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Empirische Sozialforschung: Eine Einführung
by Michael HäderSozialwissenschaftliche Methoden wie Befragungen, Beobachtungen und Inhaltsanalysen kommen in der Marktforschung, bei Studien zur Zeitgeschichte, in der Stadtplanung und in der Kommunikationsforschung zum Einsatz. Erst recht werden sie von Soziologen und empirisch arbeitenden Politikwissenschaftlern benötigt. Egal, ob im Rahmen der Evaluation eines Präventionsprogramms oder für die Erhebung des Gesundheitsverhaltens oder für eine Studie zur sozialen Mobilität, die sichere Handhabung des sozialwissenschaftlichen Instrumentariums ist stets die Voraussetzung, um belastbare Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Das Buch stellt wichtige Informationen für die Anwender und Entwickler dieser Instrumente zur Verfügung. Es behandelt die theoretischen Grundlagen der Methoden, die Schritte bei der Konzipierung und Umsetzung eines Projekts, die vielfältigen Varianten der Datenerhebung, die bei der Auswahl der Untersuchungseinheiten einzusetzenden Methoden ebenso wie die Prinzipien, die bei der Auswertung und Dokumentation der Befunde zu beachten sind. Mithilfe zahlreicher Beispiele gelingt eine besonders anschauliche Darstellung.In der vierten, aktualisierten Auflage hat im Rahmen der Auswahlverfahren nun auch das River Sampling Eingang gefunden, werden verstärkt auch digitale Methoden vorgestellt sowie vor dem Hintergrund der neuen Datenschutzverordnung auch die Forschungsethik und der Datenschutz aktualisiert.
Empirische Zugänge zu Bildungssprache und bildungssprachlichen Kompetenzen (Sprachsensibilität in Bildungsprozessen)
by Juliana Goschler Peter Rosenberg Till WoerfelIn der Diskussion über Sprache in Bildungskontexten geht man davon aus, dass diese sogenannte „Bildungssprache“ durch verschiedene grammatische und lexikalische Merkmale charakterisiert wird. Häufig wird außerdem angenommen, dass diese Merkmale für Schüler/-innen – unter anderem und insbesondere solchen, die Deutsch als Zweitsprache erlernen – schwierig und damit eine Hürde für erfolgreiches fachliches Lernen sein könnten. Der Band widmet sich in einer Reihe von Einzelstudien möglichen Zugängen zur empirischen Überprüfung dieser Annahmen.
Empirische Ökonomie
by Bernd Süssmuth John KomlosDas Buch führt anhand einfacher und zugleich origineller Anwendungen aus Gebieten wie Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Humankapitaltheorie oder Biologie in die Methoden der klassischen Ökonometrie ein. Da auch grundlegende Konzepte der beschreibenden und schließenden Statistik behandelt werden, sind keine Vorkenntnisse nötig. Damit stellt sich das Buch der Aufgabe, den Studierenden neben den methodischen Fertigkeiten auch Anregung und Motivation zu eigenständigem empirischen Arbeiten zu geben.
Empirische Ökonomie: Eine Einführung in Methoden und Anwendungen (Springer-lehrbuch Ser.)
by Bernd Süssmuth John KomlosDas Buch liefert eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung in ökonometrische Methoden. Anhand einfacher, aber origineller Anwendungen aus verschiedenen Gebieten wie Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Humankapitaltheorie oder Biologie werden die Methoden der klassischen Ökonometrie erklärt und veranschaulicht. Auf diese Art und Weise werden nicht nur methodische Fertigkeiten vermittelt, sondern Studierende zum eigenständigen empirischen Arbeiten motiviert. Fachkenntnisse werden nicht vorausgesetzt. Die 2. Auflage wurde um ein zusätzliches Kapitel ergänzt.
