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Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology and Control
by Barrie Gm JamiesonApart from malaria, schistosomiasis is the most prevalent parasitic infection in the world. It affects more than 200 million people in 76 tropical and subtropical countries, causing great suffering and resulting in thousands of deaths. Written by world authorities, this book examines many aspects of the biology, pathology, and control of the schistosoma parasite. Ranging in topic from infection in Pharaonic Egypt, through DNA relationships and biological systems, to advances in development of vaccines against the parasite, this book is a comprehensive text written for researchers and medical professionals alike.
Schistosomes and Schistosomiasis in South Asia
by Prof. Mahesh AgrawalAccording to the author, the book addresses to all the scientists and not only to immunologists or biologists of European countries who are engaged in developing a vaccine, or a diagnostic kit or a new drug against the infection or on schistosome evolution. Even these scientists have to visit endemic countries for field trials or ask their counterparts to collect field data (which this book addresses ). Thus this book is not on molecular fundamentals but on the infection itself; how schistosome species are responding to the drug ; sensitivity and specificity of immunodiagnostic kits, antigen molecules; snail compatibility, production losses; schistosome evolution; schistosome outbreaks; complexities where more than two schistosome species are existing; problem of human schistosomiasis in South Asia etc In fact , all the topics of great interest to international scientists and scientists of endemic countries.
Schistosomiasis Control in China: The successful example of Jiangxi province (Parasitology Research Monographs #11)
by Heinz Mehlhorn Zhongdao Wu Yiwen LiuThis book covers all details for a successful control and elimination strategy against propagation of deadly liver and intestinal flukes of the genus Schistosoma in China. Cancer due to schistosomiasis is still common in subtropical countries and affords hundred thousands of human and animal deaths per year. Expert authors play close attention to the biology and morphologic aspects of Schistosoma species as well as the history and status quo of schistosomiasis epidemiology. In a unique way, the present work illustrates the need to involve strategic measurements, and to control both adult worms and larval parasite stages. With a special focus on Jiangxi Province, the authors present an effective management plan, ranging from intermediate host snail control to diagnostic tools, medical aid, as well as public health education. This approach from China can be used as blueprint in other countries hit by the same worm infections. The contents of this book will thus be meaningful for academics and practitioners in the fields of parasitology, public health, as well as human and veterinary medicine.
Schizophrenia
by Aaron Beck Neil RectorFrom Aaron T. Beck and colleagues, this is the definitive work on the cognitive model of schizophrenia and its treatment. The volume integrates cognitive-behavioral and biological knowledge into a comprehensive conceptual framework. It examines the origins, development, and maintenance of key symptom areas delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, and formal thought disorder. Treatment chapters then offer concrete guidance for addressing each type of symptom, complete with case examples and session outlines. Anyone who treats or studies serious mental illness will find a new level of understanding together with theoretically and empirically grounded clinical techniques.
Schizophrenia (Medical Psychiatry Series)
by Bernard Fried Bernard ShermaEdited by the president of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry and featuring an international list of world-renown contributors, Schizophrenia, Second Edition provides psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists with a comprehensive handbook on the latest schizophrenia research and management from diagnosis through tr
Schizophrenia For Dummies
by Irene S. Levine Jerome LevinePractical tools for leading a happy, productive lifeSchizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling mental disorder that afflicts one percent of the population, an estimated 2.5 million people in America alone. The firsthand advice in this reassuring guide will empower the families and caregivers of schizophrenia patients to take charge, offering expert advice on identifying the warning signs, choosing the right health professional, understanding currently available drugs and those on the horizon (as well as their side effects), and evaluating traditional and alternative therapies.
