth); investment under transaction costs (by Paolo Guasoni and Johannes Muhle-Karbe); and numerical methods for solving stochastic equations (by Dan Crisan, K. Manolarakis and C. Nee).The Paris-Princeton Lecture Notes on Mathematical Finance, of which this is the fifth volume, publish cutting-edge research in self-contained, expository articles from renowned specialists. The aim is to produce a series of articles that can serve as an introductory reference source for research in the field.
Parkettierungen der Ebene: Von Escher Über Möbius Zu Penrose
by Ehrhard BehrendsZiel des Buches ist das Studium von Symmetrien und Parkettierungen, die Künstler und Mathematiker schon seit langer Zeit interessieren. Berühmte Beispiele sind die von den Arabern in der Alhambra geschaffenen Werke und die Bilder des holländischen Malers Maurits Escher. Die Mathematiker haben sich erst im 19. Jahrhundert des Themas intensiv angenommen. Dabei führt die Visualisierung der mathematischen Zusammenhänge zu sehr ansprechenden Bildern. Drei Ansätze werden in diesem Buch beschrieben. In Teil I wird dargestellt, dass es 17 prinzipiell verschiedene Möglichkeiten von Parkettierungen der Ebene gibt, die so genannten "Ebenen Kristallgruppen". Ergänzend dazu werden Ideen von Harald Heesch beschrieben, der zeigte, wie diese theoretischen Ergebnisse praktisch umgesetzt werden können: Er gab einen Katalog von 28 Verfahren an, die man selbst - sozusagen auf den Spuren von Escher - kreativ zur Schaffung künstlerisch anspruchsvoller Parkettierungen verwenden kann. Bei den entsprechenden Untersuchungen für die komplexe Ebene in Teil II werden Bewegungen durch bijektive holomorphe Abbildungen ersetzt. Das führt in die Theorie der Gruppen von Möbiustransformationen: Kleinsche Gruppen, Schottkygruppen usw. Dort gibt es auch interessante Verbindungen zur hyperbolischen Geometrie. Schließlich wird in Teil III noch ein dritter Aspekt des Themas behandelt, die Penroseparkettierungen. Dabei geht es um Ergebnisse aus den siebziger Jahren, als erstmals einfach zu beschreibende und beweisbar nichtperiodische Parkettierungen der Ebene angegeben wurden.
Partial Differential Equation Methods for Image Inpainting
by Carola-Bibiane SchönliebThis book is concerned with digital image processing techniques that use partial differential equations (PDE) for the task of image 'inpainting,' an artistic term for virtual image restoration or interpolation, whereby missing or occluded parts in images are completed based on information provided by intact parts. Computer graphic designers, artists and photographers have long used manual inpainting to restore damaged paintings or manipulate photographs. Today, mathematicians apply powerful methods based on PDE to automate this task. This book introduces the mathematical concept of PDE for virtual image restoration. It gives the full picture, from the first modelling steps originating in Gestalt theory and arts restoration to the analysis of resulting PDE models, numerical realisation and real world application. This broad approach also gives insight into functional analysis, variational calculus, optimisation and numerical analysis and will appeal to researchers and graduate students in mathematics with an interest in image processing and mathematical analysis.
Partial Differential Equations
by I. E. Leonard T. Hillen H. Van RoesselUniquely provides fully solved problems for linear partial differential equations and boundary value problems Partial Differential Equations: Theory and Completely Solved Problems utilizes real-world physical models alongside essential theoretical concepts. With extensive examples, the book guides readers through the use of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) for successfully solving and modeling phenomena in engineering, biology, and the applied sciences. The book focuses exclusively on linear PDEs and how they can be solved using the separation of variables technique. The authors begin by describing functions and their partial derivatives while also defining the concepts of elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic PDEs. Following an introduction to basic theory, subsequent chapters explore key topics including: * Classification of second-order linear PDEs * Derivation of heat, wave, and Laplace's equations * Fourier series * Separation of variables * Sturm-Liouville theory * Fourier transforms Each chapter concludes with summaries that outline key concepts. Readers are provided the opportunity to test their comprehension of the presented material through numerous problems, ranked by their level of complexity, and a related website features supplemental data and resources. Extensively class-tested to ensure an accessible presentation, Partial Differential Equations is an excellent book for engineering, mathematics, and applied science courses on the topic at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels.
