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Mobile Brain-Body Imaging and the Neuroscience of Art, Innovation and Creativity (Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems #10)
by Jose L. Contreras-Vidal Chang S. Nam Dario Robleto Jesus G. Cruz-Garza José M. AzorínMobile Brain–Body Imaging and the Neuroscience of Art, Innovation and Creativity is a trans-disciplinary, collective, multimedia collaboration that critically uncovers the challenges and opportunities for transformational and innovative research and performance at the nexus of art, science and engineering. This book addresses a set of universal and timeless questions with a profound impact on the human condition: How do the creative arts and aesthetic experiences engage the brain and mind and promote innovation?How do arts–science collaborations employ aesthetics as a means of problem-solving and thereby create meaning?How can the creative arts and neuroscience advance understanding of individuality and social cognition, improve health and promote life-long learning?How are neurotechnologies changing science and artistic expression?How are the arts and citizen science innovating neuroscience studies, informal learning and outreach in the public sphere?Emerging from the 2016 and 2017 International Conferences on Mobile Brain–Body Imaging and the Neuroscience of Art, Innovation and Creativity held in Cancun, Mexico and Valencia, Spain to explore these topics, this book intertwines disciplines and investigates not only their individual products—art and data—but also something more substantive and unique; the international pool of contributors reveals something larger about humanity by revealing the state of the art in collaboration between arts and sciences and providing an investigational roadmap projected from recent advances.Mobile Brain–Body Imaging and the Neuroscience of Art, Innovation and Creativity is written for academic researchers, professionals working in industrial and clinical centers, independent researchers and artists from the performing arts, and other readers interested in understanding emergent innovations at the nexus of art, science, engineering, medicine and the humanities. The book contains language, design features (illustrations, diagrams) to develop a conversational bridge between the disciplines involved supplemented by access to video, artistic presentations and the results of a hackathon from the MoBI conferences.
Mobile Communications and Public Health
by Marko S. MarkovThis book represents a comprehensive overview of the distribution of the various forms of mobile communications devices, with increasing variations and intensities that constitute a serious hazard to both the biosphere and mankind. Contributors stress the lack of controls over mobile communication signal sources, as well as the absence of monitoring the health of individuals exposed to microwave radiation. The work also entails a review of the engineering behind mobile communication technology, including a summary of basic scientific evidence of the effects of biological exposure to microwaves, and unique coverage on potential hazards of mobile communication for children. Marko S. Markov has been professor and chairman of the Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology of Sofi University for 22 years. With over 45 years of basic science research experience, and over 40 years in the clinical application of electromagnetic fields, he is recognized as one of the world’s best experts in the subject. His list of publications includes 196 papers and 18 books. Presents an overview of what modern science knows about mobile communications signals Details the latest research on potential hazards related to uncontrolled use of mobile devices Provides information related to children's organisms not developed biologically prior to exposure to microwave signals Offers methods of control of the house and work environment Explores the link between science and electromagnetics hazards.
Mobile Genetic Elements
by Wolfgang J. Miller Pierre CapyLeading experts describe in step-by-step detail their most productive transposon-based methods and strategies for studying genome structure, function, and evolution. These readily reproducible techniques cover a wide range, including mutagenesis, transgenesis, gene silencing, and molecular systematics. Among the highlights are a series of DNA hybridization methods for analyzing the distribution and dynamics of mobile DNA at the hosts' genomic level, techniques for studying LTR retrotransposons in heterologous host systems, and mutagenesis protocols for investigating gene functions in a broad range of organisms. These cutting-edge methods offer investigators powerful genetic tools for dissecting the function of a specific gene, elaborating on the mechanisms leading to genetic change and diversity, and studying the evolutionary impact of mobile DNA on the biology and evolution of organisms.
Mobile Genetic Elements
by Yves BigotTransposable elements are used as genetic tools for dissecting the function of a specific gene and elaborating on mechanisms leading to genetic change and diversity, and the evolutionary impact of mobile DNA on the biology and evolution of organism. In, Mobile Genetic Elements: Protocols and Genomic Applications, Second Edition gathers a wide array of strategies and protocols for identifying transposable elements (TEs) and their evolutionary derivatives, and for studying genome structure, function, and evolution. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, the chapters include the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results in the laboratory. Through and intuitive Mobile Genetic Elements: Protocols and Genomic Applications, Second Edition aids scientists in the continuing study of in silico tools, strategies and protocols that are complementary of those described in the first volume.