Schizophrenia Is a Misdiagnosis
by C. Raymond LakeSchizophrenia is the most widely known and feared mental illness worldwide, yet a rapidly growing literature from a broad spectrum of basic and clinical disciplines, especially epidemiology and molecular genetics, suggests that schizophrenia is the same condition as a psychotic bipolar disorder and does not exist as a separate disease. The goal is to document and interpret these data to justify eliminating the diagnosis of schizophrenia from the nomenclature. The author reviews the changing diagnostic concepts of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with a historical perspective to clarify how the current conflict over explanations for psychosis has arisen. That two disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar, known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, account for the functional psychoses has been a cornerstone of Psychiatry for over 100 years, but is questioned because of substantial similarities and overlap between these two disorders. Literature in the field demonstrates that psychotic patients are frequently misdiagnosed as suffering from the disease called schizophrenia when they suffer from a psychotic mood disorder. Such patients, their families, and their caretakers suffer significant disadvantages from the misdiagnosis. Psychotic patients misdiagnosed with schizophrenia receive substandard care regarding their medications, thus allowing their bipolar conditions to worsen. Other adverse effects are substantial and will be included. Liability for medical malpractice is of critical importance for the mental health professionals who make the majority of the diagnoses of schizophrenia. The concept put forward in this work will have a discipline-altering impact.
Schizophrenia Treatment Outcomes: An Evidence-Based Approach to Recovery
by Avinash De Sousa Amresh ShrivastavaThis book analyzes schizophrenia management in the context of recent clinical therapeutic advances that have transformed the measurements and outcomes landscape. Unlike any other resource, this volume carefully develops the social and clinical guidelines that affect the life of the patient and defines its role in schizophrenia treatment outcomes. The text begins by determining the concepts, development, neuroscience, and guidelines for positive outcomes before analyzing the gaps in the literature. The text addresses medical concerns in relation to outcomes in schizophrenic patients, including substance use, impact from antipsychotic medications, and medical comorbidities. The text also covers external determinants that may inhibit positive outcomes, including cultural factors, stigma, and environmental issues. Written by experts in schizophrenia care, this book compiles sound research, current clinical trends, and modern measurement markers into a well-organized compendium that delivers this data into a practical guide for measuring treatment outcomes in patients suffering from the disease.Schizophrenia Treatment Outcomes is the ultimate guide for psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, and all medical practitioners interested in improving outcomes for schizophrenia patients.
Schizophrenia and Common Sense: Explaining the Relation Between Madness and Social Values (Studies in Brain and Mind #12)
by Inês Hipólito Jorge Gonçalves João G. PereiraThis book explores the relationship between schizophrenia and common sense. It approaches this theme from a multidisciplinary perspective. Coverage features contributions from phenomenology, cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, psychology, and social cognition. The contributors address the following questions: How relevant is the loss of common sense in schizophrenia? How can the study of schizophrenia contribute to the study of common sense? How to understand and explain this loss of common sense? They also consider: What is the relationship of practical reasoning and logical formal reasoning with schizophrenia? What is the relationship between the person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and social values? Chapters examine such issues as rationality, emotions, self, and delusion. In addition, one looks at brain structure and neurotransmission. Others explore phenomenological and Wittgensteinian theories. The book features papers from the Schizophrenia and Common Sense International Workshop, held at New University of Lisbon, November 2015. It offers new insights into this topic and will appeal to researchers, students, as well as interested general readers.
Schizophrenia and Psychoses in Later Life: New Perspectives on Treatment, Research, and Policy
by Carl I. Cohen Paul D. MeestersBy 2050, the number of people aged sixty years and older with schizophrenia is expected to double and affect about 10 million people worldwide. Psychoses are among the most common experiences in later life, with a lifetime risk of 23 percent. As a result, there is a looming crisis in mental health care. Schizophrenia and Psychoses in Later Life is the first major multidisciplinary reference on these important disorders. The book provides guidelines for clinical care, research and policy that are consistent with the emerging paradigmatic changes occurring with respect to schizophrenia in later life. This book features multidisciplinary contributions from experts in the fields of biological psychiatry, social psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, social work, psychology, and neuropsychology that will help professionals to integrate services and attain the best outcomes. The text will guide psychiatrists, psychologists, gerontologists, policymakers, and social scientists in creating innovative new programs to help this underserved and growing population.
