- Table View
- List View
The Right to Health
by Brigit Toebes Rhonda Ferguson Milan M. Markovic Obiajulu NnamuchiThis interdisciplinary study engages with the fields of human rights law, health law, and public health. It analyses how the internationally guaranteed human 'right to health' is realized by States at a national level. It brings together scholars from more than ten different countries, with each of them analyzing the right to health in their country or region. They all focus on a particular theme that is important in their country, such as health inequalities, the Millennium Development Goals, or the privatization of healthcare. This book is relevant for scholars, practitioners and policy makers in the field of human rights law, health law, public health and the intersection between these three fields.
The Right to Health Care: Ethical Considerations (The International Library of Bioethics #92)
by Eike-Henner W. KlugeThis book provides an in-depth ethical analysis of the right to health care by contrasting privatized with socialized approaches. It pays special attention to how a socialized approach can be implemented in the context of limited resources and offers a way of integrating allocation decisions at the policy level with institutional and hands-on decision-making. It also discusses how the right to health care translates into duties on part of the members of society. In an Appendix, it suggests how, in time of need, the TRIPS Agreement allows countries to side-step patent regulations that would otherwise raise the cost of patented healthcare products beyond what a particular society is able to afford. The book is of interest not only to scholars but also to healthcare policy makers, administrators and healthcare professionals, as well as to patients themselves.
The Right to Health at the Public/Private Divide
by Colleen M. Flood Aeyal GrossThrough a comparative global study of countries from all continents representing a diversity of health, legal, political, and economic systems, this book explores the role of health rights to advance greater equality through access to health care. Does health care promote equality, or does it in fact advance the opposite result? Does inserting the idea of "the right to health" into health systems allow the reinsertion of public values into systems that are undergoing privatization? Or does it allow for private claims to be rearticulated as "rights," in a way that actually reinforces inequality? This volume includes studies from countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada, The Netherlands, China, and Nigeria, among many others, as well as authors with expertise regarding both the legal and health systems of their countries, making this a seminal study that allows readers to see the differing role of rights in various health systems.
The Right to Know and the Right Not to Know
by Ruth Chadwick Mairi Levitt Darren Shickle Ruth Chadwick Mairi LevittThis volume contains essays which cover a range of aspects in the debate over genetic testing. It looks at both the advantages and disadvantages involved in knowing or not knowing whether one is a carrier of certain genetic traits.
The Right to Live in Health: Medical Politics in Postindependence Havana (Envisioning Cuba)
by Daniel A. RodríguezDaniel A. Rodriguez's history of a newly independent Cuba shaking off the U.S. occupation focuses on the intersection of public health and politics in Havana. While medical policies were often used to further American colonial power, in Cuba, Rodriguez argues, they evolved into important expressions of anticolonial nationalism as Cuba struggled to establish itself as a modern state. A younger generation of Cuban medical reformers, including physicians, patients, and officials, imagined disease as a kind of remnant of colonial rule. These new medical nationalists, as Rodriguez calls them, looked to medical science to guide Cuba toward what they envisioned as a healthy and independent future.Rodriguez describes how medicine and new public health projects infused republican Cuba's statecraft, powerfully shaping the lives of Havana's residents. He underscores how various stakeholders, including women and people of color, demanded robust government investment in quality medical care for all Cubans, a central national value that continues today. On a broader level, Rodriguez proposes that Latin America, at least as much as the United States and Europe, was an engine for the articulation of citizens' rights, including the right to health care, in the twentieth century.
The Right to Try: How the Federal Government Prevents Americans from Getting the Lifesaving Treatments They Need
by Darcy OlsenWhy should you need the government’s permission to save your own life?Jenn McNary’s two sons, Max and Austin, were diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy—a fatal disorder that leads to muscle degeneration and eventually death. In a cruel and unnecessary twist, Max received access to a clinical trial; Austin didn’t. As a result, Max was able to get out of his wheelchair and play on his school soccer team while Austin continued to deteriorate until he could not even feed himself.The FDA takes as long as fifteen years to approve a new drug, demanding near-absolute proof of effectiveness before allowing commercial distribution. But this ignores the urgent plight of millions of terminally ill Americans who have run out of approved options—and are running out of time. These patients are not looking for a 100 percent guarantee that a treatment will work for them. They are looking for a fighting chance.Why can’t they have that chance? Why don’t they have the right to try . . . the right to save their own lives?Author and activist Darcy Olsen, president of the Goldwater Institute, tells the remarkable story behind the Right to Try movement, the national campaign to give dying Americans access to cutting-edge treatments that are under study but still years away from receiving the FDA’s green light. The men, women, and children featured in these pages are our own family members, friends, and neighbors. Their heartbreaking, triumphant, and inspirational stories prove the necessity for Right to Try laws. Because everyone deserves the Right to Try.