Mobile Health Technologies
by Avraham Rasooly Keith E. HeroldThis volume represents a valuable collection of mobile health (mHealth) emerging technologies. Chapters focus on three main areas of mHealth: technologies for in vitro and environmental testing, mHealth technologies for physiological and anatomical measurements and mHealth technologies for imaging. This book is designed to make mHealth more accessible and understandable to engineers, medical professionals, molecular biologists, chemical, and physical science researchers developing mHealth technologies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, technical information about materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Mobile Health Technologies : Methods in Molecular Biology aims to improve access to medical procedures including early detection, diagnostics and treatment through the development of new portable and accessible devices, and that this will lead to improved health technologies.
Mobile Health: Rethinking Innovation Management to Harmonize AI and Social Design (Future of Business and Finance)
by Kota Kodama Shintaro SengokuThis book examines the current status of mHealth development, regulations and the social background in Japan, South Korea and China, comparing it to the situation in the United States and the European Union and consider solutions to issues surrounding mHealth.The recent progress in mobile technology, represented by smartphones and smart watches, has been remarkable. A service called mobile health (mHealth), which uses such mobile technology to manage health, is also becoming a reality. Although the accuracy of medical devices is not as accurate as those used in medicine, the biometric information such as heart rate and SpO2 can already be monitored over a long period of time. Although the technology is maturing to the point where it can be implemented in society, it remains an unapproved service of medical care in most countries. The development and social implementation of mHealth is most active in the US, but social implementation is gradually progressing in other countries as well. In this book, we will first discuss what kind of global and harmonized regulations are desirable by comparing the regulatory reforms necessary for social implementation of mHealth. In addition, mHealth raises privacy concerns in the US because the usual behavior and biometric information of subjects is utilized by private companies. In addition, it is important to note that the behavior and biometric information of subjects collected by smart devices is automatically analyzed by AI technology, mainly machine learning, which makes the analysis a black box.
Mobile Medicine: Overcoming People, Culture, and Governance
by Sherri Douville"The healthcare industry is undergoing a transformation of exponential change and opportunity that bears daunting challenges. To incorporate groundbreaking technologies, we as leaders are building our people, skills, cultures, and leadership to capitalize on and refine those technologies to address the urgent needs of today and tomorrow. This timely work is written by a world-class multi-disciplinary team in Healthcare IT, medicine, and business. This breadth and collaboration is what's required to deliver this very timely cross-functional discussion and fantastic action planning resource. This book is required reading for any organization looking to lead the next wave of healthcare technology to improve care quality, patient safety, and clinician satisfaction to help us save more lives and keep people healthy across the entire care continuum." Aaron Miri Chief Information Officer for Dell Medical School and UT Health Austin & Co-Chair for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Federal Health IT Advisory Committee An actionable and practical resource to accelerate mobile computing in medicine: No topic in healthcare technology is more urgent and yet more elusive to date than mobile computing in medicine. It adheres to no boundaries, stagnates in silos, and demands not just the attention of dedicated professionals, but also teams of teams. A rich resource, this book shares hard-won lessons and primary research for better understanding, management, and execution of key mobile computing initiatives in medicine (that can save patient lives by reducing delays in medical information). It provides an action planning reference guide for mobile medicine stakeholders, including health system and insurance decision makers, clinicians, and investors. Foundational and groundbreaking in its knowledge set and combination, it also provides a unique and rare perspective, drawing from 27 distinct experts across disciplines from legal to medicine, informatics, organizational psychology, cybersecurity to engineering – the building blocks needed to catalyze a comprehensive mobile medicine strategy for your health system or investment thesis. Considering we lose a family member, colleague, or someone else every nine minutes due to a delay in medical information according to the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, this book makes significant strides in efficiently conveying foundational knowledge that can contribute to implementing mobile computing safely and cost-effectively while improving clinician and patient experiences in healthcare. These insights will accelerate the reader’s ability to conceptualize the real opportunities via mobile computing in medicine. FEATURES: Provides a current understanding of why the adoption of mobile medicine has been meager to date and what gaps and opportunities exist Delivers proven management and leadership techniques from experts doing