Partial Differential Equations
by Jürgen JostThis book offers an ideal graduate-level introduction to the theory of partial differential equations. The first part of the book describes the basic mathematical problems and structures associated with elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic partial differential equations, and explores the connections between these fundamental types. Aspects of Brownian motion or pattern formation processes are also presented. The second part focuses on existence schemes and develops estimates for solutions of elliptic equations, such as Sobolev space theory, weak and strong solutions, Schauder estimates, and Moser iteration. In particular, the reader will learn the basic techniques underlying current research in elliptic partial differential equations. This revised and expanded third edition is enhanced with many additional examples that will help motivate the reader. New features include a reorganized and extended chapter on hyperbolic equations, as well as a new chapter on the relations between different types of partial differential equations, including first-order hyperbolic systems, Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations, viscosity solutions for elliptic PDEs, and much more. Also, the new edition contains additional material on systems of elliptic partial differential equations, and it explains in more detail how the Harnack inequality can be used for the regularity of solutions.
Partial Differential Equations
by Michael Shearer Rachel LevyThis textbook provides beginning graduate students and advanced undergraduates with an accessible introduction to the rich subject of partial differential equations (PDEs). It presents a rigorous and clear explanation of the more elementary theoretical aspects of PDEs, while also drawing connections to deeper analysis and applications. The book serves as a needed bridge between basic undergraduate texts and more advanced books that require a significant background in functional analysis.Topics include first order equations and the method of characteristics, second order linear equations, wave and heat equations, Laplace and Poisson equations, and separation of variables. The book also covers fundamental solutions, Green's functions and distributions, beginning functional analysis applied to elliptic PDEs, traveling wave solutions of selected parabolic PDEs, and scalar conservation laws and systems of hyperbolic PDEs.Provides an accessible yet rigorous introduction to partial differential equationsDraws connections to advanced topics in analysisCovers applications to continuum mechanicsAn electronic solutions manual is available only to professorsAn online illustration package is available to professors
Partial Differential Equations
by Prof. Avner FriedmanThis three-part treatment of partial differential equations focuses on elliptic and evolution equations. Largely self-contained, it concludes with a series of independent topics directly related to the methods and results of the preceding sections that helps introduce readers to advanced topics for further study. Geared toward graduate and postgraduate students of mathematics, this volume also constitutes a valuable reference for mathematicians and mathematical theorists.Starting with the theory of elliptic equations and the solution of the Dirichlet problem, the text develops the theory of weak derivatives, proves various inequalities and imbedding problems, and derives smoothness theorems. Part Two concerns evolution equations in Banach space and develops the theory of semigroups. It solves the initial-boundary value problem for parabolic equations and covers backward uniqueness, asymptotic behavior, and lower bounds at infinity. The final section includes independent topics directly related to the methods and results of the previous material, including the analyticity of solutions of elliptic and parabolic equations, asymptotic behavior of solutions of elliptic equations near infinity, and problems in the theory of control in Banach space.
Partial Differential Equations (Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics)
by Abdelmoujib Benkirane Abdelfattah TouzaniThis impressive compilation of the material presented at the International Conference on Partial Differential Equations held in Fez, Morocco, represents an integrated discussion of all major topics in the area of partial differential equations--highlighting recent progress and new trends for real-world applications.
