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Patenting Nanomedicines
by Eliana B. Souto"Patenting Nanomedicines: Legal Aspects, Intellectual Property and Grant Opportunities" focusses on the fundamental aspects of Patenting Nanomedicines applied in different "Drug Delivery and Targeting Systems". The promoters of new findings in this field of research are numerous and spread worldwide; therefore, managing intellectual property portfolios, and the acquisition and exploitation of new knowledge face several contingency factors. Today, the scientific community is discussing issues of economic outcomes in the field of Nanomedicines. Major concerns include questions as to whether the research groups, academics, industry and other stakeholders should work in unison or independently, if innovation or adaptation of new technology should be prioritized, public versus private research funding, and safeguarding versus sharing knowledge. However, despite its increasing importance for humankind, it is a matter of concern as to whether technological development can really be stimulated by patent protection. An intellectual property strategy should aim to develop a qualitative patent portfolio for continuous learning. This book addresses questions of ethics, socio-political policies and regulatory aspects of novel Nanomedicine-based products which are currently under development for the diagnosis and treatment of different types of diseases. It is divided in two parts - Part I is composed of the first 3 chapters, which focus on the "fundamentals" of legal aspects, emerging threats, advantages and disadvantages of patenting Nanomedicines, whereas Part II collects 12 chapters discussing different types of Nanomedicine-based products, their potential marketing aspects and patent protection. Whenever applied, each chapter offers a list of patents, based on a specific application in drug delivery and targeting. An outstanding team of 53 authors have contributed to this book, which will be of interest to professionals from the field of patent examiners, academics, researchers and scientists, students and other practitioners.
Patenting of Pharmaceuticals and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Poku AduseiThis book critically investigates the patent protection of medication in light of the threats posed by HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis epidemics to the citizens of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (hereinafter "SSA" or "Africa"). The book outlines the systemic problems associated with the prevailing globalized patent regime and the regime's inability to promote access to life-saving medication at affordable prices in SSA. It argues that for pharmaceutical patents to retain their relevance in SSA countries, human development concepts must be integrated into global patent law- and policy-making. An integrative approach implies developing additional public health and human development exceptions/limitations to the exercise of patent rights with the goal of scaling up access to medication that can treat epidemics in SSA. By drawing on multiple perspectives of laws, institutions, practices, and politics, the book suggests that SSA countries adopt an evidence-based approach to implementing global patent standards in domestic jurisdictions. This evidence-based approach would include mechanisms like local need assessments and the use of empirical data to shape domestic patent law-making endeavors. The approach also implies revising patent rules and policies with a pro-poor and pro-health emphasis, so that medication will be more affordable and accessible to the citizens of SSA countries. It also suggests considering the opinions of individuals and pro-access institutions in enacting crucial pieces of health-related statutes in SSA countries. The approach in this book is sensitive to the public health needs of the citizens affected by epidemics and to the imperative of building local manufacturing facilities for pharmaceutical research and development in SSA.
Paternal Influences on Human Reproductive Success
by Douglas T. CarrellHistorically, sperm have been seen as simply a mechanism of transferring a haploid set of chromosomes to the oocyte. However, data from assisted reproduction therapies (ART) have demonstrated that in many couples the sperm appears to be responsible for abnormal embryogenesis. Recent advances in genetic and epigenetic techniques have identified key mechanisms by which the sperm, and the DNA carried by the sperm, can affect early embryonic development. Paternal Influences on Human Reproductive Success examines the genetic and epigenetic influences on embryogenesis, as well as practical clinical factors related to the male contribution to reproductive success. It also provides 'cutting edge' data and analysis of recent evaluations of the role of advanced paternal age, environmental influences and lifestyle factors on male reproductive fitness, making this an invaluable text for physicians treating patients for infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and developmental anomalies, as well as basic scientists studying embryogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Paternal Postnatal Psychiatric Illnesses: A Clinical Case Book
by Shaila Kulkarni MisriThis book is the first to present the current research showing that like mothers, some fathers struggle with postpartum psychiatric illnesses and have unique needs of their own. Each chapter opens with a case vignette that describes different psychopathologies in the father and demonstrates the unique struggles presented by each situation. The cases highlight social, emotional and cultural upheaval that fathers may experience during the postpartum period. Sections in each chapter include manifestations of their illness, DSM-5 diagnoses, case discussion, treatment interventions and recommendations for health care professionals. This volume also puts paternal postpartum depression into conversation with other psychiatric comorbidities, including various personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and addictions. The text also addresses the various stigmas associated with these unique cases and offers clinical pearls on how to treat these families while giving consideration to the needs of the family.Written by renown experts in postpartum health, Paternal Postnatal Psychiatric Illnesses is an excellent resource for psychiatrists, psychologists, family therapists, general practitioners, obstetricians, social workers, and all clinicians working with postpartum families.
