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Tensor Calculus for Physics: A Concise Guide

by Dwight E. Neuenschwander

Using a clear, step-by-step approach, this book explains one of the more difficult—yet crucial—topics in physics.Understanding tensors is essential for any physics student dealing with phenomena where causes and effects have different directions. A horizontal electric field producing vertical polarization in dielectrics; an unbalanced car wheel wobbling in the vertical plane while spinning about a horizontal axis; an electrostatic field on Earth observed to be a magnetic field by orbiting astronauts—these are some situations where physicists employ tensors. But the true beauty of tensors lies in this fact: When coordinates are transformed from one system to another, tensors change according to the same rules as the coordinates. Tensors, therefore, allow for the convenience of coordinates while also transcending them. This makes tensors the gold standard for expressing physical relationships in physics and geometry. Undergraduate physics majors are typically introduced to tensors in special-case applications. For example, in a classical mechanics course, they meet the "inertia tensor," and in electricity and magnetism, they encounter the "polarization tensor." However, this piecemeal approach can set students up for misconceptions when they have to learn about tensors in more advanced physics and mathematics studies (e.g., while enrolled in a graduate-level general relativity course or when studying non-Euclidean geometries in a higher mathematics class). Dwight E. Neuenschwander's Tensor Calculus for Physics is a bottom-up approach that emphasizes motivations before providing definitions. Using a clear, step-by-step approach, the book strives to embed the logic of tensors in contexts that demonstrate why that logic is worth pursuing. It is an ideal companion for courses such as mathematical methods of physics, classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and relativity.

Tensor Categories and Endomorphisms of von Neumann Algebras

by Marcel Bischoff Yasuyuki Kawahigashi Roberto Longo Karl-Henning Rehren

C* tensor categories are a point of contact where Operator Algebras and Quantum Field Theory meet. They are the underlying unifying concept for homomorphisms of (properly infinite) von Neumann algebras and representations of quantum observables. The present introductory text reviews the basic notions and their cross-relations in different contexts. The focus is on Q-systems that serve as complete invariants, both for subfactors and for extensions of quantum field theory models. It proceeds with various operations on Q-systems (several decompositions, the mirror Q-system, braided product, centre and full centre of Q-systems) some of which are defined only in the presence of a braiding. The last chapter gives a brief exposition of the relevance of the mathematical structures presented in the main body for applications in Quantum Field Theory (in particular two-dimensional Conformal Field Theory, also with boundaries or defects).

Tensor Eigenvalues and Their Applications (Advances in Mechanics and Mathematics #39)

by Liqun Qi Haibin Chen Yannan Chen

This book offers an introduction to applications prompted by tensor analysis, especially by the spectral tensor theory developed in recent years. It covers applications of tensor eigenvalues in multilinear systems, exponential data fitting, tensor complementarity problems, and tensor eigenvalue complementarity problems. It also addresses higher-order diffusion tensor imaging, third-order symmetric and traceless tensors in liquid crystals, piezoelectric tensors, strong ellipticity for elasticity tensors, and higher-order tensors in quantum physics. This book is a valuable reference resource for researchers and graduate students who are interested in applications of tensor eigenvalues.

Tensor Methods in Statistics: Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability

by P. McCullagh

This book provides a systematic development of tensor methods in statistics, beginning with the study of multivariate moments and cumulants. The effect on moment arrays and on cumulant arrays of making linear or affine transformations of the variables is studied. Because of their importance in statistical theory, invariant functions of the cumulants are studied in some detail. This is followed by an examination of the effect of making a polynomial transformation of the original variables. The fundamental operation of summing over complementary set partitions is introduced at this stage. This operation shapes the notation and pervades much of the remainder of the book. The necessary lattice-theory is discussed and suitable tables of complementary set partitions are provided. Subsequent chapters deal with asymptotic approximations based on Edgeworth expansion and saddlepoint expansion. The saddlepoint expansion is introduced via the Legendre transformation of the cumulant generating function, also known as the conjugate function of the cumulant generating function. A recurring them is that, with suitably chosen notation, multivariate calculations are often simpler and more transparent than the corresponding univariate calculations. The final two chapters deal with likelihood ratio statistics, maximum likelihood estimation and the effect on inferences of conditioning on ancillary or approximately ancillary statistics. The Bartlett adjustment factor is derived in the general case and simplified for certain types of generalized linear models. Finally, Barndorff-Nielsen's formula for the conditional distribution of the maximum liklelihood estimator is derived and discussed. More than 200 Exercises are provided to illustrate the uses of tensor methodology.