Empirisches mathematisches Wissen in der Grundschule: Zur Spezifität von Wissensentwicklung in empirischen Settings am Maßstabsbegriff (MINTUS – Beiträge zur mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Bildung)
by Rebecca SchneiderIm vorliegenden Buch werden Wissensentwicklungsprozesse von Schüler*innen der Grundschule bei der Bearbeitung empirischer Settings untersucht und dabei eine Beschreibung des für die Schüler*innen rekonstruierbaren mathematischen Wissens vorgenommen. Zur Untersuchung wird ein erkenntnistheoretisches Instrumentarium eingesetzt, welches das Konzept der Subjektiven Erfahrungsbereiche mit dem Konzept der empirischen Theorien verbindet und die Grundlage für die hier gewonnen Erkenntnisse darstellt. Am Beispiel des Maßstabsbegriff wird aufgezeigt, dass zahlreiche klassische Aufgabenstellungen eine Quantifizierung maßstabsgetreuer Längen fokussieren, die für Schülerinnen und Schüler der Grundschule jedoch problematisch ist. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, inwiefern eine durch die Lehrkraft eingenommene Erwartungshaltung an die Bearbeitungswege von Schülerinnen und Schülern Wissensentwicklungsprozesse beeinflussen kann und welche Bedeutung der physikalischen Repräsentation empirischer Objekte für die Wissensentwicklung von Schülerinnen und Schüler der Grundschule zukommt.
Employer Branding for Competitive Advantage: Models and Implementation Strategies (ISSN)
by Shivani Agarwal Geeta Rana Ravindra SharmaThis book shows how to build and maintain a distinctive and credible employer brand and develop a set of relevant success metrics to help measure return on investment (ROI). Starting with the current interest in employer branding, this book looks at the historical roots of brand management and the practical steps to achieve employer brand management success.The book will review the pressures that have generated current interest in employer branding. It goes on to look at the historical roots of brand management and the practical steps necessary to achieve employer brand management success. The book includes the business case, research, positioning, implementation, management and measurement, and case studies of big-named employer brand stories.This book will provide new insights into the field of employer branding and provide directions and tools for organizational brand building. It will be beneficial for research scholars, engineers, practitioners, and management students.
Employment Law and Occupational Health: A Practical Handbook
by Joan Lewis Greta Thornbory'Employment Law and Occupational Health: A Practical Handbook' provides an essential guide to best practice for all occupational health practitioners. This readable guide to the law will help to ensure both business success and respect for individual employment rights. The cost of sickness absence can present major costs and business management problems. Safeguarding health is therefore vital to both individuals and employers. 'Employment Law and Occupational Health' explores key issues in occupational health practice from pre-employment, through health surveillance and occupational health services, to termination of employment. Topics explored include ethical and confidentiality issues, discrimination, data protection, working abroad, pregnancy and maternity leave, workplace policies, drugs and alcohol testing, stress, counselling, health surveillance and professional conduct rules. This second edition has been fully revised and updated to include a number of significant changes to employment law as well as new case law decisions that have occurred since the 1st Edition was published. Essential new material has also been included around age discrimination, disability discrimination, work related stress, corporate manslaughter and work-place bullying. An accessible, practical guide to applying health law in everyday practice. For occupational health nurses and other occupational health practitioners. Addresses key employment issues from pre-employment to termination of employment. Includes case studies, procedural checklists, and template letters and forms.
Employment, Retirement and Lifestyle in Aging East Asia (Social Policy and Development Studies in East Asia)
by Xinxin MaThis project offers a comprehensive look at aging policies across East Asia, where a demographic dividend fuelled rapid growth and is now aging into a lower-speed economy. With a comprehensive look at numerous East Asian societies, including China, Japan, Korea, and other regions, the book is rich in comparative insights and strategies into what is effective for policymakers and employers. As the Asian century begins, this book will be an invaluable resource for economists, policymakers and demographers.
Empower Education to Foster Engineering (PoliTO Springer Series)
by Maria Giulia BallatoreThis book highlights the pivotal role that engineering education researchers can play at technical universities. By delving into both theoretical and practical aspects, it showcases the transformative potential of integrating rigorous educational research into technical education. The book begins by outlining the current landscape of engineering education research and situates it within the unique context of the Italian educational system. This initial framework sets the stage for a detailed examination of the scope and limitations of the field. By understanding the experiences and challenges of both students and educators, the book bridges gaps and fosters an environment where educational practices are continuously improved and aligned with real-world demands. One of the key problems addressed is the disconnection often observed between educational theory and practical implementation. It provides actionable insights and recommendations that can help harmonize teaching methods with educational research findings. It offers strategies for enhancing student engagement, improving teaching methodologies, and ultimately producing graduates who are better equipped to meet the challenges of the engineering profession. This book serves as a valuable resource for educators, researchers, and policymakers dedicated to advancing the quality of engineering education, and by presenting a balanced analysis of students' and lecturers' perspectives, it offers a holistic view of the educational landscape and practical solutions for its improvement.
