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Coatings Technology: Fundamentals, Testing, and Processing Techniques
by Arthur A. TractonDrawn from the third edition of The Coatings Technology Handbook, this book focuses entirely on testing, experimental design, and strategies for selecting processing techniques in the coatings, adhesives, paints, and inks industries. Coatings Technology: Fundamentals, Testing, and Processing Techniques contains the latest coating and processing met
Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War Against the Soviet Union
by Stephen BudianskyA sweeping, in-depth history of NSA, whose famous "cult of silence" has left the agency shrouded in mystery for decades The National Security Agency was born out of the legendary codebreaking programs of World War II that cracked the famed Enigma machine and other German and Japanese codes, thereby turning the tide of Allied victory. In the postwar years, as the United States developed a new enemy in the Soviet Union, our intelligence community found itself targeting not soldiers on the battlefield, but suspected spies, foreign leaders, and even American citizens. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, NSA played a vital, often fraught and controversial role in the major events of the Cold War, from the Korean War to the Cuban Missile Crisis to Vietnam and beyond. In Code Warriors, Stephen Budiansky--a longtime expert in cryptology--tells the fascinating story of how NSA came to be, from its roots in World War II through the fall of the Berlin Wall. Along the way, he guides us through the fascinating challenges faced by cryptanalysts, and how they broke some of the most complicated codes of the twentieth century. With access to new documents, Budiansky shows where the agency succeeded and failed during the Cold War, but his account also offers crucial perspective for assessing NSA today in the wake of the Edward Snowden revelations. Budiansky shows how NSA's obsession with recording every bit of data and decoding every signal is far from a new development; throughout its history the depth and breadth of the agency's reach has resulted in both remarkable successes and destructive failures. Featuring a series of appendixes that explain the technical details of Soviet codes and how they were broken, this is a rich and riveting history of the underbelly of the Cold War, and an essential and timely read for all who seek to understand the origins of the modern NSA.From the Hardcover edition.
Code-Based Cryptography: 12th International Workshop, CBCrypto 2024, Zurich, Switzerland, May 25–26, 2024, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #15531)
by Jean-Christophe Deneuville Violetta Weger Anna-Lena HorlemannThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Code-Based Cryptography, CBCrypto 2024, held in Zurich, Switzerland, during May 25–26, 2024. The 5 full papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The conference offers a wide range of many important aspects of code-based cryptography such as cryptanalysis of existing schemes, the proposal of new cryptographic systems and protocols as well as improved decoding algorithms.
Code-Switching as a Pedagogical Tool in Bilingual Classrooms: Insights from a Secondary STEM Classroom in Zimbabwe (Routledge Research in Language Education)
by Miriam ChitigaPresenting a mixed methods study conducted in a bilingual mathematics classroom in Zimbabwe, this text reveals the semantic pedagogical functions and linguistic forms of code-switching during STEM instruction. Code-Switching as a Pedagogical Tool in Bilingual Classrooms offers a detailed analysis of code-switching in the context of educational linguistics, and reveals ten major pedagogical techniques which illustrate how teachers use code-switches to engage students and provide guidance, clarification, discipline, and recaps during individual and whole-class interactions. Chapters highlight that code-switching can be used in a targeted manner to harness the cognitive potential of bilingual speakers and enhance instruction. Ultimately, the text identifies implications for teacher education, language policy, and educational leadership more broadly, and demonstrates intersections with key areas including functional, critical, and cultural literacy. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in bilingualism, applied linguistics, and secondary education more broadly. Those specifically interested in multicultural education, sociolinguistics and educational policy will also benefit from this book.
Codes and Evolution: The Origin of Absolute Novelties (Biosemiotics #29)
by Marcello BarbieriThis text builds upon the over 1500 papers published in peer-reviewed journals revealing that there are more than 200 biological codes in living systems. The author claims this experimental fact is bound to change biology forever. This book shows how this very discovery reveals that coding is a new mechanism of life, just as the discovery of electromagnetism revealed the existence of a new physical force in the universe. The existence of many biological codes, furthermore, Barbieri argues, is one of those experimental facts that have extraordinary theoretical consequences. It implies that coding is not only a mechanism that constantly operates in all living systems, but also a mechanism of evolution, more precisely a mechanism that gave origin to the absolute novelties of the history of life. This amounts to saying that evolution took place by two distinct mechanisms, by natural selection and by natural conventions, two mechanisms that are fundamentally different because natural selection is the result of copying and deals with information whereas natural conventions are the result of coding and deal with meaning. This volume appeals to students and researchers working in the fields of semiotics, philosophy, biology and mathematics.