Tensor Methods in Statistics: Second Edition

by Peter McCullagh

A pioneering monograph on tensor methods applied to distributional problems arising in statistics, this work constitutes a valuable reference for graduate students and professional statisticians. Prerequisites include some knowledge of linear algebra, eigenvalue decompositions, and linear models as well as likelihood functions and likelihood ratio statistics. Index notation is the favored mode of expression throughout the book. The first chapter introduces a number of aspects of index notation, groups, invariants, and tensor calculus, with examples drawn from linear algebra, physics, and statistics. Subsequent chapters form the core of the text, addressing moments, cumulants, and invariants. Additional topics include sample cumulants, Edgeworth series, saddlepoint approximation, likelihood functions, and ancillary statistics. More than 200 exercises form an integral part of the text.

Tensor Network Contractions: Methods and Applications to Quantum Many-Body Systems (Lecture Notes in Physics #964)

by Xi Chen Gang Su Maciej Lewenstein Shi-Ju Ran Emanuele Tirrito Cheng Peng Luca Tagliacozzo

Tensor network is a fundamental mathematical tool with a huge range of applications in physics, such as condensed matter physics, statistic physics, high energy physics, and quantum information sciences. This open access book aims to explain the tensor network contraction approaches in a systematic way, from the basic definitions to the important applications. This book is also useful to those who apply tensor networks in areas beyond physics, such as machine learning and the big-data analysis. Tensor network originates from the numerical renormalization group approach proposed by K. G. Wilson in 1975. Through a rapid development in the last two decades, tensor network has become a powerful numerical tool that can efficiently simulate a wide range of scientific problems, with particular success in quantum many-body physics. Varieties of tensor network algorithms have been proposed for different problems. However, the connections among different algorithms are not well discussed or reviewed. To fill this gap, this book explains the fundamental concepts and basic ideas that connect and/or unify different strategies of the tensor network contraction algorithms. In addition, some of the recent progresses in dealing with tensor decomposition techniques and quantum simulations are also represented in this book to help the readers to better understand tensor network. This open access book is intended for graduated students, but can also be used as a professional book for researchers in the related fields. To understand most of the contents in the book, only basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and linear algebra is required. In order to fully understand some advanced parts, the reader will need to be familiar with notion of condensed matter physics and quantum information, that however are not necessary to understand the main parts of the book. This book is a good source for non-specialists on quantum physics to understand tensor network algorithms and the related mathematics.

Tensor Products of C*-Algebras and Operator Spaces: The Connes–Kirchberg Problem (London Mathematical Society Student Texts #96)

by Gilles Pisier

Based on the author's university lecture courses, this book presents the many facets of one of the most important open problems in operator algebra theory. Central to this book is the proof of the equivalence of the various forms of the problem, including forms involving C*-algebra tensor products and free groups, ultraproducts of von Neumann algebras, and quantum information theory. The reader is guided through a number of results (some of them previously unpublished) revolving around tensor products of C*-algebras and operator spaces, which are reminiscent of Grothendieck's famous Banach space theory work. The detailed style of the book and the inclusion of background information make it easily accessible for beginning researchers, Ph.D. students, and non-specialists alike.

Tensor Valuations and Their Applications in Stochastic Geometry and Imaging

by Eva B. Vedel Jensen Markus Kiderlen

The purpose of this volume is to give an up-to-date introduction to tensor valuations and their applications. Starting with classical results concerning scalar-valued valuations on the families of convex bodies and convex polytopes, it proceeds to the modern theory of tensor valuations. Product and Fourier-type transforms are introduced and various integral formulae are derived. New and well-known results are presented, together with generalizations in several directions, including extensions to the non-Euclidean setting and to non-convex sets. A variety of applications of tensor valuations to models in stochastic geometry, to local stereology and to imaging are also discussed.

