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Nonallergic Rhinitis
by James N. Baraniuk Dennis ShustermanCompiled by an internationally recognized team of contributors, this reference spans methods to effectively identify, diagnose, and treat this frequently challenging group of rhinopathies. Addressing both generic and disease-specific issues, this source spans possible causes of nonallergic rhinitis such as fumes, odors, temperature, atmospheric cha
Nonclinical Drug Administration: Formulations, Routes and Regimens for Solving Drug Delivery Problems in Animal Model Systems
by Shayne C. Gad Charles B. SpainhourIf we will ever achieve Paul Ehrlich’s "magic bullet," that is, a molecule which goes with high selectivity to the therapeutic target site, does what it needs to do, and is subsequently cleared from the body, the practice of safety assessment will have to change. Nonclinical Drug Administration: Formulations, Routes and Regimens for Solving Drug Delivery Problems in Animal Model Systems seeks to address a trio of objectives that, though separate, are linked and central to biomedical science and, ultimately, medicine. Rather seeing these as separate "silos," those working in nonclinical safety assessment will have to view these three in an integrated manner and to regularly and thoughtfully incorporate new information and technology. The trio of objectives this book explores are: first, to present how to deliver more of a drug product systemically to facilitate the regulatory need for evaluating safety and efficacy in animal species (at elevated exposure levels) prior to advancing the drug to human testing; second is to achieve better tolerance to therapeutics administration in test animals and humans which achieves objectives 1 and 3; and third, to explore ways to improve on therapeutic target receptor delivery performance, therefore improving both clinical pharmacodynamics bioavailability and specificity. The book’s ten chapters assemble the basic concepts, principles and hypotheses involved in quantitative receptor and chronological organism interaction dynamics central to the successful development of new therapeutics which depend on systemic administration to achieve desired therapeutic goals and in so doing avoid outcomes which limit, marginalize, or preclude the therapeutic use of so many molecules.
Nonclinical Safety Assessment
by Kathy M. Mcgown William J. Brock Kenneth L. HastingsBringing a new drug to market is a costly time-consuming process. Increased regional and international regulation over the last twenty years, while necessary, has only served to amplify these costs. In response to this escalation, developmental strategies have shifted towards a more global approach. In order to create the most cost-effective and safe processes, it is critical for those bringing drugs to market to understand both the globally accepted regulations and the local variations. Nonclinical Safety Assessment: A Guide to International Pharmaceutical Regulations provides a practical description of nonclinical drug development regulations and requirements in the major market regions.It includes:ICH - the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human UseNational regulations, including US FDA, Canada, Mercosur and Brazil, South Africa, China, Japan, India and AustraliaRepeated dose toxicity studiesCarcinogenicity; Genotoxicity; Developmental and reproductive toxicology; ImmunotoxicologyBiotechnology-derived pharmaceuticalsVaccine developmentPhototoxicity and photocarcinogenicityDegradants, impurities, excipients and metabolitesPrimarily intended for those professionals actively involved in the nonclinical and clinical development of a pharmaceutical product, including toxicologists, pharmacologists, clinicians and project managers, this book provides a roadmap for successful new drug approval and marketing.
Nonclinical Statistics for Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries
by Lanju ZhangThis book serves as a reference text for regulatory, industry and academic statisticians and also a handy manual for entry level Statisticians. Additionally it aims to stimulate academic interest in the field of Nonclinical Statistics and promote this as an important discipline in its own right. This text brings together for the first time in a single volume a comprehensive survey of methods important to the nonclinical science areas within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Specifically the Discovery and Translational sciences, the Safety/Toxiology sciences, and the Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls sciences. Drug discovery and development is a long and costly process. Most decisions in the drug development process are made with incomplete information. The data is rife with uncertainties and hence risky by nature. This is therefore the purview of Statistics. As such, this book aims to introduce readers to important statistical thinking and its application in these nonclinical areas. The chapters provide as appropriate, a scientific background to the topic, relevant regulatory guidance, current statistical practice, and further research directions.
Noncoding RNAs and Bone
by Ye Tian Airong QianThe book provides an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the essential role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in bone formation. In combination with researches from multiple scholars in this field, the book reviews the mechanisms of ncRNA-related bone diseases, as well as the potential applications of RNA synthesis technology in bone disorder treatments. This volume covers the following topics: 1) basic introduction of non-coding RNA and bone development, how 2) microRNAs and 3) long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) regulate bone formation, 4) how ncRNAs and the corresponding pathways participate in bone metabolism diseases, 5) RNA synthesis technology and the possible RNA therapies in bone disease. Researchers and students in the fields of human genetics, human physiology, developmental biology and biomedical engineering, as well as professionals and scientists in Orthopedics, will particularly find this book helpful.