Codes: The Guide to Secrecy From Ancient to Modern Times
by Richard A. MollinFrom the Rosetta Stone to public-key cryptography, the art and science of cryptology has been used to unlock the vivid history of ancient cultures, to turn the tide of warfare, and to thwart potential hackers from attacking computer systems. Codes: The Guide to Secrecy from Ancient to Modern Times explores the depth and breadth of the field, remain
Coding (Real World Math): Puzzles, Games, Challenges, And Computer Coding Concepts For The Problem Solver In You
by Jennifer SzymanskiFollow the robot and get ready to use math to learn to code!1 robot … 2 robots … 3! Programmers use math every day to write code that helps computers and robots do their jobs. Join a real coder to learn about STEPS of a program, PATTERNS in code, IF/THEN statements, and more. Then test your math skills with special You Can Do It challenges.This brand-new series demonstrates how math skills can be applied to high-interest topics and careers in Coding, Building, Tracking Animals, and Space Exploration. The K-2 math concepts include counting 1-100 with basic addition and subtraction, using the power of 10, measuring, and simple geometry. Real world scientists, architects, programmers, and mathematicians model hands-on, from-the-field experiences in a way that will make children excited to use and expand their math skills!
Coding Ockham's Razor
by Lloyd AllisonThis book explores inductive inference using the minimum message length (MML) principle, a Bayesian method which is a realisation of Ockham's Razor based on information theory. Accompanied by a library of software, the book can assist an applications programmer, student or researcher in the fields of data analysis and machine learning to write computer programs based upon this principle. MML inference has been around for 50 years and yet only one highly technical book has been written about the subject. The majority of research in the field has been backed by specialised one-off programs but this book includes a library of general MML–based software, in Java. The Java source code is available under the GNU GPL open-source license. The software library is documented using Javadoc which produces extensive cross referenced HTML manual pages. Every probability distribution and statistical model that is described in the book is implemented and documented in the software library. The library may contain a component that directly solves a reader's inference problem, or contain components that can be put together to solve the problem, or provide a standard interface under which a new component can be written to solve the problem. This book will be of interest to application developers in the fields of machine learning and statistics as well as academics, postdocs, programmers and data scientists. It could also be used by third year or fourth year undergraduate or postgraduate students.
Coding Theory and Applications: 5th International Castle Meeting, ICMCTA 2017, Vihula, Estonia, August 28-31, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #10495)
by Ángela I. Barbero, Vitaly Skachek and Øyvind YtrehusThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Castle Meeting on Coding Theory and Applications, ICMCTA 2017, held in Vihula, Estonia, in August 2017.The 24 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this volume. The papers cover relevant research areas in modern coding theory, including codes and combinatorial structures, algebraic geometric codes, group codes, convolutional codes, network coding, other applications to communications, and applications of coding theory in cryptography.
Coding Theory and Cryptography: The Essentials, Second Edition (Chapman & Hall/CRC Pure and Applied Mathematics)
by Charles C. Lindner Gary Hoffman D.C. Hankerson D.A. Leonard K.T. Phelps C.A. Rodger J.R. WallContaining data on number theory, encryption schemes, and cyclic codes, this highly successful textbook, proven by the authors in a popular two-quarter course, presents coding theory, construction, encoding, and decoding of specific code families in an "easy-to-use" manner appropriate for students with only a basic background in mathematics offerin
Coefficient of Variation and Machine Learning Applications (Intelligent Signal Processing and Data Analysis)
by Nilanjan Dey K. Hima Bindu Raghava Morusupalli C. Raghavendra RaoCoefficient of Variation (CV) is a unit free index indicating the consistency of the data associated with a real-world process and is simple to mold into computational paradigms. This book provides necessary exposure of computational strategies, properties of CV and extracting the metadata leading to efficient knowledge representation. It also compiles representational and classification strategies based on the CV through illustrative explanations. The potential nature of CV in the context of contemporary Machine Learning strategies and the Big Data paradigms is demonstrated through selected applications. Overall, this book explains statistical parameters and knowledge representation models.