Tensor-Valued Random Fields for Continuum Physics (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics)

by Anatoliy Malyarenko Martin Ostoja-Starzewski

Many areas of continuum physics pose a challenge to physicists. What are the most general, admissible statistically homogeneous and isotropic tensor-valued random fields (TRFs)? Previously, only the TRFs of rank 0 were completely described. This book assembles a complete description of such fields in terms of one- and two-point correlation functions for tensors of ranks 1 through 4. Working from the standpoint of invariance of physical laws with respect to the choice of a coordinate system, spatial domain representations, as well as their wavenumber domain counterparts are rigorously given in full detail. The book also discusses, an introduction to a range of continuum theories requiring TRFs, an introduction to mathematical theories necessary for the description of homogeneous and isotropic TRFs, and a range of applications including a strategy for simulation of TRFs, ergodic TRFs, scaling laws of stochastic constitutive responses, and applications to stochastic partial differential equations. It is invaluable for mathematicians looking to solve problems of continuum physics, and for physicists aiming to enrich their knowledge of the relevant mathematical tools.

Tensorial Methods and Renormalization in Group Field Theories

by Sylvain Carrozza

The main focus of this thesis is the mathematical structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory. Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related, on the one hand, to Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) and on the other, to matrix- and tensor models. Background material on these topics, including conceptual and technical aspects, are introduced in the first chapters. The work then goes on to explain how the standard tools of Quantum Field Theory can be generalized to GFTs and exploited to study the large cut-off behaviour and renormalization group transformations of the latter. Among the new results derived in this context are a proof of renormalizability of a three-dimensional GFT with gauge group SU(2), which opens the way to applications of the formalism to quantum gravity.

Tensors and the Clifford Algebra: Application to the Physics of Bosons and Fermions

by Alphonse Charlier Alain Berard Marie-France Charlier Daniele Fristot

This practical reference and text presents the applications of tensors, Lie groups and algebra to Maxwell, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, making elementary theoretical physics comprehensible and high-level theoretical physics accessible.;Providing the fundamental mathematics necessary to understand the applications, Tensors and the Clifford Algebra offers lucid discussions of covariant tensor calculus; examines subjects from a variety of perspectives; supplies highly detailed developments of all calculations; employs the language of physics in its explanations; and illustrates the use of Clifford algebra and tensor calculus in studying bosons and fermions.;With over 2800 display equations and 14 appendixes, this book should be a useful reference for mathematical physicists and applied mathematicians, and an important text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in quantum mechanics, relativity, electromagnetism, theoretical physics, elasticity and field theory courses.

Tensors, Differential Forms, and Variational Principles

by David Lovelock Hanno Rund

Incisive, self-contained account of tensor analysis and the calculus of exterior differential forms, interaction between the concept of invariance and the calculus of variations. Emphasis is on analytical techniques, with large number of problems, from routine manipulative exercises to technically difficult assignments.

Tensors for Physics

by Siegfried Hess

This book presents the science of tensors in a didactic way. The various types and ranks of tensors and the physical basis is presented. Cartesian Tensors are needed for the description of directional phenomena in many branches of physics and for the characterization the anisotropy of material properties. The first sections of the book provide an introduction to the vector and tensor algebra and analysis, with applications to physics, at undergraduate level. Second rank tensors, in particular their symmetries, are discussed in detail. Differentiation and integration of fields, including generalizations of the Stokes law and the Gauss theorem, are treated. The physics relevant for the applications in mechanics, quantum mechanics, electrodynamics and hydrodynamics is presented. The second part of the book is devoted to tensors of any rank, at graduate level. Special topics are irreducible, i. e. symmetric traceless tensors, isotropic tensors, multipole potential tensors, spin tensors, integration and spin-trace formulas, coupling of irreducible tensors, rotation of tensors. Constitutive laws for optical, elastic and viscous properties of anisotropic media are dealt with. The anisotropic media include crystals, liquid crystals and isotropic fluids, rendered anisotropic by external orienting fields. The dynamics of tensors deals with phenomena of current research. In the last section, the 3D Maxwell equations are reformulated in their 4D version, in accord with special relativity.