Schizophrenia: A Brother Finds Answers in Biological Science
by Ronald ChaseA neuroscientist explores the biological bases of schizophrenia and tells the heartbreaking story of his own brother’s battle with the disease.Honorable Mention for the AMWA Medical Book Awards of the American Medical Writers AssociationWhen bright lives are derailed by schizophrenia, bewildered and anxious families struggle to help, and to cope, even as scientists search for causes and treatments that prove elusive. Painful and often misunderstood, schizophrenia profoundly affects people who have the disease and their loved ones. Here Ronald Chase, an accomplished biologist, sets out to discover the facts about the disease and better understand what happened to his older brother, Jim, who developed schizophrenia as a young adult.Chase’s account alternates between a fiercely loyal and honest memoir and rigorous scientific exploration. He finds scientific answers to deeply personal questions about the course of his brother’s illness. He describes psychiatric practice from the 1950s—when electroconvulsive shock therapy was common and the use of antipsychotic medications was in its infancy—to the development of newer treatments in the 1990s. Current medical and scientific research increases our understanding of genetic and environmental causes of the disease.Chase also explores the stigma of mental illness, the evolution of schizophrenia, the paradox of its persistence despite low reproduction rates in persons with the disease, and the human stories behind death statistics. With the author’s intimate knowledge of the suffering caused by this disease, Schizophrenia emphasizes research strategies, the importance of sound scientific approaches, and the challenges that remain.
Schizophrenia: A Brother Finds Answers in Biological Science
by Ronald ChaseA neuroscientist explores the biological bases of schizophrenia and tells the heartbreaking story of his own brother’s battle with the disease.When bright lives are derailed by schizophrenia, bewildered and anxious families struggle to help, and to cope, even as scientists search for causes and treatments that prove elusive. Painful and often misunderstood, schizophrenia profoundly affects people who have the disease and their loved ones. Here Ronald Chase, an accomplished biologist, sets out to discover the facts about the disease and better understand what happened to his older brother, Jim, who developed schizophrenia as a young adult.Chase’s account alternates between a fiercely loyal and honest memoir and rigorous scientific exploration. He finds scientific answers to deeply personal questions about the course of his brother’s illness. He describes psychiatric practice from the 1950s—when electroconvulsive shock therapy was common and the use of antipsychotic medications was in its infancy—to the development of newer treatments in the 1990s. Current medical and scientific research increases our understanding of genetic and environmental causes of the disease.Chase also explores the stigma of mental illness, the evolution of schizophrenia, the paradox of its persistence despite low reproduction rates in persons with the disease, and the human stories behind death statistics. With the author’s intimate knowledge of the suffering caused by this disease, Schizophrenia emphasizes research strategies, the importance of sound scientific approaches, and the challenges that remain.“A rare combination of family memoir and accessible explanation of the neuroscience, genetics, and the epidemiology of schizophrenia. I simply love this book.” —Patrick Tracey, PsychCentral
Schizophrenia: A New Guide for Clinicians (Medical Psychiatry Series)
by John G. CsernanskyContains guidelines and recommendations-in tabular form for quick reference-on patient evaluation and optimal treatment for long-term care!Based on evidence from recent systematic clinical research studies, this comprehensive reference provides the latest information on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia-highlighting
Schizophrenia: A Practical Primer
by Matcheri S. Keshavan Vinod H Srihari Ravinder ReddyThis second edition of Schizophrenia: A Practical Primer, includes decades of clinical and research experience in the field and helps readers understand what schizophrenia is and how it is managed. Schizophrenia is a devastating illness that affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Written to help anyone who is faced with managing schizophrenia, whether as a clinician, patient, friend, or family member, this accessible book is an ideal first stop for practical, up-to-date information. It includes an overview of schizophrenia and provides answers to common questions that arise on different aspects of the illness, such as: diagnosis, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic management, treatment challenges and achieving recovery. Beyond these key issues, the book includes developments in the neurobiology of the illness, foreseeable developments and the history of schizophrenia. It also includes brief, realistic case vignettes adapted from clinical experience, and questions interspersed throughout the book to aid understanding. This book is essential for professional trainee and early-career mental-health workers, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, counselors and nurses, and is written to cover in a concise and accessible way what is of immediate and practical relevance to gain familiarity with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia: A Practical Primer
by Matcheri S. Keshavan Ravinder Reddy Vinod SrihariThis second edition of Schizophrenia: A Practical Primer, includes decades of clinical and research experience in the field and helps readers understand what schizophrenia is and how it is managed.Schizophrenia is a devastating illness that affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Written to help anyone who is faced with managing schizophrenia, whether as a clinician, patient, friend, or family member, this accessible book is an ideal first stop for practical, up-to-date information. It includes an overview of schizophrenia and provides answers to common questions that arise on different aspects of the illness, such as: diagnosis, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic management, treatment challenges and achieving recovery. Beyond these key issues, the book includes developments in the neurobiology of the illness, foreseeable developments and the history of schizophrenia. It also includes brief, realistic case vignettes adapted from clinical experience, and questions interspersed throughout the book to aid understanding.This book is essential for professional trainee and early-career mental-health workers, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, counselors and nurses, and is written to cover in a concise and accessible way what is of immediate and practical relevance to gain familiarity with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion?