Coevolutionary Computation and Its Applications (Natural Computing Series)
by Xin Yao Siang Yew ChongThis book introduces the fundamentals of Coevolutionary Computation and presents new methodologies that are developed and then employed for modern real-world problem-solving in various applications across different domains. It is structured in three main parts to support the anticipated general and frequent usage of the book. In particular, the reader is able to obtain a quick and general introduction on the principles of coevolution in Part I, and then go over in detail the specifics how coevolutionary principles are exploited and applied to solve specific problems in the relevant chapters of Parts II and III. In this manner, Part I will introduce the fundamentals in Coevolutionary Computation with no assumption made on familiarity with Evolutionary Computation literature. These fundamentals include key concepts and operational principles of both evolutionary and coevolutionary processes that are modelled as iterative algorithms and systems implementable in computing machines. Parts II and III contain various applications of coevolution to problems that are framed in the context of optimization and learning, respectively. Detailed procedural implementations are provided for those methodologies as well as analysis that highlight the improvements they bring about over conventional techniques.
Cogalois Theory (Chapman & Hall/CRC Pure and Applied Mathematics)
by Toma AlbuThis volume offers a systematic, comprehensive investigation of field extensions, finite or not, that possess a Cogalois correspondence. The subject is somewhat dual to the very classical Galois Theory dealing with field extensions possessing a Galois correspondence. Solidly backed by over 250 exercises and an extensive bibliography, this book presents a compact and complete review of basic field theory, considers the Vahlen-Capelli Criterion, investigates the radical, Kneser, strongly Kneser, Cogalois, and G-Cogalois extensions, discusses field extensions that are simultaneously Galois and G-Cogalois, and presents nice applications to elementary field arithmetic.
Cognition and Chance: The Psychology of Probabilistic Reasoning
by Raymond S. NickersonLack of ability to think probabilistically makes one prone to a variety of irrational fears and vulnerable to scams designed to exploit probabilistic naiveté, impairs decision making under uncertainty, facilitates the misinterpretation of statistical information, and precludes critical evaluation of likelihood claims. Cognition and Chance presents an overview of the information needed to avoid such pitfalls and to assess and respond to probabilistic situations in a rational way. Dr. Nickerson investigates such questions as how good individuals are at thinking probabilistically and how consistent their reasoning under uncertainty is with principles of mathematical statistics and probability theory. He reviews evidence that has been produced in researchers' attempts to investigate these and similar types of questions. Seven conceptual chapters address such topics as probability, chance, randomness, coincidences, inverse probability, paradoxes, dilemmas, and statistics. The remaining five chapters focus on empirical studies of individuals' abilities and limitations as probabilistic thinkers. Topics include estimation and prediction, perception of covariation, choice under uncertainty, and people as intuitive probabilists. Cognition and Chance is intended to appeal to researchers and students in the areas of probability, statistics, psychology, business, economics, decision theory, and social dilemmas.
Cognition as Intuitive Statistics (Psychology Revivals)
by Gerd Gigerenzer David J. MurrayOriginally published in 1987, this title is about theory construction in psychology. Where theories come from, as opposed to how they become established, was almost a no-man’s land in the history and philosophy of science at the time. The authors argue that in the science of mind, theories are particularly likely to come from tools, and they are especially concerned with the emergence of the metaphor of the mind as an intuitive statistician. In the first chapter, the authors discuss the rise of the inference revolution, which institutionalized those statistical tools that later became theories of cognitive processes. In each of the four following chapters they treat one major topic of cognitive psychology and show to what degree statistical concepts transformed their understanding of those topics.
Cognition in Practice
by Jean LaveMost previous research on human cognition has focused on problem-solving, and has confined its investigations to the laboratory. As a result, it has been difficult to account for complex mental processes and their place in culture and history. In this startling - indeed, disco in forting - study, Jean Lave moves the analysis of one particular form of cognitive activity, - arithmetic problem-solving - out of the laboratory into the domain of everyday life. In so doing, she shows how mathematics in the â real world', like all thinking, is shaped by the dynamic encounter between the culturally endowed mind and its total context, a subtle interaction that shapes 1) Both tile human subject and the world within which it acts. The study is focused on mundane daily, activities, such as grocery shopping for â best buys' in the supermarket, dieting, and so on. Innovative in its method, fascinating in its findings, the research is above all significant in its theoretical contributions. Have offers a cogent critique of conventional cognitive theory, turning for an alternative to recent social theory, and weaving a compelling synthesis from elements of culture theory, theories of practice, and Marxist discourse. The result is a new way of understanding human thought processes, a vision of cognition as the dialectic between persons-acting, and the settings in which their activity is constituted. The book will appeal to anthropologists, for its novel theory of the relation of cognition to culture and context; to cognitive scientists and educational theorists; and to the â plain folks' who form its subject, and who will recognize themselves in it, a rare accomplishment in the modern social sciences.