Teoria della Probabilità: Variabili aleatorie e distribuzioni (UNITEXT #123)

by Andrea Pascucci

Il libro fornisce un'introduzione concisa ma rigorosa alla Teoria della Probabilità. Fra i possibili approcci alla materia si è scelto quello più moderno, basato sulla teoria della misura: pur richiedendo un grado di astrazione e sofisticazione matematica maggiore, esso è indispensabile a fornire le basi per lo studio di argomenti più avanzati come i processi stocastici, il calcolo differenziale stocastico e l'inferenza statistica. Nato dall'esperienza di insegnamento del corso di Probabilità e Statistica Matematica presso la Laurea Triennale in Matematica dell'Università di Bologna, il testo raccoglie materiale per un insegnamento semestrale in corsi di studio scientifici (Matematica, Fisica, Ingegneria, Statistica...), assumendo come prerequisito il calcolo differenziale e integrale di funzioni di più variabili. I quattro capitoli del libro trattano i seguenti argomenti: misure e spazi di probabilità; variabili aleatorie; successioni di variabili aleatorie e teoremi limite; attesa e distribuzione condizionata. Il testo include una raccolta di esercizi risolti.

Teoria della Probabilità: Processi e calcolo stocastico (UNITEXT #156)

by Andrea Pascucci

Questo libro offre un approccio moderno alla teoria dei processi stocastici in tempo continuo e del calcolo differenziale stocastico. I contenuti vengono trattati in modo rigoroso, completo e autonomo. Nella prima parte, viene introdotta la teoria dei processi di Markov e delle martingale, con un approfondimento sul moto Browniano e il processo di Poisson. Di seguito, è sviluppata la teoria dell'integrazione stocastica per semi-martingale continue. Una parte sostanziosa è dedicata alle equazioni differenziali stocastiche, ai principali risultati di risolubilità e unicità in senso debole e forte, alle equazioni stocastiche lineari e alla relazione con le equazioni differenziali alle derivate parziali deterministiche. Ogni capitolo è corredato di numerosi esempi. Questo testo nasce dall'esperienza più che ventennale di insegnamento in corsi su processi e calcolo stocastico presso le lauree magistrali in Matematica, in Quantitative finance e i corsi post-laurea in Matematica per le applicazioni e in Finanza matematica dell'Università di Bologna. Il libro raccoglie materiale per almeno due insegnamenti semestrali in corsi di studio scientifici (Matematica, Fisica, Ingegneria, Statistica, Economia...) e intende fornire un solido background a coloro che sono interessati allo sviluppo della teoria e delle applicazioni del calcolo stocastico. Questo testo completa il percorso iniziato col primo volume di Teoria della Probabilità - Variabili aleatorie e distribuzioni, attraverso una selezione di temi classici avanzati di analisi stocastica.

Terahertz Antenna Technology for Space Applications (SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering)

by Balamati Choudhury Aniruddha R. Sonde Rakesh Mohan Jha

This book explores the terahertz antenna technology towards implementation of compact, consistent and cheap terahertz sources, as well as the high sensitivity terahertz detectors. The terahertz EM band provides a transition between the electronic and the photonic regions thus adopting important characteristics from these regimes. These characteristics, along with the progress in semiconductor technology, have enabled researchers to exploit hitherto unexplored domains including satellite communication, bio-medical imaging, and security systems. The advances in new materials and nanostructures such as graphene will be helpful in miniaturization of antenna technology while simultaneously maintaining the desired output levels. Terahertz antenna characterization of bandwidth, impedance, polarization, etc. has not yet been methodically structured and it continues to be a major research challenge. This book addresses these issues besides including the advances of terahertz technology in space applications worldwide, along with possibilities of using this technology in deep space networks.

Terminological Dictionary of Automatic Control, Systems and Robotics (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering #104)

by Rihard Karba Juš Kocijan Tadej Bajd Mojca Žagar Karer Gorazd Karer

This dictionary contains terms from the fields of automatic control, which includes mathematical modelling, simulation of dynamic systems, automation technology with its corresponding elements, and robotics. It also includes signal processing, information technologies and production technologies.The terminological dictionary is primarily aimed at experts and students who deal with control technology and dynamic systems in both technical and non-technical domains. To be able to use the dictionary, at least basic knowledge in this field is required. In the dictionary users will find concise terminological definitions. A concept may be designated by different terms; therefore, cross-references are used. The aim of the dictionary is to collect and unify – at least to an achievable extent – the terminology in the field of automatic control, dynamic systems and robotics.