Empowering Independent Living using the ICF: An Unobtrusive Home Monitoring Sensor System for Older Adults
by Björn FriedrichFunctional decline in older adults can lead to an increased need of assistance or even moving to a nursing home. Utilising home automation, power and wearable sensors, the system developed by the author continuously keeps track of the functional status of older adults through monitoring their daily life and allows health care professionals to create individualised rehabilitation programmes based on the changes in the older adult’s functional capacity and performance in daily life. The system uses the taxonomy of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by the World Health Organization (WHO). It links sensor data to fve ICF items from three ICF categories and measures their change over time. The system successfully passed the first pre-clinical validation step on the real-world data of the OTAGO study, a 10-month randomised pilot intervention study with 20 (pre-)frail older adults (aged ≥ 75 years). Since this research is in an early stage further clinical studies are needed to fully validate the system.
Empowering Novel Geometric Algebra for Graphics and Engineering: 7th International Workshop, ENGAGE 2022, Virtual Event, September 12, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13862)
by George Papagiannakis Eckhard Hitzer Petr VasikThis book constitutes the proceedings of the Workshop Empowering Novel Geometric Algebra for Graphics and Engineering, ENGAGE 2022, held in conjunction with Computer Graphics International conference, CGI 2022, which took place virtually, in September 2022. The 10 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 12 submissions. The workshop focused specifically on important aspects of geometric algebra including algebraic foundations, digitized transformations, orientation, conic fitting, protein modelling, digital twinning, and multidimensional signal processing.
Empowering Science and Mathematics Education in Urban Schools
by Edna Tan Angela Calabrese Barton Erin E. Turner Maura Varley Gutiérrez.Math and science hold powerful places in contemporary society, setting the foundations for entry into some of the most robust and highest-paying industries. However, effective math and science education is not equally available to all students, with some of the poorest students--those who would benefit most--going egregiously underserved. This ongoing problem with education highlights one of the core causes of the widening class gap. While this educational inequality can be attributed to a number of economic and political causes, in Empowering Science and Mathematics Education in Urban Communities, Angela Calabrese Barton and Edna Tan demonstrate that it is augmented by a consistent failure to integrate student history, culture, and social needs into the core curriculum. They argue that teachers and schools should create hybrid third spaces--neither classroom nor home--in which underserved students can merge their personal worlds with those of math and science. A host of examples buttress this argument: schools where these spaces have been instituted now provide students not only an immediate motivation to engage the subjects most critical to their future livelihoods but also the broader math and science literacy necessary for robust societal engagement. A unique look at a frustratingly understudied subject, Empowering Science and Mathematics Education pushes beyond the idea of teaching for social justice and into larger questions of how and why students participate in math and science.
Empowering The Beginning Teacher Of Mathematics In Elementary School
by Jane F. Schielack Michaele F. Chappell Sharon Zagorski Jane SchielackThose beginning their journeys as teachers of mathematics will encounter challenges both inside and outside the classroom. These volumes have been compiled to help new teachers reach their full potential as mathematics educators, thereby improving the mathematics learning of their students. The resources in these books highlight six broad categories: professional growth, curriculum and instruction, classroom-level assessment, classroom management and organisation, equity and school and community. <p><p> The ideas and advice from experienced educators are designed to help beginning elementary school teachers maintain their students' natural interest in, and enthusiasm for, mathematics by nurturing rich mathematical thinking through talking, experimenting and sharing ideas. The book addresses classroom management issues, questioning skills, professional growth and more.