by Mary BoyleFirst published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Schizophrenia: A Workbook for Healthcare Professionals
by Peter ThompsonThe quality of health care in the US depends on the patient's ability to pay and his or her insurance cover, at an annual cost of $3600 per head of population. In the UK, the quality of care costs less at an annual cost of $1000 per head of population, although care is sometimes delayed through a lack of resources. This book compares the two systems from the viewpoint of primary care, identifying some models of excellence from which both can benefit. It draws on the experience of the NHS reforms in the UK and the political imperative to control costs and improve the service in the US.
Schizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment
by Colin RossLearn about a pioneering alternative to antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia! In Schizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment, Dr. Colin A. Ross-founder of the Colin A. Ross Institute for Psychological Trauma-presents a new theory of the existence of a dissociative subtype of schizophrenia. Dr. Ross determines that some patients diagnosed with schizophrenia have symptoms closely related to dissociative identity disorder-or multiple personality disorder-and have a history of psychological trauma. In these cases, this unprecedented book proposes that the disorder is treatable-perhaps even curable-using psychotherapy rather than drugs. Schizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment will revolutionize the profession of psychology with data, arguments, and a review of previously published literature to support Dr. Ross&’s theory. Traditionally, schizophrenia is considered manageable only by a lifetime of psychotropic drugs-expensive, harmful, and often ineffectual. This book offers an alternative free of damaging chemicals to improve quality of life for patients with schizophrenia whose symptoms may be trauma-based. Schizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment offers specific, detailed ideas and research on: genetic studies showing that while there is a genetic connection, it is not prevalent enough for biology to be the only predisposing factor in all cases of schizophrenia a comparison of the definitions of psychosis, schizophrenia, and dissociation-from the DSM-IV-TR and other texts-to determine relationships between the three disorders proposed diagnostic criteria for dissociative schizophrenia-dissociative amnesia, depersonalization, the presence of two or more distinct personalities/identities, auditory hallucinations, extensive comorbidity, and severe childhood trauma the principles of psychotherapy for dissociative schizophrenia-when to start therapy, trauma therapy, how to establish communication with the patient, and therapeutic neutrality and more! With an extensive bibliography of literatures on trauma, dissociation, and psychosis, as well as numerous tables and case studies, this volume presents a strong case for a fresh methodology in the treatment of this psychological abnormality. The theory provided by Dr. Ross brings hope for recovery to individuals with dissociative schizophrenia. This one-of-a-kind book is a must-read for psychiatrists, psychologists, and other professionals involved in research and/or treatment of schizophrenia. Its comprehensible text makes it useful for patients with schizophrenia and their family members as well.
Schizophrenia: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2687)
by Leyre Urigüen Rebeca Diez-AlarciaThis volumes presents current methods used in the research of schizophrenia. Chapters guide readers through molecular techniques, in vivo approaches, cell cultures and heterologous expression systems, and even research methods involving human studies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Schizophrenia: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful and practical guide to new researchers and experts looking to expand their knowledge.
