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Immaculate Forms: Uncovering the History of Women's Bodies
by Helen KingThroughout history, religious scholars, medical men and - occasionally - women themselves, have moulded thought on what 'makes' a woman. She has been called the weaker sex, the fairer sex, the purer sex, among many other monikers. Often, she has been defined simply as 'Not A Man'.Today, we are more aware than ever of the complex relationship between our bodies and our identities. But contrary to what some may believe, what makes a woman is a question that has always been open-ended.Immaculate Forms examines all the ways in which medicine and religion have played a gatekeeping role over women's organs. It explores how the womb was seen as both the most miraculous organ in the body and as a sewer; uncovers breasts' legacies as maternal or sexual organs - or both; probes the mystery of the disappearing hymen, and asks, did the clitoris need to be discovered at all?
Immediate Dental Implants for Esthetic and Premolar Sites
by Douglas Deporter Mohammad KetabiA detailed, state-of-the-art reference for immediate implantation techniques for non-molar teeth Immediate Dental Implants for Esthetic and Premolar Sites presents a detailed and comprehensive discussion of all aspects of immediate dental implant treatments in anterior and premolar sites in both arches. The book offers complete information on managing these challenging cases, providing step-by-step procedures for recommended and often innovative techniques. The authors summarize the latest advances in the field—including anatomically-guided immediate implantation, peri-implant gap management, dealing with compromised situations, soft tissue grafting preservation with customized transitional restorations, prosthetic procedures, early loading protocols, and innovative implant designs. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to screening, along with unique considerations for placing immediate dental implants at different sitesComprehensive explorations of the techniques and outcomes for each discussed site Hundreds of high-quality, full-color clinical and radiographic images demonstrating the techniques discussed withinComplete case management, from case selection to long-term outcomes Immediate Dental Implants for Esthetic and Premolar Sites is a critically important reference resource for clinicians offering implant treatments but will also benefit students, residents, and fellows with an interest in immediate dental implantation.
Immersive Technology and Experiences: Implications for Business and Society
by Githa S. Heggde Santosh Kumar Patra Rasananda PandaThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the role of immersive technology with multiple sectoral perspectives, such as entertainment, education, health care, and more. It covers a detailed analysis of the latest trends and developments in the field. It encompasses practical insights on using immersive technology effectively through industry expert chapters, case studies, and real-world examples that demonstrate how immersive technology is being used in different industries. Chapters in this book are from academicians and industry professionals to create a fine balance of knowledge and practice perspective of today’s immersive technology. It is written in accessible language that is easy for non-experts to understand. It focuses on the future of immersive technology, exploring its potential impact on society and the economy. It provides insights into the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead and offers predictions on how immersive technology will continue to evolve in the years to come. It is a valuable resource for anyone learning more about immersive technology.
Immigrants and Social Work: Thinking Beyond the Borders of the United States
by Diane Drachman Ana PaulinoExplore an understudied but vital aspect of the immigration experience!Until now, the American social work literature on immigration has emphasized one part of the migration process-the experiences of immigrants in this country. Country-of-origin experiences that lead to emigration have received limited attention. Immigrants and Social Work: Thinking Beyond the Borders of the United States expands the focus of the literature, drawing clear connections between immigrants&’ situations in their countries of origin and how they adapt to their new country.This book presents a two (or more)country perspective on immigration, looking at migration as a process that requires an understanding of phenomena that occur in immigrants&’ country of origin and that impact their lives in the United States. It also looks at immigrants&’ back-and-forth movements between their home and new countries, and examines the immigration process when it involves movement to a third or fourth country-or, as in the case of the Armenian diaspora, a return to the home country after years of settlement in a new land.To provide immigrants with effective social services, it is essential to understand the situations that prompted them to uproot their lives and start over in a new country. Immigrants and Social Work: Thinking Beyond the Borders of the United States provides an unflinching look at many of these country-of-origin issues, examining: mental health issues that result from the traumatic experiences of undocumented Mexican immigrants the essential link between international social work and social work with immigrants and refugees in the United States cross-national collaboration between educators in the United States and Armenia that is helping to provide vital services to Armenian refugees the phenomenon of return migration the migration experiences of women living in towns along the United States/Mexico border culturally competent mental health service delivery for Chinese immigrants circular migration between Puerto Rico and the United States the challenges facing impoverished Dominican immigrants to the United States-and a look at the relationship between the two countries&’ policies regarding migrationImmigrants and Social Work: Thinking Beyond the Borders of the United States is important reading for social work professionals who serve immigrant populations. It is also an ideal ancillary text for courses in international social work, family policy, social work with immigrants and refugees, child welfare, and social work practice with families, as well as any social work course that covers Chinese, Mexican, Armenian, Puerto Rican, or Dominican immigrant populations. Make it a part of your teaching/professional collection today.