Empowering the Public Sector with Generative AI: From Strategy and Design to Real-World Applications
by Sanjeev Pulapaka Srinath Godavarthi Sherry DingThis is your guide book to Generative AI (GenAI) and its application in addressing real-world challenges within the public sector. The book addresses a range of topics from GenAI concepts and strategy to public sector use cases, architecture patterns, and implementation best practices. With a general background in technology and the public sector, you will be able to understand the concepts in this book. The book will help you develop a deeper understanding of GenAI and learn how GenAI differs from traditional AI. You will explore best practices such as prompt engineering, and fine-tuning, and architectural patterns such as Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). And you will discover specific nuances, considerations, and strategies for implementation in a public sector organization. You will understand how to apply these concepts in a public sector setting and address industry-specific challenges and problems by studying a variety of use cases included in the book in the areas of content generation, chatbots, summarization, and program management. What You Will Learn GenAI concepts and how GenAI differs from traditional AI/ML Prompt engineering, fine-tuning, RAG, and customizing foundation models Strategy, methodologies, and frameworks for the public sector Public sector use cases in the areas of content generation, summarization, and chatbots, plus program management, analytics, business intelligence, and reporting Architecture and design patterns Implementation, operations, and maintenance of GenAI applications Who This Book Is For Technology and business leaders in the public sector who are new to AI/ML and are keen on exploring and harnessing the potential of Generative AI in their respective organizations.
Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline
by John Ibbitson Darrell BrickerAn award-winning journalist and leading international social researcher make the provocative argument that the global population will soon begin to decline, dramatically reshaping the social, political, and economic landscape For half a century, statisticians, pundits, and politicians have warned that a burgeoning population will soon overwhelm the earth's resources. But a growing number of experts are sounding a different alarm. Rather than continuing to increase exponentially, they argue, the global population is headed for a steep decline—and in many countries, that decline has already begun. In Empty Planet, John Ibbitson and Darrell Bricker find that a smaller global population will bring with it many benefits: fewer workers will command higher wages; the environment will improve; the risk of famine will wane; and falling birthrates in the developing world will bring greater affluence and autonomy for women. But enormous disruption lies ahead, too. We can already see the effects in Europe and parts of Asia, as aging populations and worker shortages weaken the economy and impose crippling demands on healthcare and social security. The United States and Canada are well-positioned to successfully navigate these coming demographic shifts--that is, unless growing isolationism leads us to close ourselves off just as openness becomes more critical to our survival than ever. Rigorously researched and deeply compelling, Empty Planet offers a vision of a future that we can no longer prevent--but one that we can shape, if we choose.
Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline
by John Ibbitson Darrell Bricker**A SUNDAY TIMES MUST-READ**'Riveting and vitally important' - Steven Pinker'A gripping narrative of a world on the cusp of profound change' - Anjana Ahuja, New StatesmanEmpty Planet offers a radical, provocative argument that the global population will soon begin to decline, dramatically reshaping the social, political and economic landscape.For half a century, statisticians, pundits and politicians have warned that a burgeoning planetary population will soon overwhelm the earth's resources. But a growing number of experts are sounding a different kind of alarm. Rather than growing exponentially, they argue, the global population is headed for a steep decline. Throughout history, depopulation was the product of catastrophe: ice ages, plagues, the collapse of civilizations. This time, however, we're thinning ourselves deliberately, by choosing to have fewer babies than we need to replace ourselves. In much of the developed and developing world, that decline is already underway, as urbanisation, women's empowerment, and waning religiosity lead to smaller and smaller families. In Empty Planet, Ibbitson and Bricker travel from South Florida to Sao Paulo, Seoul to Nairobi, Brussels to Delhi to Beijing, drawing on a wealth of research and firsthand reporting to illustrate the dramatic consequences of this population decline - and to show us why the rest of the developing world will soon join in. They find that a smaller global population will bring with it a number of benefits: fewer workers will command higher wages; good jobs will prompt innovation; the environment will improve; the risk of famine will wane; and falling birthrates in the developing world will bring greater affluence and autonomy for women. But enormous disruption lies ahead, too. We can already see the effects in Europe and parts of Asia, as aging populations and worker shortages weaken the economy and impose crippling demands on healthcare and vital social services. There may be earth-shaking implications on a geopolitical scale as well. Empty Planet is a hugely important book for our times. Captivating and persuasive, it is a story about urbanisation, access to education and the empowerment of women to choose their own destinies. It is about the secularisation of societies and the vital role that immigration has to play in our futures.Rigorously researched and deeply compelling, Empty Planet offers a vision of a future that we can no longer prevent - but that we can shape, if we choose to.
Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline
by John Ibbitson Darrell Bricker**A SUNDAY TIMES MUST-READ**'Riveting and vitally important' - Steven Pinker'A gripping narrative of a world on the cusp of profound change' - Anjana Ahuja, New StatesmanEmpty Planet offers a radical, provocative argument that the global population will soon begin to decline, dramatically reshaping the social, political and economic landscape.For half a century, statisticians, pundits and politicians have warned that a burgeoning planetary population will soon overwhelm the earth's resources. But a growing number of experts are sounding a different kind of alarm. Rather than growing exponentially, they argue, the global population is headed for a steep decline. Throughout history, depopulation was the product of catastrophe: ice ages, plagues, the collapse of civilizations. This time, however, we're thinning ourselves deliberately, by choosing to have fewer babies than we need to replace ourselves. In much of the developed and developing world, that decline is already underway, as urbanisation, women's empowerment, and waning religiosity lead to smaller and smaller families. In Empty Planet, Ibbitson and Bricker travel from South Florida to Sao Paulo, Seoul to Nairobi, Brussels to Delhi to Beijing, drawing on a wealth of research and firsthand reporting to illustrate the dramatic consequences of this population decline - and to show us why the rest of the developing world will soon join in. They find that a smaller global population will bring with it a number of benefits: fewer workers will command higher wages; good jobs will prompt innovation; the environment will improve; the risk of famine will wane; and falling birthrates in the developing world will bring greater affluence and autonomy for women. But enormous disruption lies ahead, too. We can already see the effects in Europe and parts of Asia, as aging populations and worker shortages weaken the economy and impose crippling demands on healthcare and vital social services. There may be earth-shaking implications on a geopolitical scale as well. Empty Planet is a hugely important book for our times. Captivating and persuasive, it is a story about urbanisation, access to education and the empowerment of women to choose their own destinies. It is about the secularisation of societies and the vital role that immigration has to play in our futures.Rigorously researched and deeply compelling, Empty Planet offers a vision of a future that we can no longer prevent - but that we can shape, if we choose to.
Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline
by John Ibbitson Darrell BrickerFrom the authors of the bestselling The Big Shift, a provocative argument that the global population will soon begin to decline, dramatically reshaping the social, political, and economic landscape. For half a century, statisticians, pundits, and politicians have warned that a burgeoning planetary population will soon overwhelm the earth's resources. But a growing number of experts are sounding a different kind of alarm. Rather than growing exponentially, they argue, the global population is headed for a steep decline. Throughout history, depopulation was the product of catastrophe: ice ages, plagues, the collapse of civilizations. This time, however, we're thinning ourselves deliberately, by choosing to have fewer babies than we need to replace ourselves. In much of the developed and developing world, that decline is already underway, as urbanization, women's empowerment, and waning religiosity lead to smaller and smaller families. In Empty Planet, Ibbitson and Bricker travel from South Florida to Sao Paulo, Seoul to Nairobi, Brussels to Delhi to Beijing, drawing on a wealth of research and firsthand reporting to illustrate the dramatic consequences of this population decline--and to show us why the rest of the developing world will soon join in. They find that a smaller global population will bring with it a number of benefits: fewer workers will command higher wages; good jobs will prompt innovation; the environment will improve; the risk of famine will wane; and falling birthrates in the developing world will bring greater affluence and autonomy for women. But enormous disruption lies ahead, too. We can already see the effects in Europe and parts of Asia, as aging populations and worker shortages weaken the economy and impose crippling demands on healthcare and social security. The United States is well-positioned to successfully navigate these coming demographic shifts--that is, unless growing isolationism and anti-immigrant backlash lead us to close ourselves off just as openness becomes more critical to our survival than ever before. Rigorously researched and deeply compelling, Empty Planet offers a vision of a future that we can no longer prevent--but one that we can shape, if we choose.