Partial Differential Equations And Systems Not Solvable With Respect To The Highest-Order Derivative
by Gennadii V. Demidenko Stanislav V. UpsenskiiOffering in-depth analyses of current theories and approaches related to Sobolev-type equations and systems, this reference is the first to introduce a classification of equations and systems not solvable with respect to the highest order derivative, and it studies boundary value problems for these classes of equations. Presenting 2200 equations, t
Partial Differential Equations I: Basic Theory (Applied Mathematical Sciences #115)
by Michael E. TaylorThe first of three volumes on partial differential equations, this one introduces basic examples arising in continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, complex analysis and other areas, and develops a number of tools for their solution, in particular Fourier analysis, distribution theory, and Sobolev spaces. These tools are then applied to the treatment of basic problems in linear PDE, including the Laplace equation, heat equation, and wave equation, as well as more general elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic equations.The book is targeted at graduate students in mathematics and at professional mathematicians with an interest in partial differential equations, mathematical physics, differential geometry, harmonic analysis, and complex analysis.
Partial Differential Equations II: Qualitative Studies of Linear Equations (Applied Mathematical Sciences #116)
by Michael E. TaylorThis second in the series of three volumes builds upon the basic theory of linear PDE given in volume 1, and pursues more advanced topics. Analytical tools introduced here include pseudodifferential operators, the functional analysis of self-adjoint operators, and Wiener measure. The book also develops basic differential geometrical concepts, centred about curvature. Topics covered include spectral theory of elliptic differential operators, the theory of scattering of waves by obstacles, index theory for Dirac operators, and Brownian motion and diffusion.
Partial Differential Equations III: Nonlinear Equations (Applied Mathematical Sciences #117)
by Michael E. TaylorThe third of three volumes on partial differential equations, this is devoted to nonlinear PDE. It treats a number of equations of classical continuum mechanics, including relativistic versions, as well as various equations arising in differential geometry, such as in the study of minimal surfaces, isometric imbedding, conformal deformation, harmonic maps, and prescribed Gauss curvature. In addition, some nonlinear diffusion problems are studied. It also introduces such analytical tools as the theory of L Sobolev spaces, H lder spaces, Hardy spaces, and Morrey spaces, and also a development of Calderon-Zygmund theory and paradifferential operator calculus. The book is aimed at graduate students in mathematics, and at professional mathematicians with an interest in partial differential equations, mathematical physics, differential geometry, harmonic analysis and complex analysis
Partial Differential Equations On Multistructures
by Serge Nicaise Felix An Mehmeti Joachim Von BelowThis text is based on lectures presented at the International Conference on Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) on Multistructures, held in Luminy, France. It contains advances in the field, compiling research on the analyses and applications of multistructures - including treatments of classical theories, specific characterizations and modellings of multistructures, and discussions on uses in physics, electronics, and biology.
Partial Differential Equations and Complex Analysis (Studies in Advanced Mathematics #6)
by Steven G. KrantzEver since the groundbreaking work of J.J. Kohn in the early 1960s, there has been a significant interaction between the theory of partial differential equations and the function theory of several complex variables. Partial Differential Equations and Complex Analysis explores the background and plumbs the depths of this symbiosis. The book is an excellent introduction to a variety of topics and presents many of the basic elements of linear partial differential equations in the context of how they are applied to the study of complex analysis. The author treats the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for elliptic equations and the related Schauder regularity theory, and examines how those results apply to the boundary regularity of biholomorphic mappings. He studies the ?-Neumann problem, then considers applications to the complex function theory of several variables and to the Bergman projection.
Partial Differential Equations and Geometric Measure Theory: Cetraro, Italy 2014 (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2211)
by Enrico Valdinoci Alessio Figalli Ireneo Peral Enrico ValdinociAlberto FarinaThis book collects together lectures by some of the leaders in the field of partial differential equations and geometric measure theory. It features a wide variety of research topics in which a crucial role is played by the interaction of fine analytic techniques and deep geometric observations, combining the intuitive and geometric aspects of mathematics with analytical ideas and variational methods. The problems addressed are challenging and complex, and often require the use of several refined techniques to overcome the major difficulties encountered. The lectures, given during the course "Partial Differential Equations and Geometric Measure Theory'' in Cetraro, June 2–7, 2014, should help to encourage further research in the area. The enthusiasm of the speakers and the participants of this CIME course is reflected in the text.