The Rights of Unaccompanied Minors: Perspectives and Case Studies on Migrant Children (Clinical Sociology: Research and Practice)
by Yvonne Vissing Sofia LeitãoThis volume explores the various challenges faced by migrant unaccompanied children, using a clinical sociological approach and a global perspective. It applies a human rights and comparative framework to examine the reception of unaccompanied children in European, North American, South American, Asian and African countries. Some of the important issues the volume discusses are: access of displaced unaccompanied children to justice across borders and juridical contexts; voluntary guardianship for unaccompanied children; the diverse but complementary needs of unaccompanied children in care, which if left unaddressed can have serious implications on their social integration in the host societies; and the detention of migrant children as analyzed against the most recent European and international human rights law standards. This is a one-of-a-kind volume bringing together perspectives from child rights policy chairs across the world on a global issue. The contributions reflect the authors’ diverse cultural contexts and academic and professional backgrounds, and hence, this volume synthesizes theory with practice through rich firsthand experiences, along with theoretical discussions. It is addressed not only to academics and professionals working on and with migrant children, but also to a wider, discerning public interested in a better understanding of the rights of unaccompanied children.
The Ripper Gene: A Novel
by Michael RansomA neuroscientist-turned-FBI-profiler discovers a gene that produces psychopaths in The Ripper Gene, a thrilling debut novel from Michael Ransom. Dr. Lucas Madden is a neuroscientist-turned-FBI profiler who first gained global recognition for cloning the ripper gene and showing its dysfunction in the brains of psychopaths. Later, as an FBI profiler, Madden achieved further notoriety by sequencing the DNA of the world's most notorious serial killers and proposing a controversial "damnation algorithm" that could predict serial killer behavior using DNA alone. Now, a new murderer—the Snow White Killer—is terrorizing women in the Mississippi Delta. When Mara Bliss, Madden's former fiancée, is kidnapped, he must track down a killer who is always two steps ahead of him. Only by entering the killer's mind will Madden ultimately understand the twisted and terrifying rationale behind the murders—and have a chance at ending the psychopath's reign of terror.
The Rise & Fall of the American Medical Empire
by Robert A LindenThere are four major dilemmas at work in the decline of the US healthcare system: the disappearing primary care sector, healthcare insurance reform, the influence of the pharmaceutical industry on medicine, and the reform of malpractice litigation. Dr. Linden analyzes what's wrong, provides an impartial review of solutions, and looks at how other countries have reformed their systems.
The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine: Revised Edition
by James Le FanuIn the years following World War II, medicine won major battles against smallpox, diphtheria, and polio. In the same period it also produced treatments to control the progress of Parkinson's, rheumatoid arthritis, and schizophrenia. It made realities of open-heart surgery, organ transplants, test-tube babies. Unquestionably, the medical accomplishments of the postwar years stand at the forefront of human endeavor, yet progress in recent decades has slowed nearly to a halt. In this judicious examination of medicine in our times, which has won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, medical doctor and columnist James Le Fanu both surveys the glories of medicine in the postwar years and analyzes the factors that for the past twenty-five years have increasingly widened the gulf between achievement and advancement: the social theories of medicine, ethical issues, and political debates over health care that have hobbled the development of vaccines and discovery of new "miracle" cures. While fully demonstrating the extraordinary progress effected by medical research in the latter half of the twentieth century, Le Fanu also identifies the perils that confront medicine in the twenty-first. 16 pages of black-and-white photographs add to what the Los Angeles Times cited as "a sobering, contrarian challenge" to the "nostrum of medicine as a never-ending font of 'miracle cures'. " "[From] a respected science writer . . . important information that . . . has been overlooked or ignored by many physicians. "--New Republic "Provocative and engrossing and informative. "--Houston Chronicle "Marvelously written, meticulously researched . . . one of the most thought-provoking and important works to appear in recent years. "--Choice
The Rise and Fall of the Biopsychosocial Model: Reconciling Art and Science in Psychiatry
by S. Nassir Ghaemi2010 Outstanding Academic Title, Choice MagazineThis is the first book-length historical critique of psychiatry’s mainstream ideology, the biopsychosocial (BPS) model. Developed in the twentieth century as an outgrowth of psychosomatic medicine, the biopsychosocial model is seen as an antidote to the constraints of the medical model of psychiatry. Nassir Ghaemi details the origins and evolution of the BPS model and explains how, where, and why it fails to live up to its promises. He analyzes the works of its founders, George Engel and Roy Grinker Sr., traces its rise in acceptance, and discusses its relation to the thought of William Osler and Karl Jaspers. In assessing the biopsychosocial model, Ghaemi provides a philosophically grounded evaluation of the concept of mental illness and the relation between evidence-based medicine and psychiatry. He argues that psychiatry's conceptual core is eclecticism, which in the face of too much freedom paradoxically leads many of its adherents to enact their own dogmas. Throughout, he makes the case for a new paradigm of medical humanism and method-based psychiatry that is consistent with modern science while incorporating humanistic aspects of the art of medicine.Ghaemi shows how the historical role of the BPS model as a reaction to biomedical reductionism is coming to an end and urges colleagues in the field to embrace other, less-eclectic perspectives.