Noncolorectal, Nonneuroendocrine Liver Metastases
by Isidoro Di CarloThis book offers a complete overview on non colorectal non neuroendocrine (NCRNNE) liver metastases and describes in detail the currently available therapies. Each chapter focuses on the treatment of metastases from a particular primary malignancy and also provides valuable information on incidence, natural history and diagnosis. NCRNNE liver metastases are rare entities compared with colorectal and neuroendocrine metastases, for which the treatments are well codified. While more publications have appeared on the topic in recent years, an in-depth study has to date been lacking. Furthermore, most published series are insufficiently comparable as they comprise patients with NCRNNE hepatic metastases from a variety of primary malignancies and consequently overlook differences in tumor behavior, frequency of isolated hepatic metastases, response to neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy and interval between diagnosis of the primary tumor and the liver metastases. This book, with its more specific approach, will serve not only as an up-to-date guide to diagnosis and treatment but also as a reference on which to base future studies.
Noncommunicable Diseases
by Mieczyslaw PokorskiDiseases of the respiratory system often cause multisystem dysfunction and morbidity. Respiratory diseases not transmissible by a direct contact are rarer than those of inflammatory or infectious background. Such noncommunicable diseases, often entailing genetic and immune aspects, are areas of limited understanding; sarcoidosis being a case in point. This book tackles the issues relevant to such diseases. The research on novel cytokine markers, which may help in the diagnosis and management of sarcoidosis, is described. Modern approaches to the management of pneumothorax, a frequent accompaniment of lung diseases or chest wall trauma are dealt with as well. There are also chapters that underscore the immuno-inflammatory mechanisms of disorders seemingly unrelated to respiration, such as obesity or aplastic anemia, which may appreciably affect the control of the respiratory system and thus its vulnerability to diseases. The book will be of interest to clinicians and medical researchers.
Noncommunicable Diseases in the Developing World: Addressing Gaps in Global Policy and Research
by Louis GalambosPresents a pragmatic agenda for achieving effective and sustainable global action on noncommunicable diseases in lower- and middle-income countries.Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)—including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma and other chronic respiratory conditions, and cancers—are the leading causes of death worldwide. An estimated 36 million people die from such diseases each year; this represents roughly two out of three deaths globally. Eighty percent of these fatalities occur in developing countries. The statistics are staggering, yet millions of these deaths are preventable. This is an urgent global health issue that demands analysis of gaps in NCD research, new policies and practices, and actionable recommendations to close the gaps.The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise convened an NCD Working Group of leading scholars to examine a wide range of issues that both the private and public sectors must address to make sustainable progress in NCD prevention and treatment in lower- and middle-income countries. Collected in this volume are essays on five key areas where strengthened policies and health systems can have the most impact in the near future.• Accelerating regulatory harmonization• Structuring supply chains• Improving access to interventions• Restructuring primary care• Promoting multisectoral and intersectoral actionWhile there is a growing literature on the problem of NCDs, none of the available studies provides background on the range of challenges matched with specific steps that can be taken by the public sector, private sector, and civil society working together. Noncommunicable Diseases in the Developing World presents a framework for understanding the salience of specific policy recommendations and detailed steps that can be taken now to move forward in the global campaign against NCDs.This book will be of interest to practitioners, scholars, and students in public health as well as those framing and implementing health policies in the private and public sectors.
Noncommunicable Diseases: A Compendium
by Nick Banatvala and Pascal BovetNoncommunicable Diseases: A Compendium introduces readers to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) – what they are, their burden, their determinants and how they can be prevented and controlled. Focusing on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory disease and their five shared main risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and air pollution) as defined by the United Nations, this book provides a synopsis of one of the world’s biggest challenges of the 21st century. NCDs prematurely claim the lives of millions of people across the world every year, with untold suffering to hundreds of millions more, trapping many people in poverty and curtailing economic growth and sustainable development. While resources between and within countries largely differ, the key principles of surveillance, prevention and management apply to all countries, as does the need to focus resources on the most cost-effective and affordable interventions and the need for strong political will, sufficient resources, and sustained and broad partnerships. This compendium consists of 59 short and accessible chapters in six sections: (i) describing and measuring the burden and impact of NCDs; (ii) the burden, epidemiology and priority interventions for individual NCDs; (iii) social determinants and risk factors for NCDs and priority interventions; (iv) global policy; (v) cross-cutting issues; and (vi) stakeholder action. Drawing on the expertise of a large and diverse team of internationally renowned policy and academic experts, the book describes the key epidemiologic features of NCDs and evidence-based interventions in a concise manner that will be useful for policymakers across all parts of society, as well as for public health and clinical practitioners.
Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
by Osama I. Soliman Folkert J. ten Cate Kadir CaliskanThis book provides a comprehensive but concise overview of noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Information on congestive heart failure, thromboembolic events, (potentially lethal) arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death is presented. Topics covered include the use of modern imaging modalities, such as contrast echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in relation to noncompaction cardiomyopathy treatment.Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy is a critical resource for all medical professionals managing these patients, including clinicians in cardiology, electrophysiology, clinical and molecular genetics, pediatrics, pathology, neurology and general practitioners.
Nondestructive Biomarkers in Vertebrates
by Cristina Fossi Claudio LeonzioNondestructive Biomarkers in Vertebrates presents an innovative approach for hazard assessment in vertebrates based on nondestructive rather than destructive methods. The book reviews the state of the art and defines the development and validation procedure of this new strategy. Biological materials, such as blood samples, epithelial tissue, eggs, feathers, and feces that can be obtained without stress or damage to the animal are suggested. Certain traditional studies (blood esterases, blood chemistry, mixed function oxidases, porphyrins, DNA damage, and cytological changes) can be performed on these specimens, along with new tests requiring only very small samples. This approach is developed to benefit protected, threatened species whose existence cannot be further jeopardized by the use of destructive methods. This volume will be particularly useful to ecotoxicologists, wildlife protection personnel, environmental consultants, and conservationist organizations.
Nonhuman Agencies in the Twenty-First-Century Anglophone Novel
by Yvonne Liebermann Judith Rahn Bettina BurgerThis book offers an overview on the growing field of nonhuman studies in relation to Anglophone novels. It illuminates the variety of nonhuman actors that take centre stage in the twenty-first-century novel and the formal changes that the Anthropocene, the digital turn, the animal rights movement, and research into plant consciousness have brought to the novel as a form. The book is divided into four sections, each focusing on a different aspect of twenty-first-century literature that engages with the nonhuman. The collection investigates how the environmental changes and the increasing use of AI technologies have fostered the flourishing of genres like the New Weird, Climate Fiction, and speculative fiction, how it makes us embrace new perceptions of life in relation to genetic engineering, and how it forces us to engage with newly emerging political contexts.
Nonhuman Primate Models For Human Diseases
by W. Richard DukelowWhile research has enabled us to better understand the nonhuman primates, they have repaid that by repaid that by providing medical scientists with important tools for the study of human biomedical problems. This book is about those research tools. The book was designed by identifying areas of human medical research that are under intensive research study today. Authors were then selected based on their expertise at using nonhuman primates as models for the human condition. Each was asked to use as comparative an approach as models for the human condition. Each was asked to use a comparative an approach as possible, to provide the reader with knowledge relating to the usefulness of various nonhuman primate species to each specific research area.
Nonhuman Primate Welfare: From History, Science, and Ethics to Practice
by Alexander Weiss Lauren M. RobinsonThis volume reviews the broad topic of welfare in nonhuman primates under human care. Chapters detail the history of primates in captivity, ethical and legal issues surrounding the use of nonhuman primates as entertainment or in research, the different approaches that welfare are measured, and how housing, enrichment, and other conditions can foster or degrade welfare.Since humans began keeping nonhuman primates we have made vast strides in understanding their cognitive abilities, strong social bonds, vibrant personalities, and their capacity for joy and suffering. With an increasing number of countries banning the use of great apes in biomedical research, the welfare of primates in zoos and research facilities has gained increasing attention. This interdisciplinary work features contributors from many of the fields involved and those on both sides of the issue, thus providing an exhaustive overview of primate welfare. Readers from animal welfare science, primatology, animal testing, veterinary medicine, conservation to ethics and legislation will find this an important account.
Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis
by Robert B. NorthropNoninvasive medical diagnosis (NIMD) is as old as medical practice itself. From the earliest healers' observations of odors, skin color, and breath sounds to today's wealth of technologies, the basics remain the same and keep the role of NIMD essential to effective medical care. Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnos
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
by Antonio EsquinasNoninvasive mechanical ventilation is an effective technique for the management of patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure. This comprehensive and up-to-date book explores all aspects of the subject. The opening sections are devoted to theory and equipment, with detailed attention to the use of full-face masks or helmets, the range of available ventilators, and patient-ventilator interactions. Clinical applications are then considered in depth in a series of chapters that address the use of noninvasive mechanical ventilation in chronic settings and in critical care, both within and outside of intensive care units. Due attention is also paid to weaning from conventional mechanical ventilation, potential complications, intraoperative applications, and staff training. The closing chapters examine uses of noninvasive mechanical ventilation in neonatal and pediatric care. This book, written by internationally recognized experts, will be an invaluable guide for both clinicians and researchers.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
by Antonio M. EsquinasThe new edition presents updates regarding new clinical applications of noninvasive mechanical ventilation and discusses recent technical advances in this field. The opening sections are devoted to theory , equipment, with new chapters on clinical applications in emergency medicine, critical care and sleep medicine, with detailed attention to current studies on NIV-CPAP, innovative clinical implications of NIV-CPAP devices. Due attention is also paid to new ventilation modes and the development of synchronization and patient ventilator interaction results. The closing chapters examine clinical indication. Written by internationally recognized experts in the field, this book will be an invaluable guide for both clinicians and researchers.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Difficult Weaning in Critical Care
by Antonio M. EsquinasThis book establishes the indications for the use of NIV in the context of weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation. It provides a comprehensive overview of key topics relevant for correct practical application, including NIV and weaning principles, important aspects of patient care before and after weaning, and pediatric and neonatology weaning. Finally, the book summarizes international guidelines and new perspectives of NIV during weaning. With contributions by international experts in the field on noninvasive mechanical ventilation, the book will serve as a valuable guide for critical care physicians, respiratory physiotherapists, and pulmonologists.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Essential Practical Approaches
by Antonio M. Esquinas Andrea Fabbo Filiz Koc Agnieszka Prymus Małgorzata FarnikIn different sections of this book the relationships between the patterns of psychological response in acute and chronic respiratory failure, as well as the epidemiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in ventilator management, are collected and analyzed. Main concepts such as “vulnerability to stress”, critical illness-psychological stress and susceptibility that may develop during NIV support, as well as the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders in respiratory failure are also summarized. A section is devoted to the most frequent indications of NIV, also including a special use of NIV in pandemic and high-risk infections, as well as in several other conditions such as acute and chronic respiratory failures and neurological disorders. A summary of practical approaches for treatment and prevention in neurologic and psychiatric disorders during noninvasive mechanical ventilation, as well as the perspective in terms of outcomes, quality-of-life, palliative care is also given.The book is intended for all those healthcare professionals treating patients suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders and who develop acute or chronic respiratory failure. Neurologists, psychiatrists, pulmonary critical care professionals, geriatricians, internists and psychologists will find in the book a valuable guide for their everyday clinical practice.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in High Risk Infections, Mass Casualty and Pandemics
by Antonio M. EsquinasThe second edition of this book describes the clinical indications of NIV in patients hospitalized with high-risk infections as well as in the prehospital management of mass casualty incidents, including chemical or biological disasters and pandemics. In recent decades, we have learned the impact that different pandemics and mass casualty disasters can outcome in terms of health resource use, health costs and human lives. The development of respiratory failure in these patients, either infectious or non-infectious causes, has led to develop employment plans related both to invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation during acute respiratory failure.In this book authors evaluate a rational basis for indications, specific noninvasive mechanical ventilation indications in hospitalized patients (tuberculosis, bacterial, virus, etc.) and prehospital applications (mass casualty: chemical, biological disaster), equipment (ventilators, interfaces) and plan organization for health systems: how and when apply NIV. A critical review of already published studies is described as well as implications and how will be the future according to international expert opinions.Therefore, this updated edition represents a useful scientific reference point according to what it has been experienced in the last pandemics, with respect to the growing role that NIV has and must have in the world.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: Theory, Equipment, and Clinical Applications
by Antonio M. EsquinasThe 3rd and updated edition of this book represents a new and unique scientific reference for the medical community on how to understand rationale and applications of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV). Its aim is to establish the indications of NIMV in critically ill patients in weaning from invasive MV. Nowadays, there is a growing evidence-based medicine that recommends use of NIMV in patients after extubation or in difficult weaning patients also affected by comorbidities. This book has been conceived with the vision or providing the best resources for everyone working in ICUs even if belonging to different specialties (intensive care, anesthesiology, pneumology, emergency medicine, etc.). Considering the enormous increase of literature on this topic, authors have selected major key topics related to NIMV, excluding those with low rate of interest, have updated previous topics and have introduced new items collecting them in a practical book analyzing major key topics for a correct practical applications. A new gaze has been devoted to emergency medicine and prehospital applications and technical developments (new ventilation modes: neurology adaptive modes, average support mode and to the development of synchronization and patient-ventilator interaction result). A section dedicated to sleep medicine - due to the new interesting studies on NIV-CPAP adaptation studies, clinical impacts of CPAP devices and ventilatory modes representing an essentials development for a new adequate analysis - is now included. A part devoted to clinical indications based on the observation of new clinical indications in anesthesiology and pneumology in NIV as complementary technique for procedures like bronchoscopy, pre-oxygenation and difficult endotracheal intubations is also now foreseen.