Enabling Context-Aware Web Services: Methods, Architectures, and Technologies
by Quan Z. Sheng Schahram Dustdar Jian YuWith recent advances in radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology, sensor networks, and enhanced Web services, the original World Wide Web is continuing its evolution into what is being called the Web of Things and Services. Such a Web will support an ultimately interactive environment where everyday physical objects such as buildings, sidew
Enabling Mathematics Learning of Struggling Students (Research in Mathematics Education)
by Yan Ping Xin Ron Tzur Helen ThoulessThis book provides prospective and practicing teachers with research insights into the mathematical difficulties of students with learning disabilities and classroom practices that address these difficulties. This linkage between research and practice celebrates teachers as learners of their own students’ mathematical thinking, thus contributing an alternative view of mathematical progression in which students are taught conceptually. The research-based volume presents a unique collaboration among researchers in special education, psychology, and mathematics education from around the world. It reflects an ongoing work by members of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME) and the North American Chapter of the PME Working Groups. The authors of chapters in this book, who have been collaborating extensively over the past 7 years, are from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Enabling Students in Mathematics
by Marshall GordonThis book addresses the cognitive, social, and psychological dimensions that shape students' mathematics experience to help students become more capable, cooperative, and confident in the process of engaging mathematics. In these ways they can have a more valuable and enjoyable mathematics experience, and become more valued participants in society. The book focuses on the mathematics classroom for students grades six to twelve and how students can become more successful mathematical thinkers, in addition to how the curriculum could be presented so as to provide a more engaging mathematics experience.
Enacting Citizenship: Kurdish Women's Resilience, Activism and Creativity
by Joanna Bocheńska Nerina Weiss Wendelmoet Hamelink Dobrosława Wiktor-Mach Karol Kaczorowski Hayal Hanoğlu Marcin Skupiński Azad Hajiagha Hüseyin Rodi Keskin Besime ŞenThis open access book presents new, empirically-based ethnographic and sociological studies of Kurdish women’s activism and its implications for their rights and the dynamics of citizenship across different social, cultural, and political fields. Organized into five sections, the book explores the ecological and cultural aspects of citizenship and activism; the interplay between activism and family life; the status of citizens and stateless people in marginalized conditions; and the historical development of Kurdish citizenship in various regions of Kurdistan and the diaspora. It offers an in-depth exploration of lived citizenship, social movements, and women activism in the Global South, as well as a comprehensive study of contemporary Kurdish society, politics, and culture. This book is an essential read for researchers in Kurdish studies, women’s and gender studies, family studies, peace and conflict studies, migration studies, environmental studies, and art and literary studies.
Encompassing: Practical Applications Through Simulation
by Robert C. Marshall Jean-Francois Richard Chaohai ShenAn operational simulation-based implementation of a fundamental research principle in the sciences—the idea that a model must account for, or encompass, findings of alternative models.To account for the universal deficiency of all economic models, Jean-François Richard, Robert Marshall, and Chaohai Shen propose in this book an operational test of whether a model accounts for—or encompasses—key results of alternative models. This simulation-based approach is distinct from the likelihood-based approach of forty-plus years ago. It is specifically designed to be applicable to serious nonlinear applications, under the minimal requirement that the models under consideration be amenable to Monte Carlo simulations.The method of simulated moments, increasingly applied in major empirical applications, provides the ideal framework to compute a wide range of formal simulation-based encompassing test statistics. The authors argue that simulation-based encompassing is particularly easy to implement when the model of interest incorporates novel features relative to an earlier &“benchmark&” model: that is, &“nests&” the latter.The book should be of particular interest to practitioners, researchers, and graduate students who wish to validate their models using simulation-based encompassing as a rigorous scientific alternative to more informal model comparisons.
Encountering Algebra: A Comparative Study of Classrooms in Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the USA
by Cecilia Kilhamn Roger SäljöThe book reports a comparative research project about algebra teaching and learning in four countries. Algebra is a central topic of learning across the world, and it is well-known that it represents a hurdle for many students. The book presents analyses built on extensive video-recordings of classrooms documenting the first introduction to symbolic algebra (students aged 12 to 14). While the content addressed in all classrooms is variables, expressions and equations, the teaching approaches are diverse. The chapters bring the reader into different algebra classrooms, discussing issues such as mathematization and social norms, the role of mediating tools and designed examples, and teacher beliefs. By comparing classrooms, new insights are generated about how students understand the algebraic content, how teachers instruct, and how both parties deal with difficulties in learning elementary algebra. The book also describes a research methodology using video in search of taken-for-granted aspects of algebra lessons.