Immigration Policy and Immigrant Families (National Symposium on Family Issues #NA)
by Jennifer Van Hook Valarie KingThis book examines how immigration law impacts U.S. immigrant families. It addresses how admission and border policies shape family formation and contribute to prolonged family separation; how immigration enforcement affects parenting practices; and how immigrants’ unique challenges spill over to influence broader kinship support networks. Chapters describe family reunification and separation policies; return migration and binational family life; how young immigrants reconnect with family abroad and navigate romantic relationships in the United States; parents’ engagement with surveilling actors and institutions; the impact of immigration policy on parenting, including during the pandemic; the health and well-being of DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)-eligible adults and their children; aging and family dynamics among Asian immigrant families; and the impact of immigrant legal status across generations. Finally, the volume offers recommendations for family researchers on ways to advance our understanding of the short and longer-term effects of immigration law and policies on the formation, structure, and functioning of immigrant families. Key areas of coverage include: Immigrant laws and policies that shape the formation and separation of immigrant families. Immigrant parenting in the context of immigration enforcement. Effects of DACA and other immigrant policies on child and adult health and well-being. Long-term impacts of immigration policy over time and across generations. Opportunities for family research to better understand how immigration policies and practices shape families, parenting, and child health and well-being. Immigration Policy and Immigrant Families is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and other professionals in developmental psychology, family studies, sociology, and such interrelated disciplines as demography, social work, prevention science, public health, educational policy, political science, and economics.
Immigration and Strategic Public Health Communication: Lessons from the Transnational Seguro Popular Project (Routledge Research in Health Communication)
by Robert Smith Don Waisanen Guillermo Yrizar BarbosaThis book engages a key question facing governments and similar institutions in countries of immigration or emigration: how should these governments and institutions communicate with immigrants so that they will listen to and act on their messages? Drawing on original research with Mexican emigrants in New York and the Mexican government’s Seguro Popular health care program, the authors examine the ways in which governments integrate migrants into diasporic political, medical, educational, and other systems, and how migrant-sending countries communicate with their emigrants abroad. In analyzing how these efforts fail or succeed, this book presents strategies and policy recommendations that many governments and institutions can use to engage their citizens or clients ethically and effectively. Offering a valuable approach to the study of race, migration, and public policy, this book will be of key importance to researchers and graduate students in public health, sociology, marketing and business, political science, Latinx studies, and international communication.
