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Phonological Disorders in Children: Theory, Research and Practice (Psychology Library Editions: Speech and Language Disorders)
by Mehmet S. YavasOriginally published in 1991, the recent developments in the study of phonological disorders in children had led to a fruitful interaction between speech pathology and phonology. It is one aspect of the application of linguistic theory to the study of speech and language disorders which had opened up a new field, clinical linguistics. This book brings together the concerns of the linguist and the speech pathologist; the essays chosen share the quality of not discussing theory or therapy without addressing the implications one has for the other. By concentrating on recent work the editor hoped to stimulate further discussion in this important and fast growing area of research.
Phosphatase Modulators
by José Luis MillánDriving further the research on mammalian alkaline phosphatase structure and function, Phosphatase Modulators collects expert contributions into one "how to" manual for basic scientists interested in initiating a drug discovery effort. While this book contains the traditional method chapters and some typical reviews on the structure and known functions of phosphatases, other contributions are meant to discuss approaches and alternatives useful in making "go/no-go" decisions in high throughput screening (HTS) and lead optimization campaigns. Many chapters focus on tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) as well as protein phosphatases. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters in this volume include the kind of detail and key implementation advice that promotes reproducible results. Step-by-step and practical, Phosphatase Modulators offers a path to understanding many of the facets and complexities associated with undertaking a drug discovery effort and will serve as a roadmap to initiating those efforts.
Phosphate Metabolism: From Physiology to Toxicity (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology #1362)
by Mohammed S. RazzaqueThis contributed volume discusses the most important physiological aspects of phosphate metabolism, and how its pathological dysregulation can induce organ damage, which includes but is not limited to blood vessels, kidney, bone and tumor. The editor has selected a varied group of world renowned experts to provide a basic understanding of normal phosphate regulation, to then move on to explain the complex molecular mechanisms of abnormal phosphate regulation, also shedding some light on the downstream clinical consequences owing to phosphate toxicity. Each chapter clearly presents the biochemically important problems related to phosphate dysregulation with the necessary illustrations. Readers will be able to use the proposed book as a quick reference for updated information on phosphate metabolism, ranging from cellular system to physiology, from pathology to toxicity, also including the associated clinical consequences, without much prior acquaintance with the field.
Phosphate in Paediatric Health and Disease
by U. AlonPhosphate in Pediatric Health and Disease provides a state-of-the-art overview of normal physiology, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical and therapeutic aspects of different types of phosphate homeostasis in early life. The book reviews the developmental physiology of phosphate metabolism from the fetus to the adolescent. It describes the pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with perturbations in phosphate homeostasis as well as discusses the different clinical conditions related to abnormal mineral metabolism, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and the modern diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This book will benefit pediatricians, endocrinologists, neurologists, nutritionists, and researchers in the field of mineral metabolism.
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase: Volume I (CRC Press Revivals)
by David N. BrindleyEach of these chapters has a general section that describes the special needs for glycerolipid synthesis and the physiological context in which the regulation of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity can be understood.
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase: Volume II (CRC Press Revivals)
by David N. BrindleyEach of these chapters has a general section that describes the special needs for glycerolipid synthesis and the physiological context in which the regulation of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity can be understood.
Phosphatidylcholine Metabolism
by Dennis E. VanceThis book is the first to be published as a single source reference on phosphatidylcholine metabolism. It provides a cogent and timely summary of research in this topic.Beginning with a chapter by Eugene Kennedy providing an historical perspective; the book proceeds to describe the latest developments in enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Biological chemists, students, and investigators in the field of lipid metabolism will find this book of great benefit in their research.
