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The Secrets of Triangles
by Alfred S. PosamentierRequiring no more than a knowledge of high school mathematics and written in clear and accessible language, this book will give all readers a new insight into some of the most enjoyable and fascinating aspects of geometry. Everyone knows what a triangle is, yet very few people appreciate that the common three-sided figure holds many intriguing "secrets." For example, if a circle is inscribed in any random triangle and then three lines are drawn from the three points of tangency to the opposite vertices of the triangle, these lines will always meet at a common point-no matter what the shape of the triangle. This and many more interesting geometrical properties are revealed in this entertaining and illuminating book about geometry. Flying in the face of the common impression that mathematics is usually dry and intimidating, this book proves that this sometimes-daunting, abstract discipline can be both fun and intellectually stimulating. The authors, two veteran math educators, explore the multitude of surprising relationships connected with triangles and show some clever approaches to constructing triangles using a straightedge and a compass. Readers will learn how they can improve their problem-solving skills by performing these triangle constructions. The lines, points, and circles related to triangles harbor countless surprising relationships that are presented here in a very engaging fashion.
Secular Cycles
by Peter Turchin Sergey A. NefedovMany historical processes exhibit recurrent patterns of change. Century-long periods of population expansion come before long periods of stagnation and decline; the dynamics of prices mirror population oscillations; and states go through strong expansionist phases followed by periods of state failure, endemic sociopolitical instability, and territorial loss. Peter Turchin and Sergey Nefedov explore the dynamics and causal connections between such demographic, economic, and political variables in agrarian societies and offer detailed explanations for these long-term oscillations--what the authors call secular cycles. Secular Cycles elaborates and expands upon the demographic-structural theory first advanced by Jack Goldstone, which provides an explanation of long-term oscillations. This book tests that theory's specific and quantitative predictions by tracing the dynamics of population numbers, prices and real wages, elite numbers and incomes, state finances, and sociopolitical instability. Turchin and Nefedov study societies in England, France, and Russia during the medieval and early modern periods, and look back at the Roman Republic and Empire. Incorporating theoretical and quantitative history, the authors examine a specific model of historical change and, more generally, investigate the utility of the dynamical systems approach in historical applications. An indispensable and groundbreaking resource for a wide variety of social scientists, Secular Cycles will interest practitioners of economic history, historical sociology, complexity studies, and demography.
Secure Networked Inference with Unreliable Data Sources
by Pramod K. Varshney Bhavya Kailkhura Aditya VempatyThe book presents theory and algorithms for secure networked inference in the presence of Byzantines. It derives fundamental limits of networked inference in the presence of Byzantine data and designs robust strategies to ensure reliable performance for several practical network architectures. In particular, it addresses inference (or learning) processes such as detection, estimation or classification, and parallel, hierarchical, and fully decentralized (peer-to-peer) system architectures. Furthermore, it discusses a number of new directions and heuristics to tackle the problem of design complexity in these practical network architectures for inference.
Security and Environmental Sustainability of Multimodal Transport
by Solmaz Haji Hosseinloo Michael Bell Urszula KanturskaThis book is the result of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop which was held at Imperial College London in January 2009. It features contributions from a range of international experts covering topics related to the transport of hazardous materials, such as routeing and scheduling, risk assessment, security, and social and environmental exposure. There is also a broad look at the implications of climate change for transport. This unique resource offers a deep understanding of hazardous material transportation and concomitant security and environmental problems. The risks involved in the transport of dangerous goods are shown to arise mainly from the location of the sources and destinations as well as the timing of deliveries. Environmental concerns, including the implications of climate change for transport, provide a useful context for the more analytical material. The book is timely and topical as the subjects covered have become a focus for public concern in recent years, due in part to terrorist attacks on transport systems. This comprehensive reference provides examples from around the world, illustrating the diversity of regulations which apply to the handling and transport of dangerous goods. It also provides interesting insights into the global energy supply chain and describes on-going work on establishing network vulnerability.