The Rise and Size of the Fitness Industry in Europe: Fit for the Future?
by Jeroen Scheerder Hanna Vehmas Kobe HelsenThis book explores the rise, size and shape of the European fitness industry by using harmonised data as well as in-depth analyses of national surveys in fifteen European countries. Following an introduction to the socio-historical and conceptual aspects of fitness, the collection presents the scope of fitness as a business and participatory activity. Furthermore, both policy and governance issues as well as community and supply angles are considered. Drawing on this unique material, the book will appeal to students and scholars of sport business, sport economics, sport management, and social sport sciences, but also to administrators, policymakers and entrepreneurs in the international and national sport and health community.
The Rise of Acid Reflux in Asia
by Prateek Sharma Shobna Bhatia Khean Lee GohGERD is the most common gastrointestinal disease in the world affecting over 10-20% of the adult population. GERD is often perceived as a Western disease and very little literature available about this disease in the Asian population. With growing obesity and westernization in Asia, the prevalence of GERD is rapidly increasing. With growing morbidity and health care cost there is a significant need for understanding the disease from the Asian perspective. This book would fill the gap in the knowledge on GERD among Asians and will highlight the difference in terms of epidemiology, diagnosis and management of GERD from the Western perspective. The novel imaging, diagnostic modalities and treatment aspects will be essentially highlighted in this book. It also deals about the pathogenesis and risk factors of Asians for the development of GERD which have not been explored before. Another important difference is that the book would be dealing with symptom perception and cultural factors affecting the diagnosis and management of this common disorder. Finally, the surgical outcomes of GERD among Asians will be discussed. Information on these topics is limited.
The Rise of Autobiographical Medical Poetry and the Medical Humanities (Studies in World Literature #5)
by Johanna EmeneyIn this fascinating book, Johanna Emeney examines the global proliferation of new poetry related to illness and medical treatment from the perspective of doctors, patients, and carers in light of the growing popularity of the medical humanities. She provides a close analysis of poetry from New Zealand, the U.S., and the U.K. that deals with sociological and philosophical aspects of sickness, ailment, medical treatment, care, and recuperation.
The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
by Lawrence D. LongoDuring the mid- to late-twentieth century, study of the physiology of the developing fetus and newborn infant evolved rapidly to become a major discipline in the biomedical sciences. Initially of interest from a standpoint of function of the placenta and oxygenation of the fetus, the field advanced to explore both normal functional mechanisms as well as pathophysiologic aspects of their regulation. Examples include studying the role and regulation of circulatory vascular anatomic shunts in oxygenation, cardiac function, certain aspects of asphyxia in the fetus and newborn infant, the role of fetal "breathing" movements, cyclic electroencephalographic activity, and analysis of electronic monitoring of fetal heart rate variability and its significance. Included in this book are reminisces of several dozen individuals who played a vital role in these developments. Overall, this survey considers a number of aspects of the development of the science of fetal and neonatal physiology, and its role in the greatly improved care of pregnant women and their newborn infants. This book is published on behalf of the American Physiological Society by Springer. Access to APS books published with Springer is free to APS members.