Paternity: The Elusive Quest for the Father
by Nara B. MilanichFor most of human history, paternity was uncertain. Blood types, fingerprinting, and, recently, DNA analysis promised to solve the riddle of paternity. But even genetic certainty did not end the quest for the father. Rather, as Nara Milanich reveals, it confirms the social, cultural, and political nature of the age-old question: Who’s your father?
Patho-Epigenetics of Disease
by Hans Helmut Niller Janos MinarovitsIn multicellular organisms the establishment, maintenance, and programmed alterations of cell-type specific gene expression patterns are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation, DNA associated Polycomb-Trithorax protein complexes, histone modifications) ensure the unique transcriptional activity and phenotypic diversity of diploid cells that carry identical or nearly identical DNA sequences. Because DNA methyltransferase I (DNMT1) associates with replication foci during S phase and prefers hemimethylated DNA as a substrate, DNMT1 ensures the clonal propagation of cytosine methylation patterns (maintenance methylation). Thus, DNA methylation may provide a memory function by helping progeny cells to "remember" their proper cellular identity. An alternative system of epigenetic memory, the Polycomb and Trithorax groups of protein complexes, that may operate both independently from and in concert with DNA methylation, ensures the heritable regulation of gene expression via modification of histone tails. The complex interplay of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms permits both the dynamic modulation of gene expression and the faithful transmission of gene expression patterns to each progeny cell upon division. These carefully orchestrated processes can go wrong, however, resulting in epigenetic reprogramming of the cells that may manifest in pathological changes, as it was first realized during the studies of epigenetic alterations in malignant tumors. By now it became a well established fact that not only genetic changes, but also the disruption of epigenetic regulation can result in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Scientists working in other fields soon followed the pioneering work of cancer researchers, and revealed that epigenetic dysregulation forms the basis of a wide spectrum of human diseases.
Patho-Epigenetics of Infectious Disease
by Hans Helmut Niller Janos MinarovitsEpigenetic modification of cellular genomes is a fascinating means of regulating tissue- and cell type-specific gene expression in all developmental stages of the life of an organism. Carefully orchestrated processes, such as DNA methylation and a plenitude of specific histone modifications secure the faithful transmission of gene expression patterns to progeny cells. Upon chronic infection, the epigenetic cellular balance can become disrupted and, in the long run, through the epigenetic reprogramming of host cell genomes, contribute to the malignant conversion of formerly healthy cells, in many cases preceded by the establishment of an epigenetic field of cancerization. The present volume undertakes to highlight the interactions of infectious pathogens and their effector molecules with the epigenetic regulatory machinery of the cell. Clearly, the recent take-off of epigenetics research did not leave Research on Infectious Diseases and Infection-Associated Cancer untouched. This resulted in a great many of clinically relevant data on understanding the molecular mechanisms of chronic infectious disease. Infectious pathogen- and disease-specific epigenetic alterations are already being used for the early detection of malignant disease and for the prediction of chemotherapy resistance or response to treatment.
Pathobiology Of Marine Mammal Diseases: Volume I
by HowardThese volumes provide information which will be helpful to comparative pathologists, veterinarians, and all marine scientists and other individuals who are interested in the study of marine mammals, and the diseases they develop in both their feral and captive environment.This publication is a reflection of the observations of the various authors, some of whom have pioneered in this field, and is an attempt to update the available information concerning the natural diseases, and the corresponding pathologic changes in marine mammals.