Security and Privacy in Cyberspace (Blockchain Technologies)
by Omprakash Kaiwartya Keshav Kaushik Sachin Kumar Gupta Ashutosh Mishra Manoj KumarThis book highlights the literature and the practical aspects to understand cybersecurity and privacy in various networks and communication devices. It provides details of emerging technologies on various networks by protecting the privacy and security of cyberspace. This book presents state-of-the-art advances in the field of cryptography and network security, cybersecurity and privacy, providing a good reference for professionals and researchers.
Security and Trust Management: 20th International Workshop, STM 2024, Bydgoszcz, Poland, September 19–20, 2024, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #15235)
by Fabio Martinelli Ruben RiosThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Security and Trust Management (ERCIM STM 2024), held in Bydgoszcz, Poland, during September 19–20, 2024 and co-located with ESORICS 2024 conference. The 6 full papers and 4 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Trust, Anonymity and Identity; Cryptography, Secure Computation and Formal Methods; Operating Systems and Application Security.
Security for Software Engineers
by James N. HelfrichSecurity for Software Engineers is designed to introduce security concepts to undergraduate software engineering students. The book is divided into four units, each targeting activities that a software engineer will likely be involved in within industry. The book explores the key areas of attack vectors, code hardening, privacy, and social engineering. Each topic is explored from a theoretical and a practical-application standpoint. Features: <P><P> Targets software engineering students - one of the only security texts to target this audience. <P><P> Focuses on the white-hat side of the security equation rather than the black-hat side. <P><P> Includes many practical and real-world examples that easily translate into the workplace. <P><P> Covers a one-semester undergraduate course. <P><P> Describes all aspects of computer security as it pertains to the job of a software engineer and presents problems similar to that which an engineer will encounter in the industry. <P><P> This text will equip students to make knowledgeable security decisions, be productive members of a security review team, and write code that protects a user’s information assets.
Security Framework and Defense Mechanisms for IoT Reactive Jamming Attacks (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #548)
by Alvaro Rocha Fadele Ayotunde AlabaThis book digs into the important confluence of cybersecurity and big data, providing insights into the ever-changing environment of cyber threats and solutions to protect these enormous databases. In the modern digital era, large amounts of data have evolved into the vital organs of businesses, providing the impetus for decision-making, creativity, and a competitive edge. Cyberattacks pose a persistent danger to this important resource since they can result in data breaches, financial losses, and harm to an organization's brand. Features of particular interest include: a. Understanding the Threat Landscape: The book gives a complete review of the many different types of cyber threats that target big data, including data breaches, ransomware attacks, and insider threats. b. Analysing Real-World Case Studies: The purpose of this section is to provide the reader with useful insights into the strategies, methods, and processes that cyber adversaries use via the in-depth examination of real-world assaults on big data. c. Strategies for Risk Mitigation: This book provides a comprehensive and actionable approach to reducing the dangers of cyberattacks on large amounts of data. It encompasses a broad variety of tactics, including network protection, encoding, and access restrictions d. Emerging Technologies: This section introduces readers to cutting-edge technologies and best practices for securing large data. e. Compliance with Regulations: The book examines the regulatory environment that governs data protection and privacy, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and industry-specific requirements. f. Trends of the Future: This book covers current trends and issues in cybersecurity and gives forward-looking views into the future of big data security. This is done in recognition that the cybersecurity environment is always shifting and developing. g. Contributors of Expertise: The book includes contributions from industry practitioners, data scientists, and cybersecurity specialists who have hands-on experience defending large data settings.