Immobility and Medicine: Exploring Stillness, Waiting and the In-Between
by Cecilia Vindrola-Padros Bruno Vindrola-Padros Kyle Lee-CrossettRecent work in the mobilities literature has highlighted the importance of thinking about mobility and immobility as a continuum, where movement intersects with processes that might entail episodes of transition, waiting, emptiness, and fixity. This focus on stillness, things that are stuck, incomplete or in a state of transition can point to new theoretical, methodological and practical dimensions in social studies of medicine. This edited volume brings the concept of immobility to the forefront of social studies of medicine to explore how immobility shapes processes of medical care and the theoretical and methodological challenges of studying immobility in medical contexts. The authors in this volume draw from a wide range of case studies across the globe to make contributions to our current understanding of health, illness and medicine, mobilities and immobilities.Chapter 2 “Lists in Flux, Lives on Hold? Technologies of Waiting in Liver Transplant Medicine” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Immobilization Strategies: Biomedical, Bioengineering and Environmental Applications (Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)
by Anuj Tripathi Jose Savio MeloThis book delves into the field of immobilizing biologically active and non-active molecules. It discusses the designing strategy of immobilization and the current state-of-the-art applications for advancing biomedical, agricultural, environmental and industrial practices. It focuses on aspects ranging from fundamental principles to current technological advances at multi-scale levels (macro, micro, and nano) which are suitable for cell, enzyme, and nano-catalyst based applications. Written by experts from across the globe, the contents deal with illustrated examples of molecular and cellular interactions with materials/scaffolds and discussions on factors that can affect the functionality and yield of the process. With its discussions on material science, design of delivery vehicles, separation science, additive manufacturing, agriculture and environmental science, this book will be a useful reference for researchers across multiple disciplines.
Immortal Bird
by Doron Weber"Maybe I've finally beaten this thing, maybe three years' struggle will not have been in vain. Maybe this is finally over . . ." --from Damon's blog, May 2004 A FAMILY' S LOVE lies at the heart of this gifted boy's fight to survive. Born with a congenital heart defect that required surgery when he was a baby, Damon Weber lives a big life with spirit and independence that have always been a source of pride to his parents, Doron and Shealagh. But when Damon is diagnosed with a new illness as a teenager, his triumphant coming-of-age tale turns into a darker and more dramatic quest: his family's race against time and a flawed heath care system.Immortal Bird is a searing account of a father's struggle to save his remarkable son, a story of a young boy's passion for life, and a tribute to his family's love. It is also a story of the perils of modern medicine and the redemptive power of art in the face of the unthinkable.
Immortal Thoughts: Late Style In A Time Of Plague
by Christopher NeveA remarkable, heartfelt, beautifully written analysis of the late work of major artists which author Max Porter has called “completely and utterly marvelous.” In 2020, as the spread of COVID-19 caused pandemonium worldwide,a painter and writer returned to a childhood home to reflect upon the transcendence of nature and the work of the artists he most admires. It seems to Christopher Neve that in their final works—their late style—that they have something remarkable in common. This has more to do with intuition and memory than with rationality or reason. Immortal Thoughts: Late Style in a Time of Plague is an anthology of these reflections. In this personal and moving account, nineteen short essays on artists are interspersed with recollections of the cataclysmic global progress of the disease in poignant contrast to the beauty of the seasons in Neve’s isolated house and garden. From Paul Cézanne and Michelangelo to Rembrandt and Gwen John, Neve dwells on artists’ late ideas, memories, risks, and places in the context of time and mortality. As much art history as a discussion of great art in the context of the “dance of death,” Neve also writes about Pierre Bonnard, Giorgio Morandi, Nicolas Poussin, Chaim Soutine, and many others. Immortal Thoughts is a summary of a lifetime’s contemplation of art.
Immortality Inc.