the work of building IT, security, and informatics organizations and workflows in preparing for mobile medicine Describes how to navigate cultures of related professions essential to mobile medicine, including insights from physicians, engineers, informaticists, lawyers, IT researchers, organizational psychologists, board directors, researchers, cybersecurity leaders, and other key stakeholders Demystifies the latest, up-to-date federal rules, laws, and regulations impacting and enabling the promise of mobile medicine Highlights how to best mitigate risks for the development and deployment of mobile medicine and next-generation innovations, such as wearable robotics into the clinical environment Offers resources and tools to enable unprecedented collaboration across diverse professionals including, but not limited to, functional and work differences as well as skillsets and other factors of talent diversity required to bring mo
Mobile Phone Security and Forensics
by I. I. AndroulidakisMobile Phone Security and Forensics provides both theoretical and practical background of security and forensics for mobile phones. The author discusses confidentiality, integrity, and availability threats in mobile telephones to provide background for the rest of the book. Security and secrets of mobile phones are discussed including software and hardware interception, fraud and other malicious techniques used "against" users. The purpose of this book is to raise user awareness in regards to security and privacy threats present in the use of mobile phones while readers will also learn where forensics data reside in the mobile phone and the network and how to conduct a relevant analysis.
Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design (Devices, Circuits, and Systems #31)
by Walter Karlen, Krzysztof IniewskiEfficient mobile systems that allow for vital sign monitoring and disease diagnosis at the point of care can help combat issues such as rising healthcare costs, treatment delays in remote and resource-poor areas, and the global shortage of skilled medical personnel. Covering everything from sensors, systems, and software to integration, usability, and regulatory challenges, Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design offers valuable insight into state-of-the-art technologies, research, and methods for designing personal diagnostic and ambulatory healthcare devices. Presenting the combined expertise of contributors from various fields, this multidisciplinary text: Gives an overview of the latest mobile health and point-of-care technologies Discusses portable diagnostics devices and sensors, including mobile-phone-based health systems Explores lab-on-chip systems as well as energy-efficient solutions for mobile point-of-care monitors Addresses computer vision and signal processing for real-time diagnostics Considers interface design for lay healthcare providers and home users Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design provides important background information about the design process of mobile health and point-of-care devices, using practical examples to illustrate key aspects related to instrumentation, information processing, and implementation.
Mobile Professional Voluntarism and International Development: Killing Me Softly?
by Helen Louise Ackers James Ackers-JohnsonThis book explores the impact that professional volunteers have on the low resource countries they choose to spend time in. Whilst individual volunteering may be of immediate benefit to individual patients, this intervention may have detrimental effects on local health systems; distorting labour markets, accentuating dependencies and creating opportunities for corruption. Improved volunteer deployment may avoid these risks and present opportunities for sustainable systems change. <P><P>The empirical research presented in this book stems from a specific volunteering intervention funded by the Tropical Health Education Trust and focused on improving maternal and newborn health in Uganda. However, important opportunities exist for policy transfer to other contexts.
Mobile Technologies for Smart Healthcare System Design (Wireless Networks)
by Yan Wang Jerry Cheng Xiaonan Guo Yingying (Jennifer) ChenThis book offers a comprehensive examination of mobile technologies in healthcare. It starts by covering wireless solutions, including WiFi signals and mmWave technology for activity recognition, fitness assistance, and eating habit monitoring. The discussion extends to wearable technologies that focus on personal fitness and injury prevention, highlighting the innovative use of PPG sensors in wearables, which enable gesture recognition and user authentication. Based on thorough analyses on the challenges of designing robust mobile healthcare systems, this book addresses the difficulty of gathering accurate and reliable sensor data amidst the variability of human activities. It explores solutions using advanced sensing modalities, such as WiFi, mmWave, and PPG sensors, and robust algorithms for feature extraction to interpret activities, gestures, and biometrics. It also tackles system robustness across diverse environments and practical issues such as reducing training efforts, handling motion artifacts, and the implementation of these systems using commercially available devices. The primary audience for this book targets computer science students and researchers working in mobile computing, smart healthcare, human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence/machine learning. Professionals and consultants focused on advancing mobile-based healthcare solutions will want to purchase this book as a reference.