Phosphodiesterases and Their Inhibitors, Volume 61
by Raimund Mannhold Gerd Folkers Hugo Kubinyi Andrew S. Bell Spiros LirasWritten by the pioneers of Viagra, the first blockbuster PDE inhibitor drug. Beginning with a review of the first wave of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, this book focuses on new and emerging PDE targets and their inhibitors. Drug development options for all major human PDE families are discussed and cover diverse therapeutic fields, such as neurological/psychiatric, cardiovascular/metabolic, pain, and allergy/respiratory diseases. Finally, emerging chemotherapeutic applications of PDE inhibitors against malaria and other tropical diseases are discussed.
Phosphodiesterases as Drug Targets
by Marco Conti Miles D. Houslay Sharron H. FrancisCyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are promising targets for pharmacological intervention. Multiple PDE genes, isoform diversity, selective expression and compartmentation of the isoforms, and an array of conformations of PDE proteins are properties that challenge development of drugs that selectively target this class of enzymes. Novel characteristics of PDEs are viewed as unique opportunities to increase specificity and selectivity when designing novel compounds for certain therapeutic indications. This chapter provides a summary of the major concepts related to the design and use of PDE inhibitors.
Phosphodiesterases: CNS Functions and Diseases
by Ying Xu Han-Ting Zhang James M. O’donnellPDEs are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of intracellular cyclic nucleotides. They are implicated in a number of disorders and dysfunctions and PDE inhibitors have already proven to be effective therapies for erectile dysfunction, COPD, and psoriatic arthritis. This family of enzymes also plays a role in diseases and disorders of the CNS such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's Disease. Unfortunately no effective PDE inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of these diseases. The proposed book will be a comprehensive overview of the current state of basic and translational research on PDE inhibitors written by internationally recognized experts. Authors will also discuss potential PDE subtypes and splice variants in the hopes that this will spur more creative approaches to PDE targeting drugs.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in Health and Disease
by Peter K. Vogt Bart Vanhaesebroeck Christian RommelPI3K has become a very intense area of research, with over 2000 publications on PI3K in PubMed for 2009 alone. The expectations for a therapeutic impact of intervention with PI3K activity are high, and progress in the clinical arena is being monitored by many. However, targeted therapies almost invariably encounter roadblocks, often exposing unresolved questions in the basic understanding of the target
Phosphoinositides I: Enzymes of Synthesis and Degradation
by Matthias Wymann John D. York Tamas BallaPhosphoinositides play a major role in cellular signaling and membrane organization. During the last three decades we have learned that enzymes turning over phosphoinositides control vital physiological processes and are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic disease and more. In two volumes, this book elucidates the crucial mechanisms that control the dynamics of phosphoinositide conversion. Starting out from phosphatidylinositol, a chain of lipid kinases collaborates to generate the oncogenic lipid phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate. For every phosphate group added, there are specific lipid kinases - and phosphatases to remove it. Additionally, phospholipases can cleave off the inositol head group and generate poly-phosphoinositols, which act as soluble signals in the cytosol. Volume I untangles the web of these enzymes and their products, and relates them to function in health and disease. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases and 3-phosphatases have received a special focus in volume I, and recent therapeutic developments in human disease are presented along with a historical perspective illustrating the impressive progress in the field.
Phosphoinositides II: The Diverse Biological Functions
by Matthias Wymann John D. York Tamas BallaPhosphoinositides play a major role in cellular signaling and membrane organization. During the last three decades we have learned that enzymes turning over phosphoinositides control vital physiological processes and are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic disease and more. In two volumes, this book elucidates the crucial mechanisms that control the dynamics of phosphoinositide conversion. Starting out from phosphatidylinositol, a chain of lipid kinases collaborates to generate the oncogenic lipid phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate. For every phosphate group added, there are specific lipid kinases - and phosphatases to remove it. Additionally, phospholipases can cleave off the inositol head group and generate poly-phosphoinositols, which act as soluble signals in the cytosol. Volume II extends into the role of phosphoinositides in membrane organization and vesicular traffic. Endocytosis and exocytosis are modulated by phosphoinositides, which determine the fate and activity of integral membrane proteins. Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate is a prominent flag in the plasma membrane, while phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate decorates early endosomes. The Golgi apparatus is rich in phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, stressed cells increase phosphatidylinositol(3,5)-bisphosphate, and the nucleus has a phosphoinositide metabolism of its own. Phosphoinositide-dependent signaling cascades and the spatial organization of distinct phosphoinositide species are required in organelle function, fission and fusion, membrane channel regulation, cytoskeletal rearrangements, adhesion processes, and thus orchestrate complex cellular responses including growth, proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and cell polarization.