Security Management for Industrial Safety Critical Applications: A Practical Approach (Asset Analytics)
by Lalit Kumar Singh Pooja Singh Raj Kamal Kaur Ajit K. VermaThe book introduces dependability (security metric) ideas, gives a general overview of the security analysis of Safety-Critical Systems (SCSs), explains why the study is necessary and defines key terms relevant to this research. It makes an effort to emphasize the significance of security in comparison to other dependability indicators and illustrates the key drivers of this research's purpose. The mathematical foundation of the security analysis process is briefly illustrated, and key mathematical terminology and concepts are presented that are crucial for the security evaluation of critical systems. This book's objective is to provide a thorough understanding of the security analysis process. It will be a research-focused book designed for undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral courses in software and cyber security. The fundamentals of reliability, security, metrics, and mathematical foundation have been covered in this book. Each technique's actual applications, along with benefits and drawbacks, are also shown. Applying each technique to the various case studies serves as a demonstration of how it works. By using the many case studies of safety-critical systems, the students can also learn different analysis approaches and how to model them. Students will be able to use these tools, in particular, on a case study of their choice to analyze system security. The book includes a comparison of various strategies and appropriate recommendations for further reading on these subjects. Moreover, this book's target audience includes software professionals who are interested in security analysis.
Security Risk Models for Cyber Insurance
by David Rios Insua Caroline Baylon Jose VilaTackling the cybersecurity challenge is a matter of survival for society at large. Cyber attacks are rapidly increasing in sophistication and magnitude—and in their destructive potential. New threats emerge regularly, the last few years having seen a ransomware boom and distributed denial-of-service attacks leveraging the Internet of Things. For organisations, the use of cybersecurity risk management is essential in order to manage these threats. Yet current frameworks have drawbacks which can lead to the suboptimal allocation of cybersecurity resources. Cyber insurance has been touted as part of the solution – based on the idea that insurers can incentivize companies to improve their cybersecurity by offering premium discounts – but cyber insurance levels remain limited. This is because companies have difficulty determining which cyber insurance products to purchase, and insurance companies struggle to accurately assess cyber risk and thus develop cyber insurance products. To deal with these challenges, this volume presents new models for cybersecurity risk management, partly based on the use of cyber insurance. It contains: A set of mathematical models for cybersecurity risk management, including (i) a model to assist companies in determining their optimal budget allocation between security products and cyber insurance and (ii) a model to assist insurers in designing cyber insurance products. The models use adversarial risk analysis to account for the behavior of threat actors (as well as the behavior of companies and insurers). To inform these models, we draw on psychological and behavioural economics studies of decision-making by individuals regarding cybersecurity and cyber insurance. We also draw on organizational decision-making studies involving cybersecurity and cyber insurance. Its theoretical and methodological findings will appeal to researchers across a wide range of cybersecurity-related disciplines including risk and decision analysis, analytics, technology management, actuarial sciences, behavioural sciences, and economics. The practical findings will help cybersecurity professionals and insurers enhance cybersecurity and cyber insurance, thus benefiting society as a whole. This book grew out of a two-year European Union-funded project under Horizons 2020, called CYBECO (Supporting Cyber Insurance from a Behavioral Choice Perspective).
Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology (Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health)
by Michael F. Leitzmann Carmen Jochem Daniela SchmidThis book addresses the origins, determinants and magnitude of the global problem of sedentary behaviour, along with concise yet in-depth solutions for tackling it. As a consequence of major technological advances in modern society, many people find themselves in environments characterized by prolonged sedentary behaviour. Building on the contributions of leading experts in the field, the new edition of this book presents updated knowledge about sedentary behaviour, its medical and public health significance, its correlates and determinants, measurement techniques, and recommendations for addressing this behaviour at the individual, community, environmental, and policy level. The book encompasses current research linking the COVID-19 pandemic to increased levels of sedentary behavior, and it covers global and planetary health aspects of sedentary behavior, highlighting sustainable development goals such as health and well-being for all. Applying a cross-disciplinary methodology, the book avoids considering physical activity and sedentary behavior as a single continuum, which potentially hampers progress in confronting widespread levels of sedentariness. Rather, the book helps readers better understand how sedentary and physically active behavior co-occur and how the two behaviours have distinct contributing factors. Building on the contributions of distinguished international experts in the field, this thorough resource is a valuable asset and challenges professionals, researchers, students, and practitioners alike to adopt new strategies and expand their reach.