Cognitive Activation in the Mathematics Classroom and Professional Competence of Teachers: Results from the COACTIV Project (Mathematics Teacher Education #8)
by Jürgen Baumert Mareike Kunter Werner Blum Stefan Krauss Ute Klusmann Michael NeubrandThis work reports the findings of the Professional Competence of Teachers, Cognitively Activating Instruction, and Development of Students´ Mathematical Literacy project (COACTIV). COACTIV applies a broad, innovative conceptualization of teacher competence to examine how mathematics teachers' knowledge, beliefs, motivational orientations, and self-regulation skills influence their instructional practice and teaching outcomes In this project data was collected on various aspects of teacher competence and classroom instruction from the perspective of both the teachers themselves and their students. Moreover, it gauges the effects of these teacher characteristics on student learning, as indexed by the progress students in each class. Questions addressed in the study which are reported in this volume include: What are the characteristics of successful teaching? What distinguishes teachers who succeed in their profession? How can the quality of instruction be improved?
Cognitive Agent-based Computing-I: A Unified Framework for Modeling Complex Adaptive Systems using Agent-based & Complex Network-based Methods (SpringerBriefs in Cognitive Computation #1)
by Amir Hussain Muaz A NiaziComplex Systems are made up of numerous interacting sub-components. Non-linear interactions of these components or agents give rise to emergent behavior observable at the global scale. Agent-based modeling and simulation is a proven paradigm which has previously been used for effective computational modeling of complex systems in various domains. Because of its popular use across different scientific domains, research in agent-based modeling has primarily been vertical in nature. The goal of this manuscript is to provide a single hands-on guide to developing cognitive agent-based models for the exploration of emergence across various types of complex systems. We present practical ideas and examples for researchers and practitioners for the building of agent-based models using a horizontal approach - applications are demonstrated in a number of exciting domains as diverse as wireless sensors networks, peer-to-peer networks, complex social systems, research networks, epidemiological HIV
Cognitive Architectures (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering #94)
by Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira João Silva Sequeira Rodrigo VenturaThis book provides an integrated framework for natural and artificial cognition by highlighting the fundamental role played by the cognitive architecture in the dialectics with the surrounding environment and consequently in the definition of a particular meaningful world.This book is also about embodied and non-embodied artificial systems, cognitive architectures that are human constructs, meant to be able to populate the human world, capable of identifying different life contexts and replicating human patterns of behavior capable of acting according to human values and conventions, systems that perform tasks in a human-like way. By identifying the essential phenomena at the core of all forms of cognition, the book addresses the topic of design of artificial cognitive architectures in the domains of robotics and artificial life. Moving from mere bio-inspired design methodology it aims to open a pathway to semiotically determined design.
Cognitive Aspects of Virtual Reality (Studies in Big Data #156)
by Péter Baranyi Ildikó Horváth Borbála Berki Anna Sudár Ádám CsapóThis book outlines a range of user experiments, providing comprehensive evaluations that underline the rationale behind implementing collaborative 3D virtual offices in corporate settings and 3D classrooms in educational institutions. In this book, radically new scientific approaches are taken for studying user effectiveness in the realm of 3D graphical interfaces. The emergence of VR is seen in the book as a pivotal moment in the evolution of information technology, marking a shift from the era of DOS and Windows to immersive digital spaces. Through extensive research and experimentation, it is convincingly demonstrated that integrating 2D user interfaces, such as windows, images, and 2D widgets, into 3D digital environments significantly enhances user effectiveness in terms of online collaboration, memory, recall, and comprehension of complex workflows. Moreover, valuable advice and design principles are offered to guide the creation of such working 3D digital environments.
Cognitive Computing for Machine Thinking (Innovations in Sustainable Technologies and Computing)
by Parikshit N. Mahalle Gitanjali R. Shinde Makarand R. VelankarThis book presents cognitive modeling along with the new paradigm machine thinking to enhance existing AI power and address its current limitations. This book provides overview of natural and artificial intelligence along with the computing models used currently. The need of advancing the current models is presented with suitable examples. The business case studies presented in different domains provide possible use of augmented intelligence with the proposed machine thinking paradigm. This book is targeted at academicians, researchers, students, professionals who belong to disciplines which involves intelligent computing and modelling human thinking. It provides possible multidisciplinary research directions including social psychology, artificial intelligence, HCI, cognition for applications in various domains.