Phosphoinositides and Disease
by Marco FalascaPhosphoinositides (PIs) are minor components of cellular membranes that play critical regulatory roles in several intracellular functions. This book describes the main enzymes regulating the turnover of each of the seven PIs in mammalian cells, some of their intracellular functions and some evidence of their involvement in human diseases. Due to the complex inter-relation between the distinct PIs and the plethora of functions that they can regulate inside a cell, this book is not meant to be a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of PIs signalling but rather an overview on the current state of the field and where it could go from here. Phosphoinositide and inositol phosphates interact with and modulate the recruitment and activation of key regulatory proteins and in doing so control diverse functions including cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal dynamics, insulin action, vesicle trafficking and nuclear function. Initially, inositide signaling was limited to the PLC pathway; however, it is now clear that all the seven phosphoinositides and more than 30 different inositol phosphates likely have specific signaling functions. Moreover there is a growing list of proteins that are regulated by inositol signaling. This has raised the question as to how inositol signaling can control diverse processes and yet maintain signaling specificity. Controlling the levels of inositol signaling molecules and their subcellular compartmentalisation is likely to be critical. This meeting will bring together scientists from different backgrounds to discuss how understanding inositol signaling may be used to target complex human diseases that manifest themselves when inositol signaling is deregulated.
Phospholipid Metabolism in Cellular Signaling
by Jose M. MatoPhospholipids are no longer considered exclusively as the building blocks of biomembranes, but are now regarded to be exceptionally important to cellular signalling.Another conclusion resulting from studies over the past several years is that no single general scheme for the role of phospholipids during cell activation can be drawn as representative of all cells. This book presents a comprehensive view of the recent advances made in certain major research areas within the field of phospholipid metabolism in cellular signalling. Topics discussed within this volume include lipid composition of cellular membranes and their organization in biological systems, the dynamic aspects of phospholipid metabolism and its regulation by extracellular stimuli, and the role of newly discovered glycosyl-phosphatidylinositols in insulin action . The book also discusses two biologically active phospholipids: the sphingolipids, and ether-linked glycerophospholipids (the platelet activating factor). Phospholipid Metabolism in Cellular Signaling is an important research reference that should be considered required reading by all scientists and graduate students working on cell activation (e.g., growth factors, hormones, and oncogenes).
Phospholipid-Binding Antibodies (Routledge Revivals)
by Ronald A. Asherson E. Nigel Harris Thomas Exner Graham R. HughesFirst published in 1991. Historically, phospholipid binding antibodies were important in the study of syphilis. During the 1980s there was a resurgence of new interest in these antibodies due to reported associations with recurrent thrombosis, fetal loss, and other clinical disorders. Because of the variety of reported clinical associations and their occurrence in systemic autoimmune disorders, these antibodies have become important in many medical fields, such as clinical immunology, rheumatology, hematology, and obstetrics and gynecology. Phospholipid-Binding Antibodies provides in-depth reviews by specialists in these clinical areas and covers topics including the biochemistry of phospholipids, their role in coagulation, phospholipid immunology, and lupus anticoagulant and antiphospholipid antibodies by solid phase immunoassays. Other topics include thrombosis and fetal loss, as well as the role of phospholipid binding antibodies in these disorders. Antiphospholipid Syndrome and its reported clinical associations is also discussed.
Phospholipids Handbook
by Gregor CevcEmploying a multidisciplinary approach to phospholipid research, this work catalogues the current knowledge of this class of molecules and details the general, chemical, physical and structural properties of phospholipid monolayers and bilayers. Phospholipid applications are also covered.