Pathobiology Of Marine Mammal Diseases: Volume II
by Edwin B. HowardThese volumes provide information which will be helpful to comparative pathologists, veterinarians, and all marine scientists and other individuals who are interested in the study of marine mammals, and the diseases they develop in both their feral and captive environment.This publication is a reflection of the observations of the various authors, some of whom have pioneered in this field, and is an attempt to update the available information concerning the natural diseases, and the corresponding pathologic changes in marine mammals.
Pathobiology of Cancer Regimen-Related Toxicities
by Dorothy M. Keefe Stephen T. Sonis, DMD, DMScThe contents of this book will be organized into three sections. The first section defines the scope, impact and behaviour of cancer regimen-related toxicities and frames the issue of balancing treatment success and physiological cost. In the second segment of the book, the most current thinking around the pathobiology of specific, common, and representative toxicities is presented by leading researchers and translational scientists. The final portion of the book discusses the common biological relationships between toxicities, bioinformatical approaches to analysing key and common pathways, and strategies for the development of effective interventions.
Pathobiology of Parasitic Protozoa: Dynamics and Dimensions
by Budhaditya Mukherjee Arijit Bhattacharya Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay Bruno Guedes Alcoforado AguiarThis book illustrates the importance and significance of the systems approach in deciphering diverse aspects of host-parasite interactions in infection dynamics. It describes the complex issues and state-of-the-art progress in the infection biology of parasitic protozoa. The book explores the current concepts and paradigms of gene expression, metabolome, and immune remodeling in these diseases. The chapters encompass updates on the parasitic tropism, co-evolution, systemic responses in hosts, and translational approaches. It provides an overview of the parasite's efficient ways of exploiting host molecules and describes pathways for their survival, differentiation, and replication within the host cells. The book also delineates the role of inflammasomes and their activation in response to the protozoan parasite. The book discusses technological progress and machine learning-based modeling approaches to revisit parasitic infection from a non-conventional perspective. Collectively this book offers a comprehensive purview of concepts and paradigms in parasitic infection in the form of an updated yet discernible elucidation.
Pathobiology of Pulmonary Disorders
by Mieczyslaw PokorskiPulmonary disorders significantly contribute to the current level of disease burden. Effective disease management is essential for improving clinical outcomes and quality of life. This book highlights the issues involved with diagnosing and managing various pulmonary conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders, respiratory tract infections, including those developing as a sequel of antibiotic treatment, and others. Investigations on novel diagnostic procedures and potential biomarkers of diseases are discussed, along with diseases presentations and management. Preventive measures related to lifestyle and air quality, with the implications on patients care, are tackled as well. Progress in clinical savvy is inseparably linked with getting insight into the pathogenesis of the condition. This book presents views and information on the research developments in the rapidly changing field of pneumology. Target readership: clinicians and researchers, family practitioners, and trainees.
Pathofysiologie
by J. A. GroeninkPathofysiologieZiekte is niets anders dan een gestoorde fysiologie. De pathofysiologie onderzoekt de mechanismen die tot deze verstoringen leiden en vormt de basis van de interne geneeskunde. Degenen die al over een behoorlijke medische kennis beschikken, kunnen kiezen uit een groot scala aan diepgaande, overzichtelijke, en omvangrijke leerboeken over interne geneeskunde waarin de pathofysiologie wordt behandeld. De meeste standaardwerken houden echter geen rekening met het kennisniveau van de beginnende student.Pathofysiologie is een toegankelijk leerboek. Het boek bevat hoofdstukken over hart, longen, nieren en het endocriene stelsel. Om deze kennis goed op te kunnen nemen, is enig begrip van de elementaire celbiologie vereist Daarom worden in het eerste hoofdstuk de genetica en het functioneren van de cel uiteengezet. Het leerboek eindigt met een introductie tot de immunologie.Deze twee leergebieden (genetica en immunologie) zullen in de nabije toekomst steeds nadrukkelijker hun stempel zetten op de medische zorg. De anatomie wordt slechts behandeld voor zover dit nodig is voor het begrip van de fysiologie.Deze twee leergebieden (genetica en immunologie) zullen in de nabije toekomst steeds nadrukkelijker hun stempel zetten op de medische zorg. De anatomie wordt slechts behandeld voor zover dit nodig is voor het begrip van de fysiologie.
Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. Somatic Adaptations
by Ellen Hsu Louis Du PasquierThis volume provides in-depth reviews of model systems that exemplify the arms race in host-pathogen interactions. Somatic adaptations are responsible for the individualization of biological responses to the environment, and the continual struggle between host immune systems and invading pathogens has given rise to corresponding processes that produce molecular variation. Whether in mollusks or human beings, various host somatic mechanisms have evolved independently, providing responses to counter rapidly-changing pathogens. The pathways they utilize can include non-heritable changes involving RNA and post-translational modifications, or changes that produce somatic DNA recombination and mutation. For infectious organisms such as protozoans and flatworms, antigenic variation is central to their survival strategy. Evolving the ability to evade the host immune system not only increases their chances of survival but is also necessary for successful re-infection within the host population.
Pathogenesis and Treatment in IgA Nephropathy
by Yasuhiko TominoThis book discusses the latest findings on the pathogenesis and treatment of IgA nephropathy. It particularly focuses on recently recognized initiation and progression factors and the varying treatment strategies in different regions, such as Asia, Europe, and the United States. More than 40 years have passed since Dr. Jean Berger first described primary IgA nephropathy ("Nephropathy with mesangial IgA-IgG deposits") as a new disease entity. Immunohistopathologically, IgA nephropathy is characterized by the granular deposition of IgA (IgA1) and C3 in the glomerular mesangial areas with mesangial cell proliferation and the expansion of mesangial matrices. It is clear that IgA nephropathy is one of the most common types of chronic glomerulonephritis in the world. This disease may lead to end-stage kidney disease, with its enormous economic impact on healthcare everywhere. Efforts by many investigators around the world have gradually clarified various aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of IgA nephropathy. However, there are many controversial strategies for the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy throughout the world, as there are several limitations for treatment in each country. This volume provides nephrologists everywhere with an overview and comparison of both global and regional findings in basic and clinical fields in IgA nephropathy. It covers genetic variation, aberrant IgA1 production, and classification etiology, guidelines, and treatment goals, with all chapters written by top international researchers.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea
by Christos C. Zouboulis Andreas D. Katsambas Albert M. KligmanThis book, written by experts from across the world, provides comprehensive coverage of acne and rosacea, focusing in particular on pathogenesis and treatment but also considering clinical aspects, prognostic factors, and impacts on quality of life. Both standard knowledge and important, clinically relevant insights that have emerged over the past decade are presented with the goal of assisting the reader in understanding these diseases and improving treatment outcome. It is explained how high-level research has recently given rise to a variety of new concepts in etiology and treatment, and emerging trends are also discussed. The book is in a reader-friendly format that highlights core messages with a very practical and clinical focus. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea will be an indispensable reference for all physicians who care for patients with acne or rosacea and for scientists working in the field.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Leukemia
by Harinder Gill Yok-Lam KwongThis book covers a comprehensive update on acute and chronic leukemia. In 54 chapters, authors introduce research progress and clinical trials of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The last decade has seen the integration of genetic and clinical information to determine the prognosis and treatment strategies. This book provides practitioners, researchers and graduate students of Hematology and Hematopathology a comprehensive update on the pathobiology, genomics, classification, diagnosis, monitoring, prognostication and therapy of both acute and chronic leukemias.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals
by John F. Prescott Filip Van Immerseel Janet I. MacInnes Andrew N. Rycroft John D. Boyce José A. Vázquez-BolandPATHOGENESIS OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN ANIMALS Comprehensive review of the major bacterial pathogens of animals, focusing on the current understanding of how they cause disease Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fifth Edition is a specialist reference that provides a comprehensive review of bacterial pathogens in animals and their complex interplay with disease processes, offering a complete understanding of how bacteria cause disease in animals. It covers the many recent advances in the field including the newest taxonomies. In this revised and long anticipated fifth edition, additional introductory chapters have been added to set the material in context, and more figures added to integrate and improve understanding and comprehension throughout the text. A companion website presents the figures from the book in PowerPoint and references. This detailed reference includes novel approaches to controlling bacterial pathogens in the light of growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, with more than 70 expert authors sharing their wisdom on the topic. While molecular pathogenesis is a major aspect in almost every chapter, the authors have been careful to place pathogens in their broader context. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fifth Edition also contains information on: Themes in bacterial pathogenesis, covering the basic elements of pathogenesis, concepts of virulence, host-pathogen interactions and communication, and pathogenesis in the post-genomic era Evolution of bacterial pathogens, covering what they are and how they emerge, along with sources of genetic diversity, population structure, and genome plasticity Understanding of pathogenesis through pathogenomics and bioinformatics, including how mutations generate pathogen diversity, and an overview of genome sequencing technologies Subversion of the immune response by bacterial pathogens, covering subversion of both innate responses and adaptive immunity Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fifth Edition is an essential resource for graduate students in veterinary medicine and animal science, and for veterinary microbiologists, pathologists, infectious disease experts, and others interested in bacterial disease. It is the only book to cover this topic to this depth through the wealth of insight of dozens of qualified and practicing professionals.
Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals
by L. GylesPathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fourth Edition captures the rapid developments in understanding the mechanisms of virulence of the major bacterial pathogens of animals. Now including a color plate section, the book presents an overview of pathogenesis, including relevant events that occur in the herd or flock and its environment, and activities that take place at the cellular and molecular levels. With contributions from 64 experts in the field, this book serves as a great reference for graduate students in veterinary medicine and animal science, microbiologists, virologists and pathologists.
Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Scoliosis
by Masafumi Machida Stuart L. Weinstein Jean DuboussetThis book provides comprehensive coverage of current topics in idiopathic scoliosis (IS). A three-dimensional deformity of the spine, the condition is characterized by lateral curvature combined with vertebral rotation. The primary lesion, however, lies in the median sagittal plane, taking the form of a lordosis. Although the clinical manifestations of scoliosis have been well documented, its cause and pathogenesis have not yet been determined. Research into what causes IS has focused on the structural elements of the spine, spinal musculature, collagenous structures, the endocrine system, the central nervous system, and genetics. Results of these studies have brought about a new perception of IS epiphenomena, but the main cause of IS remains unknown. Recently, several investigators have produced new hypotheses regarding the cause of IS using the developing techniques of genetics, biochemistry, and neurology. This book is a review of the various causative factors thus far proposed for IS and an introduction to the directions in which research is heading to determine the primary cause of IS.
Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis
by Ravi Durvasula Abhay SatoskarThis book discusses recent developments in several laboratories studying leishmaniasis. Sequencing of the human genome, as well as of the leishmania genome, has led to significant advances in our understanding of host-immune responses against leishmania, and mechanisms of infection-induced pathology, which is responsible for morbidity and mortality. Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis focuses on the latest basic research into leishmaniasis, but also addresses how advances in understanding can be applied to prevention, control and treatment of what the WHO has classified a neglected tropical disease.
Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its Interaction with the Host Organism
by Jean Pieters John D. MckinneyMycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most notorious pathogens on earth, causing the death of approximately 1. 5 million people annually. A major problem in the fight against tuberculosis is the emergence of strains that have acquired resistance to all available antibiotics. One key to the success of M. tuberculosis as a pathogen is its ability to circumvent host immune responses at different levels. This is not only a result of the special makeup of M. tuberculosis in terms of genetic diversity and DNA metabolism and its possession of specialized secretion systems, but also of its ability to hijack the host's innate immune defence mechanisms. In this volume, researchers from different disciplines provide a topical overview of the diverse mechanisms that contribute to the virulence of M. tuberculosis, ranging from their genetic, metabolic and molecular makeup, as well as the complex strategies these bacteria utilize to escape immune destruction within infected hosts.