Partial Differential Equations and Mathematica
by Prem K. Kythe Michael R. Schäferkotter Pratap PuriEarly training in the elementary techniques of partial differential equations is invaluable to students in engineering and the sciences as well as mathematics. However, to be effective, an undergraduate introduction must be carefully designed to be challenging, yet still reasonable in its demands. Judging from the first edition's popularity, instructors and students agree that despite the subject's complexity, it can be made fairly easy to understand. Revised and updated to reflect the latest version of Mathematica, Partial Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems with Mathematica, Second Edition meets the needs of mathematics, science, and engineering students even better. While retaining systematic coverage of theory and applications, the authors have made extensive changes that improve the text's accessibility, thoroughness, and practicality.New in this edition:Upgraded and expanded Mathematica sections that include more exercises An entire chapter on boundary value problems More on inverse operators, Legendre functions, and Bessel functions Simplified treatment of Green's functions that make it more accessible to undergraduates A section on the numerical computation of Green's functions Mathemcatica codes for solving most of the problems discussed Boundary value problems from continuum mechanics, particularly on boundary layers and fluctuating flows Wave propagation and dispersionWith its emphasis firmly on solution methods, this book is ideal for any mathematics curricula. It succeeds not only in preparing readers to meet the challenge of PDEs, but also in imparting the inherent beauty and applicability of the subject.
Partial Differential Equations for Mathematical Physicists
by Bijan Kumar BagchiPartial Differential Equations for Mathematical Physicists is intended for graduate students, researchers of theoretical physics and applied mathematics, and professionals who want to take a course in partial differential equations. This book offers the essentials of the subject with the prerequisite being only an elementary knowledge of introductory calculus, ordinary differential equations, and certain aspects of classical mechanics. We have stressed more the methodologies of partial differential equations and how they can be implemented as tools for extracting their solutions rather than dwelling on the foundational aspects. After covering some basic material, the book proceeds to focus mostly on the three main types of second order linear equations, namely those belonging to the elliptic, hyperbolic, and parabolic classes. For such equations a detailed treatment is given of the derivation of Green's functions, and of the roles of characteristics and techniques required in handling the solutions with the expected amount of rigor. In this regard we have discussed at length the method of separation variables, application of Green's function technique, and employment of Fourier and Laplace's transforms. Also collected in the appendices are some useful results from the Dirac delta function, Fourier transform, and Laplace transform meant to be used as supplementary materials to the text. A good number of problems is worked out and an equally large number of exercises has been appended at the end of each chapter keeping in mind the needs of the students. It is expected that this book will provide a systematic and unitary coverage of the basics of partial differential equations. Key Features An adequate and substantive exposition of the subject. Covers a wide range of important topics. Maintains mathematical rigor throughout. Organizes materials in a self-contained way with each chapter ending with a summary. Contains a large number of worked out problems.
Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers
by Stanley J. FarlowMost physical phenomena, whether in the domain of fluid dynamics, electricity, magnetism, mechanics, optics, or heat flow, can be described in general by partial differential equations. Indeed, such equations are crucial to mathematical physics. Although simplifications can be made that reduce these equations to ordinary differential equations, nevertheless the complete description of physical systems resides in the general area of partial differential equations.This highly useful text shows the reader how to formulate a partial differential equation from the physical problem (constructing the mathematical model) and how to solve the equation (along with initial and boundary conditions). Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as professionals working in the applied sciences, this clearly written book offers realistic, practical coverage of diffusion-type problems, hyperbolic-type problems, elliptic-type problems, and numerical and approximate methods. Each chapter contains a selection of relevant problems (answers are provided) and suggestions for further reading.