See Ya Later Calculator: Simple Math Tricks You Can Do in Your Head
by Editors of Portable PressThe math book for anyone who thinks they hate math, full of easy, entertaining and practical tricks for mentally solving problems in seconds.No matter how much you might try to avoid numbers, we all use math every day to calculate a tip, figure out an interest rate, or estimate the cost of the groceries in your cart. But the good news is, math can be easy—and even fun—if you know how to do it all in your head.With these simple and downright magical math tricks, you can do everyday math faster than it takes to dig out your phone and find the calculator app. Step-by-step and easy-to-memorize directions show more than 125 math operations anyone can do in their head.Plus, it features do-it-yourself math projects, puzzles, and a bonus section for advanced mathophiles. Get ready to tackle problems such as . . .• How to easily square any number • How to add three-digit numbers • How to use a mirror to measure the height of a building • How to make a ruler out of a dollar bill • How to use geometry to paint walls, cut floor tiling, and do other home renovations • How to subtract numbers . . . by adding And lots more . . . No calculator required.
Seeing Symmetry
by Amy TaoJoin us as we go on a journey into the world of symmetry! Learn about the wonders of line symmetry—or reflection—as you create mirror images and watch how rotational symmetry works in this brief peek into this area of geometry.
Seeing Through Statistics (Fourth Edition)
by Jessica M. UttsDevelops statistical literacy and critical thinking through real-world applications, with an emphasis on ideas, not calculations. This text focuses on the key concepts that educated citizens need to know about statistics.
Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations Models: Estimation and Inference
by Virendera K. Srivastava David E.A. GilesThis book brings together the scattered literature associated with the seemingly unrelated regression equations (SURE) model used by econometricians and others. It focuses on the theoretical statistical results associated with the SURE model.
Segregation
by Eric Fong Kumiko Shibuya Brent BerrySegregation is one of the starkest social realities of contemporary societies. Though often associated with explicitly racist laws of the past, it is a phenomenon that persists to this day and is a crucial element for understanding group relations and the wellbeing of different populations in society. In this book, Eric Fong and Kumiko Shibuya provide a thorough discussion of the evolving complexity of segregation in all its variety and variations. The authors focus not only on past trends and the development of segregation measures, but also the current state of affairs, and demonstrate the connections between the segregation of racial/ethnic groups, immigrant communities, and schools, along with poverty concentration. By taking a wide, cross-cutting view, the authors identify commonalities and differences in the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of segregation. Spatial and social segregation together perpetuate and reinforce the unequal distribution of resources among racial and ethnic groups, which in turn can have positive and negative consequences for individuals and groups. This critical overview of segregation will be a valuable and insightful resource for students of sociology, geography, and ethnic studies, as well as those keen to get a handle on this persistent challenge to equal and inclusive societies.
Sehbeeinträchtigung im Alter: Alltagserleben, Rehabilitation und Motivation (Blinden- und Sehbehindertenpädagogik im Kontext Lebenslangen Lernens)
by Sabine Lauber-Pohle Alexander SeifertSehbeeinträchtigungen im Alter zu erfahren, gehört für zunehmend mehr Menschen zu einer herausfordernden Alltagssituation. Das Buch nimmt sich dieser Lebenssituation der Seniorinnen und Senioren an und diskutiert anhand von theoretischen, empirischen und praxisevaluierenden Beiträgen die Vielfalt der sinnesbeeinträchtigenden Herausforderung im Alltag der älteren Menschen. Mit dem Buch präsentieren Expertinnen und Experten aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum ihre Forschungsergebnisse und beschreiben ihre Beratungsprojekte. Sie liefern so einen Fundus für die praktische Arbeit mit älteren Menschen.
Seismic Imaging and Inversion
by Robert H. Stolt Arthur B. WegleinExtracting information from seismic data requires knowledge of seismic wave propagation and reflection. The commonly used method involves solving linearly for a reflectivity at every point within the Earth, but this book follows an alternative approach which invokes inverse scattering theory. By developing the theory of seismic imaging from basic principles, the authors relate the different models of seismic propagation, reflection and imaging - thus providing links to reflectivity-based imaging on the one hand and to nonlinear seismic inversion on the other. The comprehensive and physically complete linear imaging foundation developed presents new results at the leading edge of seismic processing for target location and identification. This book serves as a fundamental guide to seismic imaging principles and algorithms and their foundation in inverse scattering theory and is a valuable resource for working geoscientists, scientific programmers and theoretical physicists.