by Robert SheckleyA man wakes up after a fatal car accident—in someone else&’s body—in this ahead-of-its-time Hugo Award–nominated classic. Thomas Blaine remembered the car accident that killed him—and then he woke up in the hospital. A nurse told him where he was. &“You&’d call it being in the future.&” A future where bodies are sold to the highest bidder as new homes for the minds of the rich, who are greedy for more life when their own bodies wear out or are damaged. Suddenly, keeping body and soul together has taken on a new, and very sinister, meaning. From the very beginning of his career, Robert Sheckley was recognized by fans, reviewers, and fellow authors as a master storyteller and the wittiest satirist working in the science fiction field. Open Road is proud to republish his acclaimed body of work, with nearly thirty volumes of full-length fiction and short story collections. Rediscover, or discover for the first time, a master of science fiction who, according to the New York Times, was &“a precursor to Douglas Adams.&”
Immortality, Inc.: Renegade Science, Silicon Valley Billions, and the Quest to Live Forever
by Chip WalterThis gripping narrative explores today's scientific pursuit of immortality, with exclusive visits inside Silicon Valley labs and interviews with the visionaries who believe we will soon crack into the aging process and cure death.We live in an age when billionaires are betting their fortunes on laboratory advances to prove aging unnecessary and death a disease that can be cured. Researchers are delving into the mysteries of stem cells and the human genome, discovering what it means to grow old and how to keep those processes from happening. This isn't science fiction; it's real, it's serious, and it's on track to revolutionize our definitions of life and mortality.In Immortality, Inc., veteran science journalist Chip Walter gains exclusive access to the champions of this radical cause, delivering a book that brings together for the first time the visions of molecular biologist and Apple chairman Arthur Levinson, genomics entrepreneur Craig Venter, futurist Ray Kurzweil, rejuvenation trailblazer Aubrey de Grey, and stem cell expert Robert Hariri. Along the way, Walter weaves in fascinating conversations about life, death, aging, and the future of the human race.
Immun, fit und gesund – ohne Medikamente: Über 100 Antworten von Ihrem Arzt
by Daniel HarbsIhr Körper ist Ihnen wichtig? Sie suchen die optimale gesunde Lebensführung? Dieser Ratgeber zu Fitness, Weight Loss, Mental Balance, Beauty, Detox und dem Immunsystem gibt fundierte Tipps. Der Allgemeinmediziner Daniel Harbs antwortet kurz und auf den Punkt auf Fragen, die er in seinem Praxisalltag immer wieder hört.Sie wollen fit werden und bleiben, ohne Medikamente einzunehmen? Verwirrt von den Treffern aus Suchmaschinen? Fragen Sie den Experten. Mit Hamburger Nüchternheit, hanseatischem Humor und verständlichen Worten führt der Autor Sie von den Tipps zum Abnehmen, Mittel gegen den Kater, Abwehr von Stress bis zum Umgang mit Gluten, Fett und Zucker. Und wie können wir uns vor Viren schützen, was macht unser Immunsystem stark? Über 125 Fragen und Antworten decken Ihre Neugier und helfen Ihnen auf dem Weg zu einem selbstbestimmt gesünderen Leben.
Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases (Methods in Signal Transduction Series)
by Shyam S. BansalInflammation, once considered a physiological response to foreign pathogens, is now recognized as a crucial pathological player in the initiation and progression of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and many others. Considering that cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, the identification of critical inflammatory processes is of utmost importance to devising new immune-based therapeutics that can be added to existing regimens. This book provides detailed information on aspects of inflammation and the manner in which immune activation pathways affect the progression of cardiovascular diseases and the repair/regeneration mechanisms of underlying diseased tissues. Key Features Outlines the role that inflammation plays in cardiovascular diseases Describes a paradox – neutralization of cytokines that contribute to cardiovascular disease does not show benefit Summarizes research on a variety of processes and mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular pathology Contributions from an international team of leading cardiologists and cardiovascular immunologists Related Titles Roy, S., et al., eds. Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions (ISBN 978-1-138-19955-2) Kong, A-N. T., ed. Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cancer: Dietary Approaches for Cancer Prevention (ISBN 978-1-138-19984-2) Dick, A., et al. Practical Manual of Intraocular Inflammation (ISBN 978-0-367-38720-4)
Immune Checkpoint Blockade
by Yago Pico de CoañaThis detailed volume describes a series of techniques that are essential for evaluating the efficacy of new checkpoint blockade therapies as well as understanding the mechanisms behind the therapies that have already been approved. Beginning with a section on describing the tumor microenvironment and evaluating the immune system at a systemic level, the book continues by covering functional assays that provide answers to questions that may be raised after studying the immune system and its responses to immunotherapies, as well as the use of animal models in this research. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Methods and Protocols serves to aid researchers in furthering our understanding of checkpoint blockage as well as the study of tumor immunology and the development of new immunotherapies.