Pathogenesis of Neuropathic Pain: Diagnosis and Treatment
by Daryl I. Smith Hai TranThis comprehensive source on the pathogenic origins of neuropathic pain covers the detailed molecular bases of the currently known neuropathies as classified by their pathogenic origins.Filling a critical need, this book fills the need for a resource on a syndrome that demands improved understanding by clinicians and researchers alike so that treatment options for patients are not categorically limited to a pill or a needle. If the clinician understands the origins of a patients' neuropathic pain, they can work cooperatively toward improving it with tailored therapies that don't create societal diseconomies and that ultimately are effective in helping patients.The book presents in detail the molecular bases of some currently known neuropathies by their pathogenetic origins, allowing clinicians to tailor more specific and more effective treatment regimens for their patients. For basic researchers, this book is a general resource to better direct research on neuropathy-specific molecular mechanisms. The improved understanding of the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain can then be used to develop more specific and more effective manipulations of these pathways.
Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Insights from Translational Research
by Alberta HoiThe scope of this contributed volume is to provide an overview of the latest translational research in the field of lupus pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on how these discoveries progress in parallel with therapeutic drug development. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted disease with a number of well-defined immune pathways that are dysregulated, resulting in an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory injury at target organs. As knowledge of these pathways evolves to provide opportunities for targeted drug therapy and lays the foundation for personalized medicine, clinicians and researchers need to keep up with the ever-expanding medical literature.This book will critically appraise the current understanding of important immunological pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus. We will review the role of interferons as part of the innate immune defects that perpetuate the loss of self-tolerance in SLE. B cell hyperactivity, as a defining hallmark of SLE, and different strategies of B cell targeted therapy will be discussed. The role of co-stimulation or immune checkpoint molecules in activating B and T cells will be reviewed, as well as other cytokines that serve in the amplification loop promoting a more proinflammatory Th1 or Th17 responses. Intracellular targets, such as signaling molecules in the JAK/STAT pathway, or a variety of kinases and proteasomes, can cause a cascading downstream effect of transcriptional responses that are important in SLE. Immune homeostasis can also be restored by bolstering the naturally occurring anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Glucocorticoid, as a potent natural anti-inflammatory hormone, can mediate its effects by recruiting histone deacetylase that serve to repress gene transcription. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper is a gene upregulated by glucocorticoid that can be a potential target for development of anti-inflammatory strategy. Finally, T regulatory cells can be utilized to help restore to immune tolerance and are amongst the latest focus of therapeutic development in SLE.
Pathogenesis: A History of the World in Eight Plagues
by Jonathan KennedyA sweeping examination of how germs have played a starring role in the most significant transformations in history, from the rise of Homo sapiens to the creation of world religions and the birth of capitalism. According to the accepted narrative of progress, humans have thrived thanks to their brains and brawn, to actions undertaken individually and collectively that have changed the arc of history. In this revelatory book, sociologist and public health professor Jonathan Kennedy argues that the peddlers of the exceptionalism myth massively overestimate the role that reason plays in social change. Instead, it is the humble microbe that wins wars and topples empires. Drawing on the latest research in genetics, economics, sociology, and anthropology, Pathogenesis explores eight outbreaks of infectious disease that made the modern world. Take the rise of Christianity. When a wave of deadly pandemics swept through the Roman Empire in the third century, there were only a small number of Christian communities—but they did a much better job tending to the sick. Their more communal approach saved thousands of lives, and helped turn this tiny, obscure sect into one of the world's great religions. Bacteria and viruses were also responsible for the demise of the Neanderthals, the growth of Islam, the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the devastation wrought by European colonialism, and the rise of the United States from an imperial backwater to a global superpower. By centering disease in his wide-ranging, spectacularly illustrated history of humankind, Kennedy challenges our most fundamental assumptions about our collective past—and urges us to view our current moment as another disease-driven inflection point that could change the course of history. Provocative and brimming with insight, Pathogenesis transforms our understanding of the human story.