Mobile Telemedicine: A Computing and Networking Perspective
by Yang Xiao Hui ChenAdvances in the area of wireless and mobile telemedicine to diagnose and treat patients have drawn growing attention from healthcare providers and recipients, industry, researchers, and governments.This volumeexamines computing and network dilemmas which arise from wireless and mobile telemedicine. Comprised of the contributions of many prominent international researchers, the book gives an overview of patient care and monitoring, discusses the use of telemedicine in cardiology and diabetes, analyzes security and privacy considerations, examines issues relating to networking support, and concludes with a section on the opportunities and challenges that are faced by those involved in this exciting technology.
Mobilities and Health (Geographies of Health Series)
by Anthony C. GatrellLooking at health and health care in a new way, this book examines health risks and benefits as encountered 'on the move' rather than focusing on the risks and benefits incurred at fixed locations. The provision and utilization of health care is also investigated, as produced/delivered and consumed/accessed in mobile settings. Engaging with the contemporary concern with 'mobilities' this book covers many forms of movement and flow, including movements of people, disease, information and health care. The issues and problems which are considered - whether re-emerging infections, displaced persons, or the 'risks' of globalised travel - are of current and ongoing concern. Drawing on three main disciplines, geography, sociology, and epidemiology, author Tony Gatrell makes strong connections between these areas of inquiry, drawing on (for example) social theorising, geographical concepts, and epidemiological methods and data. The book will be of interest to the growing number of geographers working on the geography of health, along with social scientists involved in the mobilities 'turn'. More broadly, as issues of global public health that invariably involve the movements of people, goods, viruses and information continue to hit the headlines, the book is both timely and of policy relevance.
Mobility In Context: Principles Of Patient Care Skills
by Charity Johansson Susan A. ChinworthRely on this state-of-the-art, multimedia resource to help you meet the expectations for today and tomorrow's health care providers. Review essential patient care skills--from positioning and vital signs to transfers and ambulation with assistive devices. Then learn how to transition to the "out-of-the-box" thinking you need to quickly and effectively respond to the myriad of unusual and unplanned circumstances encountered daily among patients. Step-by-step guidance walks you through biomechanical and neurological principles, collaborative patient/client goals and therapeutic alliance, overall rehabilitation efforts, and the changing reality of health care that demands higher levels of critical thinking and problem solving in a wider variety of situations. A wealth of full-color illustrations, icons, and tips break down complex topics into "bite-sized," more manageable pieces.
Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Patients
by Claes-Eric Norrbom Agneta StahlFirst Published in 1991. This is Volume 13 in a series of Transportation Studies. It contains 2 parts of the proceedings of a Conference held at Stockholmsmassan, Alvsjo, Sweden, 21-24 May 1989, organized by the Swedish Board of Transport in co-operation with the Department of Traffic Planning and Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology.
Mobility in Context: Principles of Patient Care Skills
by Charity Johansson Susan A. ChinworthMaximize patient care skills Rely on this state-of-the-art, multimedia resource to help you navigate confidently in both common and complex clinical situations. Mastering patient care skills will ground you in fundamental rehabilitation principles; help you establish a culture of patient-centered care; and teach you to foster habits of clinical problem solving and critical thinking. You'll also learn how to help your patients progress toward greater mobility and independence. Over 750 full-color photographs and illustrations make every concept crystal clear. See the techniques in action Fifty-five full-color narrated video clips online at DavisPlus show you clinicians and patients performing key techniques described in the text.
Mobility in Context: Principles of Patient Care Skills
by Charity Johansson Pt Crystal Ramsey PT DPT Susan A. Chinworth PtMaximize patient care skills Rely on this state-of-the-art, multimedia resource to help you navigate confidently in both common and complex clinical situations. Mastering patient care skills will ground you in fundamental rehabilitation principles; help you establish a culture of patient-centered care; and develop essential your clinical problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. You’ll also learn how to help your patients progress toward greater mobility and independence. Over 750 full-color photographs and illustrations make every concept crystal clear.