Immune Functions of the Vessel Wall
by Peter Libby Goran K HanssonThis book draws together important facts, in particular areas of vascular biology, and allows the generation of hypotheses and principles that unite an area and define newer horizons. It is designed for scientists and physicians interested in immunology, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases.
Immune Hematology: Diagnosis And Management Of Autoimmune Cytopenias
by Jenny M. DespotovicThis text provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the most common autoimmune cytopenias affecting adults and children. The book is divided into four sections, each of which focuses on a major autoimmune cytopenia. The first section features background, pathophysiology, presentation, evaluation, and treatment strategies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), the most common cause of antibody-mediated platelet destruction. The second section reviews common forms and treatment strategies for autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), including a chapter dedicated specifically to Evans Syndrome. The third section comprehensively reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis and current management approaches to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a potentially life-threatening autoimmune syndrome. The book concludes with a final section on autoimmune neutropenia. Each section includes a review of common underlying systemic autoimmune conditions and immune deficiency syndromes that can accompany or cause autoimmune cytopenias.Written by experts in each content area, Immune Hematology: Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Cytopenias is a valuable resource for clinicians and professionals who treat patients afflicted with autoimmune cytopenias, including primary care providers, hematologist/oncologists, immunologists, among others.
Immune Homeostasis
by Michael J. Lenardo Andrew L. SnowMany questions remain unresolved as researchers continue to characterize and define the nature of normal immune homeostasis and determine how these processes are dysregulated in immunodeficiency, as well as in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders. Immune Homeostasis: Methods and Protocols focuses on experimental techniques for measuring and analyzing immune cell dynamics, with a particular emphasis on examining lymphocyte programmed cell death in different contexts. With contributions by leading experts in the field, the collection examines detailed protocols for studying various pathways of apoptosis and necrosis in different types of hematopoietic cells, both in vitro and in vivo, methods for studying the maintenance of lymphocyte populations in the steady-state or following infectious challenges in both mice and humans, and technical insights into state-of-the-art genomics tools, among other topics. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Valuable and easy to use, Immune Homeostasis: Methods and Protocols serves as an important toolkit for basic and clinical scientists interested in examining various aspects of immune homeostasis in both normal and disease-related contexts in order to further study the dynamic processes that contribute to homeostasis of the immune system.
Immune Homeostasis: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2782)
by Vijay KumarThis volume discusses different aspects of immune homeostasis regulation and its dysregulation during various diseases, including infections, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, autoinflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency, along with immunological, genetic, cell biology, and molecular biology techniques designed to understand immune homeostasis at different stages. The chapters in this book cover topics such as T cell subsets; monocyte-myofibroblast immunomodulation in a 3D co-culture system; human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with neurodegenerative diseases; and CRISPR-Cas9 induced gene-editing in primary human monocytes. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Immune Homeostasis: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both novice and experts researchers interested in learning more about this important and developing field.
Immune Infertility
by Walter K.H. Krause Rajesh K. NazThis comprehensive overview of immune reactions inducing fertility disorders in both sexes first describes the nature and the function of sperm antigens which are capable to induce immune infertility as well as the methods to analyse and characterize these antigens. Secondly, the nature, the origin and induction of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in both sexes and the role of reproductive organs and their interaction with the immune system will be discussed. A large section of the book, which is most important for clinicians working in reproductive medicine, deals with the clinical impact of the immune reaction in reproductive medicine, including the methods of determination and the treatment in immune infertility. Closely related to immune infertility is the development of immune contraceptives which is also discussed.