Phosphorus NMR in Biology
by C. BurtNMR is a technique that can spoil you. It is true that it is not as sensitive as some of the spectroscopic methods, but the quality of the information and the incredible ease of sample preparation make it one of the tools that have opened new vistas in biological research. This volume is intended to show how those vistas can range from the molecule to the microbe to man himself. Further, it is what prompts the rather broad title.
Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy (Optical Science and Engineering)
by Lihong V. WangPhotoacoustics promises to revolutionize medical imaging and may well make as dramatic a contribution to modern medicine as the discovery of the x-ray itself once did. Combining electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves synergistically, photoacoustics can provide deep speckle-free imaging with high electromagnetic contrast at high ultrasonic resolution and without any health risk. While photoacoustic imaging is probably the fastest growing biomedical imaging technology, this book is the first comprehensive volume in this emerging field covering both the physics and the remarkable noninvasive applications that are changing diagnostic medicine. Bringing together the leading pioneers in this field to write about their own work, Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy is the first to provide a full account of the latest research and developing applications in the area of biomedical photoacoustics. Photoacoustics can provide functional sensing of physiological parameters such as the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. It can also provide high-contrast functional imaging of angiogenesis and hypermetabolism in tumors in vivo. Discussing these remarkable noninvasive applications and so much more, this reference is essential reading for all researchers in medical imaging and those clinicians working at the cutting-edge of modern biotechnology to develop diagnostic techniques that can save many lives and just as importantly do no harm.
Photoacoustic Tomography
by Huabei JiangThe concept of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) emerged in the mid-1990s, and the field of PAT is now rapidly moving forward. Presenting the research of a well-respected pioneer and leading expert, Photoacoustic Tomography is a first-of-its-kind book covering the underlying principles and practical applications of PAT in a systematic manner. Written in a tutorial format, the text: Addresses the fundamentals of PAT, the theory on photoacoustic effect, image reconstruction methods, and instrumentation Details advanced methods for quantitative PAT, which allow the recovery of tissue optical absorption coefficient and/or acoustic properties Explores the development of several image-enhancing schemes, including both software and hardware approaches Examines array-based PAT systems that are the foundation for the realization of 2-D, 3-D, and 4-D PAT Discusses photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and combinations of PAT/PAM with other imaging methods Considers contrast-agents-based molecular PAT, with both nontargeted and cell receptor–targeted methods Describes clinical applications and animal studies in breast cancer detection, osteoarthritis diagnosis, seizure localization, intravascular imaging, and image-guided cancer therapy Photoacoustic Tomography is an essential reference for graduate students, researchers, industry professionals, and those who wish to enter this exciting field.
Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Medicine: Evidence-based Clinical Protocols
by Alan Roger Santos-Silva Ana Gabriela Costa Normando César Augusto Migliorati Mariana de Pauli PaglioniPhotobiomodulation (PBM) includes a broad range of nonionizing light sources that, when applied to tissues, lead to anti-inflammatory effects, promote wound healing and tissue repair, improve neural function, and exert an analgesic effect. Although PBM is well established and accessible technique, there is great variability in PBM parameters, protocols, and equipment, which hampers consistent application. This comprehensive book intents to assist the clinician in determining the most appropriate PBM parameters according to the light source available, in a practical and easy way. Written by experts in the PBM and Oral Medicine fields, it provides the utmost protocols for treatment and prevention of the most prevalent diseases and conditions affecting the mouth and the mandibulo-maxillary complex, in the day-to-day patient care. The protocols have been established based on published articles with high scientific evidence, mainly Systematic Reviews, Meta-analysis, and Randomized Clinical Trials. The work is divided into three main sections: Photobiomodulation, Supportive Care in Cancer, and Oral Medicine. In each part, the subtopics encompass the most prevalent and relevant diseases and conditions that may beneficiate of PBM therapy. All chapters include a brief disease definition, followed by diagnosis methods and treatment options including PBM. Each chapter presents a suggestion of PBM protocol, with reproducible parameters that may be easily performed by qualified professionals. Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Medicine - Evidence-based Clinical Protocols aims to assist clinical practitioners in decision-making when it comes to classical Oral Medicine, oncology support as well as bone healing and repair.