Seismic Performance Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams (Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China #57)
by Gaohui Wang Wenbo Lu Sherong ZhangThis book evaluates the seismic performance of concrete gravity dams, considering the effects of strong motion duration, mainshock-aftershock seismic sequence, and near-fault ground motion. It employs both the extended finite element method (XFEM) and concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) models to characterize the mechanical behavior of concrete gravity dams under strong ground motions, including the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. In addition, it discusses the effects of the initial crack, earthquake direction, and cross-stream seismic excitation on the nonlinear dynamic response to strong ground motions, and on the damage-cracking risk of concrete gravity dams.This book provides a theoretical basis for the seismic performance evaluation of high dams, and can also be used as a reference resource for researchers and graduate students engaged in the seismic design of high dams.
Seismic Waves in Soil Layers: Soil Behaviour During Recent Strong Earthquakes
by Olga V. PavlenkoThis book describes recent studies of soil behaviour in strong ground motion – one of the most important and problematic issues in engineering seismology. Destructive earthquakes worldwide show us the damage of structures located on soil foundations; therefore, reliable and adequate estimations of in situ soil behaviour during strong motion are needed. The effects of soil response proved to be more complicated and diverse than we thought previously. Additionally to well-known amplification of seismic waves in near-surface softer layers, resonant phenomena and nonlinearity of soil response, during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, we observed soil hardening and generation of abnormally high accelerations. The author suggests a method for studying these effects in situ, to forecast soil behaviour in future earthquakes. The method is based on processing records of seismic vertical arrays, which are widely developed in the world and should help us in understanding soil response during earthquakes.The book is addressed to a wide range of seismologists, geotechnical earthquake engineers and physicists.
Seitenwege in der Mathematikgeschichte: Potentiale und Grenzen alternativer Zugänge
by Christoph KirfelIn diesem Buch werden Methoden aus der Geschichte der Mathematik dargestellt, die nicht zu Standardmethoden geworden sind oder es gar bis in klassische Schulbücher geschafft haben. Diese alternativen Zugänge waren oftmals zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Entstehung aktuell und im Gespräch, haben dann aber gegenüber den heutigen Standardmethoden an Aufmerksamkeit verloren und sind schließlich in Vergessenheit geraten. Oftmals enthalten diese Methoden noch ein ungenutztes Potential: Es lohnt sich, sie weiterzuentwickeln und zu entdecken, wo genau sich ihre Grenzen befinden. Das Buch möchte insbesondere angehenden Lehrkräften einen Blick über die üblichen Lehrinhalte hinaus ermöglichen und inhaltliche Anregungen für die Arbeit mit interessierten und begabten Schülerinnen und Schülern liefern. Archimedes etwa entwickelte eine Methode zur Berechnung des Flächeninhaltes eines Parabelsegmentes, die gewissermaßen ein Stück der Integralrechnung vorwegnimmt. Archimedes' Methode entwickelte sich aber nicht zur Standardmethode, wie man sie in heutigen Lehrbüchern wiederfindet. Dort findet man stattdessen die Methoden, die von Newton und Leibnitz entworfen wurden. Dieses Buch entwickelt die Archimedische Methode weiter und zeigt ihr „Restpotential“ auf: Andere Kurven, nicht nur Parabeln, lassen sich ähnlich angreifen und es ist interessant und lehrreich zu sehen, wie weit sich Archimedes' Methode entwickeln lässt und wo sie dann letztlich an ihre Grenzen stößt.