Mobility of Health Professionals
by Wissenschaftliches Institut Der Frits Tjadens Josef Eckert Caren WeilandtThis book on mobility of health professionals reviews, analyses and summarises published information and data as well as collected interview data from stake holders, including politicians, policy makers, health service managers and migrant health workers. It is based on the research carried out under the umbrella of the EU-funded project "Mobility of Health Professionals (MoHProf). The partners involved in the MoHProf project gathered evidence from 25 countries around basic questions and knowledge gaps relating to the international migration of health professionals, which involved an analysis of migration flows and evaluation of policies addressing migration. This book provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the mobility streams, the motives and driving forces behind them and the impact on and challenges for health systems and draws conclusions and provides recommendations for future strategic planning, monitoring and the management of mobility of health professionals as well as further research and policy development needs.
Mobility, Sexuality and AIDS (Sexuality, Culture and Health)
by Peter Aggleton Felicity Thomas Mary Haour-KnipeOver the past two decades, population mobility has intensified and become more diverse, raising important questions concerning the health and well-being of people who are mobile as well as communities of origin and destination. Ongoing concerns have been voiced about possible links between mobility and HIV, with calls being made to contain or control migrant populations, and debate linking HIV with issues of global security and surveillance being fuelled. This volume challenges common assumptions about mobility, HIV and AIDS. A series of interlinked chapters prepared by international experts explores the experiences of people who are mobile as they relate to sexuality and to HIV susceptibility and impact. The various chapters discuss the factors that contribute to the vulnerability of different mobile groups but also examine the ways in which agency, resilience and adaptation shape lived experience and help people protect themselves throughout the mobility process. Looking at diverse forms of migration and mobility – covering flight from conflict, poverty and exploitation, through labour migration to ‘sex tourism’ – the book reports on research findings from around the world, including the USA, the UK, sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, Central America and China. Mobility, Sexuality and AIDS recognises the complex relationships between individual circumstances, population mobility and community and state response. It is invaluable reading for policy makers, students and practitioners working in the fields of migration, development studies, anthropology, sociology, geography and public health.
Mobilität und Teilhabe – Begleitdienste im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr: Erfahrungen aus einem sozio-technischen Forschungsprojekt
by Daniel Bieber Sascha Roder Jan Alexandersson Jana Rößler Kathleen SchwarzDas Mobilitätsprojekt „mobisaar“ verbessert die Teilhabe von mobilitätseingeschränkten Menschen und Menschen mit Behinderungen durch den Einsatz von Lots*innen und mit Technikunterstützung durch Apps. Das in vier saarländischen Landkreisen erfolgreich umgesetzte BMBF-Projekt wird nach 5 Jahren Laufzeit 2020 finalisiert und bietet einen guten Einblick in die Konzepte, Strukturen und Schulungsideen des kostenfreien Begleitdienstes im kleinsten Flächenland Deutschlands sowie dessen Auswirkungen auf den ÖPNV.
Mobilizing Knowledge in Physiotherapy: Critical Reflections on Foundations and Practices (Routledge Advances in Physiotherapy)
by David A. Nicholls; Karen Synne Groven; Elizabeth Anne Kinsella; Rani Lill AnjumMobilizing Knowledge in Physiotherapy: Critical Reflections on Foundations and Practices is a collection of 15 collaboratively written critical essays, by 39 authors from 15 disciplines and seven countries. The book challenges some of the most important contemporary assumptions about physiotherapy knowledge, and makes the case for much more critical theory, practice, and education in physiotherapy health and social care. The book challenges the kinds of thinking that have traditionally bounded the profession and highlights the ways in which knowledge is now increasingly fluid, complex, and diffuse. The collection engages a range of critical social theories and interdisciplinary perspectives from within and without the profession. It includes sections focusing on evidence, practice, patient perspectives, embodiment, culture, diversity, digital worlds, and research methods. The book makes an important contribution to how we think about mobilizing knowledge, and it speaks to a diverse audience of academics, practitioners, educators, policy-makers, and students - both within physiotherapy and from a range of related health and social care disciplines. This book will be a useful reference for scholars interested in conceptions of professional knowledge, and the theory of professional education and practice in physiotherapy and beyond.