Cognitive Dynamics on Clausewitz Landscapes: The Control and Directed Evolution of Organized Conflict
by Rodrick WallaceThis book applies cutting-edge methods from cognitive and evolutionary theories to develop models of conflict between hierarchically-structured cognitive entities under circumstances of imprecision, uncertainty and stress. Characterized as friction and the fog-of-war by the Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz, such conditions impair institutional cognition in real-time conflict and pose a real and continuing threat to organizations, such as the US military. In a linked collection of formal essays and a mathematical appendix, the book explores different aspects of cognitive and evolutionary process as conducted under the direction of doctrine that acts as a kind of genome for retention of what is learned through Lamarckian evolutionary selection pressures: armies and corporate entities learn from conflict, and incorporate that learning into their ongoing procedures. The book proposes models and policy solutions for strategic competence. A central feature of the book is a formal description of the famous OODA loop of the US military theorist John Boyd in terms of the Data Rate Theorem that links control and information theories. That description is expanded to cover more fully the impact of stochastic fog-of-war effects on tactical and operational scales of conflict. Subsequent chapters examine in more detail the role of doctrine, and the particular effect of embedding culture on cognitive and Lamarckian evolutionary processes associated with conflict on tactical, operational, and strategic scales and levels of organization. A scientifically sophisticated exercise in applied mathematics, history, evolutionary theory, and ecosystem theory, this book will be appropriate for researchers and students interested in defense, security, and international relations, as well as non-academic career professionals in government and industry.
Cognitive Informatics and Soft Computing: Proceeding of CISC 2017 (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #768)
by Valentina Emilia Balas Ahmed F. Zobaa Akash Kumar Bhoi Pradeep Kumar MallickThe book presents new approaches and methods for solving real-world problems. It offers, in particular, exploratory research that describes novel approaches in the fields of Cognitive Informatics, Cognitive Computing, Computational Intelligence, Advanced Computing, Hybrid Intelligent Models and Applications. New algorithms and methods in a variety of fields are also presented, together with solution-based approaches. The topics addressed include various theoretical aspects and applications of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Cybernetics, Automation Control Theory and Software Engineering.
Cognitive Informatics and Soft Computing: Proceeding of CISC 2019 (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1040)
by Valentina Emilia Balas Akash Kumar Bhoi Pradeep Kumar Mallick Gyoo-Soo ChaeThe book presents new approaches and methods for solving real-world problems. It highlights, in particular, innovative research in the fields of Cognitive Informatics, Cognitive Computing, Computational Intelligence, Advanced Computing, and Hybrid Intelligent Models and Applications. New algorithms and methods in a variety of fields are presented, together with solution-based approaches. The topics addressed include various theoretical aspects and applications of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Cybernetics, Automation Control Theory, and Software Engineering.
Cognitive Interviewing Methodology
by Kristen Miller Jose Luis Padilla Stephanie Willson Valerie CheppAN INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THEORY AND METHODOLOGY WITHIN COGNITIVE INTERVIEW PROCESSESProviding a comprehensive approach to cognitive interviewing in the field of survey methodology, Cognitive Interviewing Methodology delivers a clear guide that draws upon modern, cutting-edge research from a variety of fields.Each chapter begins by summarizing the prevailing paradigms that currently dominate the field of cognitive interviewing. Then underlying theoretical foundations are presented, which supplies readers with the necessary background to understand newly-evolving techniques in the field. The theories lead into developed and practiced methods by leading practitioners, researchers, and/or academics. Finally, the edited guide lays out the limitations of cognitive interviewing studies and explores the benefits of cognitive interviewing with other methodological approaches. With a primary focus on question evaluation, Cognitive Interviewing Methodology also includes: Step-by-step procedures for conducting cognitive interviewing studies, which includes the various aspects of data collection, questionnaire design, and data interpretation Newly developed tools to benefit cognitive interviewing studies as well as the field of question evaluation, such as Q-Notes, a data entry and analysis software application, and Q-Bank, an online resource that houses question evaluation studies A unique method for questionnaire designers, survey managers, and data users to analyze, present, and document survey data results from a cognitive interviewing study An excellent reference for survey researchers and practitioners in the social sciences who utilize cognitive interviewing techniques in their everyday work, Cognitive Interviewing Methodology is also a useful supplement for courses on survey methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate-level.