Selberg Zeta Functions and Transfer Operators
by Markus Szymon FraczekThis book presents a method for evaluating Selberg zeta functions via transfer operators for the full modular group and its congruence subgroups with characters. Studying zeros of Selberg zeta functions for character deformations allows us to access the discrete spectra and resonances of hyperbolic Laplacians under both singular and non-singular perturbations. Areas in which the theory has not yet been sufficiently developed, such as the spectral theory of transfer operators or the singular perturbation theory of hyperbolic Laplacians, will profit from the numerical experiments discussed in this book. Detailed descriptions of numerical approaches to the spectra and eigenfunctions of transfer operators and to computations of Selberg zeta functions will be of value to researchers active in analysis, while those researchers focusing more on numerical aspects will benefit from discussions of the analytic theory, in particular those concerning the transfer operator method and the spectral theory of hyperbolic spaces.
Selbstbestimmter Tourismus am Beispiel der Kanarischen Inseln: Abhängigkeiten reduzieren – Zielkonflikte entschärfen – Diversifikation ermöglichen
by Harald Pechlaner Christian Eckert Antonio Garzón Beckmann Valentin Herbold Werner SülbergDie Kanarischen Inseln, deren Topographie stets herausfordernd für eine wettbewerbsfähige Tourismusstrategie war, dienen als Fallstudie zur Transformation hin zu einem nachhaltigen Tourismusmodell samt den damit verbundenen strategischen Herausforderungen und Zielkonflikten. Als Spiegelbild der Entwicklung des Reisens in den europäischen Ländern stehen die Kanaren für sich verändernde Lebensstile der Quellmärkte sowie für die Entwicklung und den Wandel des Reiseveranstalterwesens. Selbstbestimmter Tourismus bedeutet, eine bewusste Entscheidung für Zukunftsszenarien der Inseln zu entwickeln und abgestimmt zu sein zwischen Unternehmertum, Politik und Wissenschaft, um gemeinsam mit den nationalen und internationalen Reiseunternehmen geeignete Strategien zum Wohle des gesamten Tourismus-Netzwerkes „Kanarische Inseln“ zu finden.
Selbstwirksamkeit, Leistung und Calibration in Mathematik: Eine Studie zum Einfluss von Aufgabenmerkmalen und Feedback zu Studienbeginn (Studien zur Hochschuldidaktik und zum Lehren und Lernen mit digitalen Medien in der Mathematik und in der Statistik)
by Angela LagingDie vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Problem der Selbsteinschätzung, insbesondere Überschätzung, in Mathematik bei Studienanfängerinnen. Die quantitative Studie untersucht den Einfluss von Aufgabenmerkmalen und Feedback auf die mathematische Leistung, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und Calibration bei Studienanfänger/innen wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Studiengänge. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass vor allem Aufgabenmerkmale wie die curriculare Wissensstufe und der Bearbeitungsumfang die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und die tatsächlich erbrachte Leistung auf unterschiedliche Weise beeinflussen. Innerhalb des ersten Studiensemesters verändern sich bei der untersuchten Kohorte Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und Leistung, wodurch eine deutliche Reduzierung der Selbstüberschätzung erreicht wurde. Inwieweit das Feedback dazu beigetragen hat, kann methodisch bedingt nicht eindeutig festgestellt werden. Die Autorin Angela Laging ist Lehrerin für Mathematik und Kunst an einem Gymnasium.
Select Topics in Signal Analysis
by Harish ParthasarathyThis book developed from a course given by the author to undergraduate and postgraduate students. It takes up Matrix Theory, Antenna Theory, and Probability Theory in detail. The first chapter on matrix theory discusses in reasonable depth the theory of Lie Algebras leading upto Cartan’s Classification Theory. It also discusses some basic elements of Functional Analysis and Operator Theory in infinite dimensional Banach and Hilbert spaces. The second chapter discusses Basic Probability Theory and the topics discussed find applications to Stochastic Filtering Theory for differential equations driven by white Gaussian noise. The third chapter is on Antenna Theory with a focus on Modern Quantum Antenna Theory. The book will be a valuable resource to students and early career researchers in the field of Mathametical Physics.