Ternary Networks

by Ilya Gertsbakh Yoseph Shpungin Radislav Vaisman

Ternary means "based on three". This book deals with reliability investigations of networks whose components subject to failures can be in three states -up, down and middle (mid), contrary to traditionally considered networks having only binary (up/down) components. Extending binary case to ternary allows to consider more realistic and flexible models for communication, flow and supply networks

Ternary Quadratic Forms and Norms

by O. Taussky

This book covers topics including the Redei-Reichardt theorem, automorphs of ternary quadratic forms, facts concerning rational matrices leading to integral ternary forms representing zero, characteristics polynomials of symmetric matrices, and Gauss' theory of ternary quadratic forms.

Territorial Inequalities

by Magali Talandier Josselin Tallec

Spatial planning has embraced the idea of dealing with territorial inequalities by focusing on equipment logic on a national scale, and then economic development on a local scale. Today, this issue is creating new angles of debate with strong political resonances (e.g. Brexit, French gilets jaunes movement). Interpretations of these movements are often quick and binary, such as: the contrast between metropolises and peripheries, between cities and the countryside, between the north and the south or between the east and the west of the European Union. Territorial Inequalities sheds light on the social, political and operational implications of these divergences. The chapters cover the subject at different scales of action and observation (from the neighborhood to the world), but also according to their interdependences. To deal with such a vast and ambitious theme, the preferred approach is that of territorial development in terms of public policy, namely spatial planning.

Tessellations: Mathematics, Art, and Recreation

by Robert Fathauer

Tessellations: Mathematics, Art and Recreation aims to present a comprehensive introduction to tessellations (tiling) at a level accessible to non-specialists. Additionally, it covers techniques, tips, and templates to facilitate the creation of mathematical art based on tessellations. Inclusion of special topics like spiral tilings and tessellation metamorphoses allows the reader to explore beautiful and entertaining math and art. The book has a particular focus on ‘Escheresque’ designs, in which the individual tiles are recognizable real-world motifs. These are extremely popular with students and math hobbyists but are typically very challenging to execute. Techniques demonstrated in the book are aimed at making these designs more achievable. Going beyond planar designs, the book contains numerous nets of polyhedra and templates for applying Escheresque designs to them. Activities and worksheets are spread throughout the book, and examples of real-world tessellations are also provided. Key features Introduces the mathematics of tessellations, including symmetry Covers polygonal, aperiodic, and non-Euclidean tilings Contains tutorial content on designing and drawing Escheresque tessellations Highlights numerous examples of tessellations in the real world Activities for individuals or classes Filled with templates to aid in creating Escheresque tessellations Treats special topics like tiling rosettes, fractal tessellations, and decoration of tiles

Tessellations

by Amy Tao

Patterns are an important and often beautiful part of our world. One such pattern is a tessellation, or a series of shapes that is arranged in a manner that repeats itself with no gaps. Learn how to make your own tessellation with a fun craft!

TEST Basic EPUB3 with MathML

by Diagram Center

This EPUB has MathML which only has an alttext fallback within the MathML, There is no altimage fallback.

Test Calculus: Volume 2

by Tom M. Apostol

An introduction to the calculus, with an excellent balance between theory and technique. Integration is treated before differentiation -- this is a departure from most modern texts, but it is historically correct, and it is the best way to establish the true connection between the integral and the derivative. Proofs of all the important theorems are given, generally preceded by geometric or intuitive discussion. This Second Edition introduces the mean-value theorems and their applications earlier in the text, incorporates a treatment of linear algebra, and contains many new and easier exercises. As in the first edition, an interesting historical introduction precedes each important new concept.

Test Configurations, Stabilities and Canonical Kähler Metrics: Complex Geometry by the Energy Method (SpringerBriefs in Mathematics)

by Toshiki Mabuchi

The Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture for anti-canonical polarization was recently solved affirmatively by Chen-Donaldson-Sun and Tian. However, this conjecture is still open for general polarizations or more generally in extremal Kähler cases. In this book, the unsolved cases of the conjecture will be discussed.It will be shown that the problem is closely related to the geometry of moduli spaces of test configurations for polarized algebraic manifolds. Another important tool in our approach is the Chow norm introduced by Zhang. This is closely related to Ding’s functional, and plays a crucial role in our differential geometric study of stability. By discussing the Chow norm from various points of view, we shall make a systematic study of the existence problem of extremal Kähler metrics.

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