Schizophrenia: Progress And Interpretation
by Paul J. HarrisonSchizophrenia is one of the most complex and disabling diseases to affect mankind. Relatively little is known about its nature and its origins, and available treatments are inadequate for most patients. As a result, there are inevitable controversies about what causes it, how to diagnose it, and how best to treat it. However, in the past decade, there has been an explosion of new research, with dramatic discoveries involving genetic etiology and epidemiological risk factors. There has also been a catalog of new drugs coming to market, and controversy about the relative advantages and disadvantages of newer compared with older therapies. In addition, developing technologies in genomics, molecular biology and neuroimaging provide streams of new information. This book represents a definitive, essential, and up-to-date reference text on schizophrenia. It extensively and critically digests and clarifies recent advances and places them within a clinical context. The Editors (one American and one British), highly respected clinical psychiatrists and researchers and acknowledged experts on schizophrenia, have again assembled an outstanding group of contributors from the USA, UK, Europe and Australia, It will be of value to practising psychiatrists and to trainees, as well as to clinical and neuroscience researchers interested in keeping up with this field or coming into it. The book consists of four sections: descriptive aspects, biological aspects, physical treatments, and psychological and social aspects. It reviews the theoretical controversies over symptomatology, classification and aetiology (particularly pertinent as DSM-V is being developed), the relationship of schizophrenia to the other psychoses, the significance of positive and negative symptoms and pre-morbid personality. It describes a variety of approaches to integrating the vast research data about schizophrenia, including neurodevelopmental, genetic, pharmacological, brain imaging and psychological findings. The biological treatment section reviews the comparative efficacy of various drugs, the management of drug-resistant patients and both neurological and metabolic complications. The final section looks at psychological therapies, social outcomes, and the economics of schizophrenia. Highly Commended in the Psychiatry section of the 2012 BMA Book Awards.
Schizophrenia: Seven Approaches
by George WillisonSeven controversial approaches to schizophrenia, each assuming a distinctive model, biological, psychological, or social, are presented by their leading exponents. Arnold and Edith Buss deal with such fundamental issues as: What is the nature of schizophrenia? What general approach does each theory represent? What does each theory assume, what evidence does it require for proof, and what follows if the theory is correct? While the various approaches covered here have many differences and few similarities, they are not all mutually contradictory, and several may be combined into a larger synthesis.From a biological point of view, schizophrenia is a disease like any other, originating in heredity, tissue malformation, and physiological abnormality. The biological approach is represented here by a theory focusing on genetic and neurological aspects. The psychological approach treats schizophrenia as a failure of adjustment. Within this framework there is considerable disagreement. One theory emphasizes the cognitive problems of perceiving, thinking, and problem-solving; another centers on motivational disturbance, with its attendant problems of anxiety and withdrawal; and two theories focus on regressive behavior.Schizophrenia provides a stimulating basis for discussion by presenting the etiology of schizophrenia in terms of the most significant contemporary approaches. The juxtaposition of these viewpoints enables the professor to maximize students' interest as well as their insight into the complexity of contradictory evidence and opinions.
Schizophrenie
by Helmut Remschmidt Frank TheisenWohl kaum eine psychische Störung wirft so viele Fragen auf wie die schizophrenen Störungen. Und wohl wenige Störungen können so entscheidend das gesamte Leben beeinflussen. Patienten tragen das Stigma einer Schizophrenie mitunter ein Leben lang mit sich herum. Eine zweifelsfreie Diagnostik und eine adäquate Therapie sind hierbei entscheidend. Helmut Remschmidt und Frank Theisen setzen hier mit ihrem Werk Maßstäbe - Übersichtlich - Praxisrelevant - Handlungsorientiert - Leitlinienkonform Für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiater, psychologische Psychotherapeuten für Kinder und Jugendliche, Pädiater, Pädagogen und alle, die mit jungen Patienten mit psychischen Störungen konfrontiert werden. Die Reihe "Manuale psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter" verfolgt drei wesentliche Ziele: Interdisziplinärer Ansatz: Der Patient steht im Mittelpunkt - der Therapeut muss sein Bestes geben, die Störung zu diagnostizieren und adäquat zu behandeln. Psychiater und Psychologen sind hier gefordert, ihr Wissen beizutragen und über den Tellerrand zu blicken. Praxisrelevanz: Alle Theorie ist grau - diese Reihe gibt Ihnen die Tipps und Tricks an die Hand, mit denen Sie Ihren schwierigen Alltag ein bisschen besser meistern können. Didaktik und Struktur: Alle Bände sind gleich strukturiert und warten mit einer übersichtlichen Didaktik auf. Das Lesen soll Spaß machen und die entscheidenden Informationen müssen schnell erfasst werden können.