Photobiomodulation for the Brain: Photobiomodulation Therapy in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering)
by Farzad Salehpour Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad Javad Mahmoudi Farzin Kamari Paolo Cassano Michael Richard HamblinPhotobiomodulation for the Brain: Photobiomodulation Therapy in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry collects scientific evidence covering a broad range of topics, including the optimum dosimetry, treatment regimens, irradiation sites, irradiance and fluence, treatment times, and possible side effects of this neuromodulation therapy. Over the past two decades, brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been introduced as an innovative modality for stimulating neural activity to improve brain function and is predicted to become a promising strategy for neurorehabilitation in the coming years. This book introduces PBM therapy to the worldwide medical community, providing worthwhile scientific insights and promoting the acceptance of this field among neurologists, psychiatrists, neurorehabilitation practitioners, and physiotherapists, as well as neuroscience clinicians and researchers. From a physics point of view, scientists in the photonics, medical physics, and light-dosimetry fields will also benefit from the book.
Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection
by Jyoti Singh Ratan Singh Ray Chandana Haldar Ashish Dwivedi Neeraj AgarwalThis book highlights the problem of UV-R-induced photocarcinogenesis and its molecular mechanism. It covers different photosensitive xenobiotics (drugs, cosmetics, and environmental pollutants) and their photosensitization mechanisms under ambient UV-R exposure. It also summarizes the role of nanotechnology in skin cancer remedies. It provides a brief overview of the various novel nanocarriers for cosmeceuticals like nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles, nanocrystals, etc., nanotechnology-based cosmeceutical products which are available in the market. It highlights the possible health hazards caused by nanoparticles on exposure of nano-based cosmetics and describes the recent regulatory rules applied to avoid the nanotoxicity.
Photochemistry for Biomedical Applications: From Device Fabrication to Diagnosis and Therapy
by Yoshihiro ItoThis book describes medical applications of photochemistry. In the first part, a general introduction to photochemistry and related phototechnologies is provided. In the second part, photochemistry-based medical applications for diagnostics (biochips and bioimaging) and therapeutics (biomaterials for artificial organs, medical adhesives, dental materials, drug-delivery systems, tissue engineering, and photodynamic therapy) are described, with examples of recent research. The year 2015 is the International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies. Light plays a vital role in our daily lives and is important in many interdisciplinary scientific fields in the twenty-first century. Light-based concepts have revolutionized medicine, including areas such as oncology, molecular biology, and surgery. Although photochemistry has contributed significantly to medicine directly and through photochemical fabrication of biomaterials, a book giving a comprehensive overview of recent progress has not been published until now. The aim of this book is to highlight the contributions of photochemistry in interdisciplinary fields of chemistry and medical engineering. This book will be useful for chemists who are interested in medical applications of photochemistry and engineers who are eager to learn the principles of photochemistry to enable its use in practical applications.
Photodermatology
by James Ferguson Jeffrey DoverThe study of the biological effects of ultraviolet and visible light on the skin has expanded rapidly over the last 20 years, recognizing the clinical significance of light sensitive skin disorders. This book addresses all aspects of photodermatology by providing a clear straightforward introduction to these diseases, their investigation, diagnosis and management, including the use of lasers. Each light sensitive disorder and each type of phototherapy is supported by the principles of the underlying photophysics, chemistry and biology. Doctors, nurses and technicians all have an important role to play in the diagnosis of photodermatoses and in the administration of phototherapy. This concise, richly illustrated text provides them with valuable insights and a good working overview of the light related areas of dermatology.