Noninvasive Molecular Markers in Gynecologic Cancers
by Debmalya Barh Mehmet GunduzEarly detection is critical for any given cancer. With the advent of the latest omics technologies, molecular markers in combination with conventional diagnostic and screening methods are emerging as next-generation early diagnostic and prognostic strategies that can allow early-stage diagnosis, resulting in more effective treatment and patient car
Noninvasive Physiological Measurement: Wireless Microwave Sensing
by James C. LinThis book explains the principles and techniques of microwave physiological sensing and introduces fundamental results of the noninvasive sensing of physiological signatures, vital signs, as well as life detection. Specifically, noninvasive microwave techniques for contact, contactless, and remote sensing of circulatory and respiratory movements and physiological volume changes are discussed.Noninvasive Physiological Measurement: Wireless Microwave Sensing, is written by a pioneering researcher in microwave noninvasive physiological sensing and leading global expert in microwaves in biology and medicine. The book reviews current advances in noninvasive cardiopulmonary sensing technology and measurement. It includes measurements of the vital signs and physiological signatures from laboratory and clinical testing. The book discusses the applicable domains and scenarios in which there is an interaction of radio frequency (RF) and microwaves with biological matter in gas, fluid, or solid form, both from inside and outside of the human or animal body. The book also provides examples for healthcare monitoring and diagnostic applications through wearables, devices, or remote contactless sensors for physiological signals and signature, vital signs, and body motion sensing. This book is an essential guide to understanding the human body’s interaction with microwaves and noninvasive physiological sensing and monitoring.This book is intended for researchers and professionals in biomedical, electrical, and computer engineering with an interest in antenna, sensors, microwaves, signal processing, and medical applications. It will also be of interest to healthcare professionals, technologists, and practitioners interested in noninvasive physiological sensing and patient monitoring.
Noninvasive Radiologic Diagnosis of Extracranial Vascular Pathologies
by Fridon Todua Dudana GachechiladzeThis book is a state of the art guide to the diagnosis of extracranial vascular pathologies with modern noninvasive neuroimaging and vascular imaging techniques. The opening sections provide a thorough introduction to arterial and venous anatomy, basic hemodynamics, and the principles of noninvasive vascular diagnostics, including by means of color Doppler ultrasound, CT and CT angiography (356- and 640-slice systems), and MRI and MR angiography (1.5 and 3 T). The main body of the book is devoted to the use of these methods to image cerebral ischemia and a wide variety of extracranial arterial and venous anomalies and pathologies. Neuroimaging and vascular imaging diagnostic criteria are clearly identified with the aid of many high-quality images, and the advantages and disadvantages of each modality for each pathology are explained. Information is also presented on etiology, pathophysiology, and other relevant aspects. A concluding section discusses the role of complementary noninvasive functional tests. The book will be a valuable resource for neurologists, angiologists, neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, trainees, and all physicians who care for patients with cerebrovascular diseases.
Noninvasive Therapeutic Technologies: Stimulation of Physiological Processes (Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering)
by Vytautas Ostasevicius Vytautas Jurenas Mantas Venslauskas Laura KizauskieneThis open access book unveils groundbreaking advancements in non-invasive therapeutic technologies, focusing on the integration of digital twins and artificial intelligence to enhance circulatory health. At the heart of this book is the exploration of innovative solutions that promise to revolutionize medical practices and patient care. The chapters delve into critical topics such as ultrasonic and vibrational blood flow activation, acoustic activation of human circulatory parameters, and acoustofluidic separation of bioparticles. Readers will discover how low-frequency ultrasound can safely dissociate erythrocytes from aggregates, reduce blood pressure and improve blood gas metabolism within minutes, and manage pulmonary hypertension without medication. The book also highlights the development of smart devices like the "Vilim ball" for tremor therapy and other patented technologies aimed at improving blood flow in diabetic patients and those with mobility impairments. This essential volume is a must-read for researchers, clinicians, and practitioners in the fields of biomedical engineering, mechatronics, and healthcare technology. It offers invaluable insights into cutting-edge therapeutic strategies that are set to transform both clinical settings and home care environments.