Mobilizing Mercy: A History of the Canadian Red Cross
by Sarah GlassfordFor more than a century the Canadian Red Cross Society has provided help and comfort to vulnerable people at home and abroad. In the first detailed national history of the organization, Sarah Glassford reveals how the European-born Red Cross movement came to Canada and took root, and why it flourished. From its origins in battlefield medicine to the creation of Canada’s first nationwide free blood transfusion service during the Cold War, Mobilizing Mercy charts crucial organizational changes, the influence of key leaders, and the impact of social, cultural, political, economic, and international trends over time. Glassford shows that the key to the Red Cross's longevity lies in its ability to reinvent itself by tapping into the concerns and ambitions of diverse groups including militia doctors, government officials, middle-class women, and schoolchildren. Through periods of war and peace, the Canadian Red Cross pioneered new services and filled gaps in government aid to become a ubiquitous agency on the wartime home front, a major domestic public health organization, and a respected provider of international humanitarian aid. Opening a window onto the shifting relationship between voluntary organizations and the state, Mobilizing Mercy is a compelling portrait of a major humanitarian organization, its people, and its ever-evolving place in Canadian society.
Mobilizing Mercy: A History of the Canadian Red Cross (McGill-Queen's/Associated Medical Services Studies in the History of Medicine, Health, and Society #45)
by Sarah GlassfordFor more than a century the Canadian Red Cross Society has provided help and comfort to vulnerable people at home and abroad. In the first detailed national history of the organization, Sarah Glassford reveals how the European-born Red Cross movement came to Canada and took root, and why it flourished. From its origins in battlefield medicine to the creation of Canada’s first nationwide free blood transfusion service during the Cold War, Mobilizing Mercy charts crucial organizational changes, the influence of key leaders, and the impact of social, cultural, political, economic, and international trends over time. Glassford shows that the key to the Red Cross's longevity lies in its ability to reinvent itself by tapping into the concerns and ambitions of diverse groups including militia doctors, government officials, middle-class women, and schoolchildren. Through periods of war and peace, the Canadian Red Cross pioneered new services and filled gaps in government aid to become a ubiquitous agency on the wartime home front, a major domestic public health organization, and a respected provider of international humanitarian aid. Opening a window onto the shifting relationship between voluntary organizations and the state, Mobilizing Mercy is a compelling portrait of a major humanitarian organization, its people, and its ever-evolving place in Canadian society.
Mobilizing Mutations: Human Genetics in the Age of Patient Advocacy
by Daniel NavonWith every passing year, more and more people learn that they or their young or unborn children carries a genetic mutation. But what does this mean for the way we understand a person? Today, genetic mutations are being used to diagnose novel conditions like the XYY, Fragile X, NGLY1 mutation, and 22q11.2 Deletion syndromes, carving out rich new categories of human disease and difference. Daniel Navon calls this form of categorization “genomic designation,” and in Mobilizing Mutations he shows how mutations, and the social factors that surround them, are reshaping human classification. Drawing on a wealth of fieldwork and historical material, Navon presents a sociological account of the ways genetic mutations have been mobilized and transformed in the sixty years since it became possible to see abnormal human genomes, providing a new vista onto the myriad ways contemporary genetic testing can transform people’s lives. Taking us inside these shifting worlds of research and advocacy over the last half century, Navon reveals the ways in which knowledge about genetic mutations can redefine what it means to be ill, different, and ultimately, human.
Mobilizing Science-Based Enterprises for Energy, Water, and Medicines in Nigeria
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesDeveloped in collaboration with the Nigerian Academy of Science, this report explores the ways in which science-based private enterprises can be created and encouraged in Nigeria and other developing countries to provide products and services that government is unable to supply in a timely and sustainable manner. Focusing on three critical challenges to health and development-- safe water, electrical lighting, and malaria therapy—the report identifies a sample technology to address each of these challenges with potential for commercialization in Nigeria and Africa, and uses that sample technology to identify opportunities and barriers to creating the science-based enterprises in Nigeria.