Schizotypy and Schizophrenia: The View from Experimental Psychopathology
by Mark LenzenwegerThis compelling book argues that all people with schizophrenia share a personality organization known as schizotypy. Presented is a novel framework for understanding schizophrenia through the study of individuals who may never develop the disorder, but who nonetheless harbor a liability for it. Mark F. Lenzenweger comprehensively reviews current knowledge about schizotypy while exploring broader questions of how to think about and conduct psychopathology research, making the book useful and relevant for both researchers and students. He demonstrates state-of-the-art strategies for combining clinical observations, psychometric and psychophysiological measures, neuroimaging, and genetic analyses, and for analyzing the results using advanced statistical techniques.
Schlaf, Persönlichkeit und soziales Verhalten
by Zlatan KrižanDas Ziel dieses Buches ist es, einen Überblick über das begrenzte wissenschaftliche Wissen darüber zu geben, wie Schlaf mit Persönlichkeit und Sozialverhalten zusammenhängt. Dieser Sammelband begründet ein neues interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld zum Thema Schlaf, das Schlafprozesse im Zusammenhang mit sozialem Verhalten und sozial-kognitiven Prozessen (z. B. mögen, respektieren, helfen, verletzen, erreichen) sowie individuellen Unterschieden in der Persönlichkeit (d. h. chronische Muster von Gefühlen, Gedanken und Verhalten) untersucht. Die Autoren zeigen die wichtigsten Lücken in den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen über den Schlaf und seine Bedeutung für persönlichkeitsbezogene und soziale Prozesse auf und wollen damit die künftigen Forschungsbemühungen von Wissenschaftlern aus den Bereichen Psychologie, Biologie, Soziologie und Schlafmedizin unterstützen.Zu den diskutierten Themen gehören:· Wie der Schlaf die Emotionsregulation beeinflusst· Schlaf und Temperament in der frühen Kindheit· Dynamik zwischen Schlaf und Selbstbeherrschung· Auswirkungen auf die Aufgabenerfüllung· Einfluss des Schlafs auf soziale Kognition und Urteilsvermögen'Schlaf, Persönlichkeit und soziales Verhalten' untersucht umfassend die Rolle des Schlafs bei Emotionen und Motivation, die Auswirkungen des Schlafs auf sozial-kognitive Prozesse, die Dynamik zwischen Schlaf und dem Funktionieren von Beziehungen, die Bedeutung des Schlafs für das Gruppenverhalten, die Rolle von Persönlichkeitsunterschieden beim Schlaf und die Rolle des Schlafs bei der Persönlichkeits- und Sozialentwicklung. Forscher aus den Bereichen Persönlichkeits- und Sozialpsychologie, Gesundheitspsychologie und Neurologie werden in diesem aufschlussreichen Buch die erheblichen Lücken im wissenschaftlichen Verständnis des Schlafs aufdecken.
Schlafbezogene Atmungsstörungen im Kindesalter: Besonderheiten in Diagnostik und Therapie (essentials)
by Barbara Schneider Boris A. StuckDas Buch erläutert die Diagnostik und Therapie der schlafbezogenen Atmungsstörungen bei Säuglingen, Kindern und Jugendlichen aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive. Es behandelt sowohl die Atmungsstörungen im Säuglingsalter und die meist sekundären Hypoventilationen als auch die Obstruktionen der oberen Atemwege wie das Schnarchen oder die obstruktive Schlafapnoe bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.