Immune Infertility
by Walter K.H. Krause Rajesh K. NazThis book offers comprehensive coverage of both basic and clinical aspects of immune reactions responsible for infertility. It has four sections focusing on Sperm antigens, Antisperm antibodies (ASAs), Clinical impact of ASAs, and Immune contraception, and include contributions from leading experts in these fields. This new edition of the book offers a comprehensive update that reflects the very significant advances in reproductive immunology that have been achieved over the past five years, especially related to the sperm proteome, sperm-egg binding/fusion proteins, gene knockout studies, and immunocontraception. Reproductive immunology continues to be a fast-growing discipline in which new knowledge is emerging almost every day. Immune Infertility is a model source of vital and reliable information on the latest scientific developments in the field. It will be of value for clinicians, scientists, students, residents, and fellows working in reproductive biology, obstetrics and gynecology, and urology.
Immune Interferon: Properties and Clinical Applications (Pharmacology and Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Aspects)
by Ivan Ivanov Roumen G. TsanevNow for the first time, one comprehensive book summarizes and analyzes the numerous scientific papers and reviews covering selected aspects of the structure, biological activities, and clinical effects of immune interferon, also known as interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma). Interferon-gamma is a natural immune booster which has been synthesized and widely used in clinical cases ranging from infectious diseases to cancer, as well as various metabolic disorders. Having developed their own brand of interferon-gamma, the authors are well known in the scientific community. In Immune Interferon: Properties and Clinical Applications, they bring together the extensive findings from twenty years of research since the discovery of the drug. Focusing on the drug itself, and not particular brands, the book presents data on the properties of interferon-gamma, experimental data on its effects, and its clinical applications.
Immune Mediators in Cancer: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2108)
by Ivana Vancurova Yan ZhuThis book provides a comprehensive collection of classic and cutting-edge methodologies as well as bioinformatics and genome-editing approaches that are used to quantify immune mediators and analyze their function and biological activity in cancer cells and tissues. Beginning with a section on the detection of immune mediators in samples, the volume continues with sections covering cytokine bioassays, the expression and regulation of immune mediators in cancer cells, and methods to navigate the enormous datasets created by modern DNA and RNA sequencing and proteomic technology. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and wide-ranging, Immune Mediators in Cancer: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable resource for biochemists, molecular biologists, cancer biologists, and immunologists, as well as for physician-scientists working in the field of immunology and cancer research.
Immune Modulating Agents
by Thomas F. KresinaDiscussing the systemic immune response in the contexts of health, disease, and therapy, this unique resource-the only broadly based book of its kind available on the subject-offers comprehensive examinations of the pathways and agents that affect the human immune response and provides state-of-the-art presentations on practical methods of immune modulation. Focuses on the immune response and modulation in infectious diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis, and parasitic infections and highlights immune modulating agents in gastrointestinal diseases, sepsis, cancer, and autoimmunity! Written by over 50 international authorities representing distinguished institutions in nine countries, Immune Modulating Agentsintroduces basic immunoregulatory mechanisms as homeostasis details cytokines, cellular and humoral immune responses, and hematopoiesis describes neuroendocrine - immune system interactions and the role of psychological stress on immune competence delineates factors that influence disease susceptibility, including nutrition covers drug delivery systems, gene therapy, organ transplantation, arthritis treatment, and vaccination strategies shows how to design clinical trials using immune modulating agents and more!
Immune Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Ocular Disorders
by Uwe Pleyer Jorge L. Alió Talin Barisani-Asenbauer Phuc Le Hoang Narsing A. RaoThese guidelines, compiled by a panel of clinicians and scientists with a high level of expertise, aim to provide readers with the most up-to-date and comprehensive instructions on the treatment and prevention of ocular inflammation. All of the recommendations are explicitly linked to supporting evidence and graded according to the strength of that evidence and the editors have made every effort to ensure that chapters are of a consistently high methodological quality. The guidelines for each treatment include dose and the frequency and mode of delivery. Significant side-effects of treatment are identified and distinguished from those of the disease in question. Suggestions are presented for the prevention both of the disease itself and of the treatment-related complications. In addition, likely future directions in treatment and prevention are identified. These guidelines will be of great practical value for all clinicians and clinical scientists with an interest in the subject.