The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
by Lawrence D. LongoDuring the mid- to late-twentieth century, study of the physiology of the developing fetus and newborn infant evolved rapidly to become a major discipline in the biomedical sciences. Initially of interest from a standpoint of function of the placenta and oxygenation of the fetus, the field advanced to explore both normal functional mechanisms as well as pathophysiologic aspects of their regulation. Examples include studying the role and regulation of circulatory vascular anatomic shunts in oxygenation, cardiac function, certain aspects of asphyxia in the fetus and newborn infant, the role of fetal "breathing" movements, cyclic electroencephalographic activity, and analysis of electronic monitoring of fetal heart rate variability and its significance. Included in this book are reminisces of several dozen individuals who played a vital role in these developments. Overall, this survey considers a number of aspects of the development of the science of fetal and neonatal physiology, and its role in the greatly improved care of pregnant women and their newborn infants. This book is published on behalf of the American Physiological Society by Springer. Access to APS books published with Springer is free to APS members.
The Rise of Mental Vulnerability at Work: A Socio-Historical and Cultural Analysis
by Ari VäänänenSince the 1960s, a major mental health crisis has emerged among Western working populations. By analysing the development of various occupational cultures and using extensive data sources, this book captures the history of mental vulnerability in working life. Through a study spanning several decades, the book develops a new understanding of how mental vulnerability has evolved through changes to our working lives and socio-cultural being. It shows how our current knowledge about work, disability and the psyche is influenced by our time and provides intertwining conceptual frameworks and alternatives to current canonised knowledge about mental health in working life.
The Rise of Science: From Prehistory to the Far Future
by Peter ShaverHow did science rise up to so dramatically change our world, and where will it take us in the future? This book gives a unique and broad overview. A brief history reveals the major phases and turning points in the rise of science from the earliest civilizations to the present: How was science ‘discovered’? Why did it disappear a few times? When did it become ‘modern’? A critical assessment examines how science actually ‘happens’: the triumphs, the struggles, the mistakes and the luck. Science today is endlessly fascinating, and this book explores the current exponential growth, curiosity-driven vs. goal-oriented research, big and small science, the support of science, the relation of science to society, philosophy and religion, and the benefits and dangers of science. Finally a glimpse into the future: Will the current pace of science continue? Will we ever go backwards (again)? What remains to be discovered? Can science ever be complete? What can we imagine for the distant future? This book will be of wide interest to the general reader as well as to students and working scientists.This book provides a fresh, unique and insightful coverage of the processes of science, its impact on society and our understanding of the world, based on the author’s experience gained from a lifetime in science.Ron Ekers, FRS, CSIRO Fellow, CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, former President of the International Astronomical UnionPeter Shaver's comprehensive and lively survey deserves a wide readership. Scientific discoveries are part of our global culture and heritage, and they underpin our lives. It's fascinating to learn how they were made, and how they fit into the grand scheme. This book isn't just for scientists - it's written for all of us.Martin Rees, FRS, Astronomer Royal, former President of the Royal Society and former Master of Trinity College, CambridgeThis book offers a wonderfully concise and accessible insight into science – its history, breadth and future prospects. Peter Shaver gives a feeling for what it actually means to be a practicing scientist.Stephen Simpson, FRS, Academic Director, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney
The Rise of the Intelligent Health System (Intelligent Health Series)
by Harry P. Pappas Paul H. Frisch"I recommend that all members of the health community read this book to obtain a real snapshot of how the Intelligent Health System is being transformed via new technologies." Chris Landon MD FAAP, FCCP, FRSM Clinical Associate Professor USC Keck School of Medicine Technology Development Center Laboratory and Studio The "Intelligent Health Pavilion" as demonstrated at the annual HIMSS Conference by the Intelligent Health Association is the impetus for this book. This book documents the remarkable journey of "Intelligent Health System" and the adoption of Innovative technologies. Many showcased in real time on the trade show floor and now in this book: "The Rise of the Intelligent Health System". In each chapter of this book, authors are expressing the immense potential of merging cutting-edge technology with the complex realm of patient care and safety. The informative chapters in this book delve deep into the unfolding story of how hospitals have evolved into interactive, intelligent environments, driven by real-time data and powered by artificial intelligence. In what seems like the blink of an eye, technology has completely transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From smartphones to self-driving cars, ChatGPT, wireless technologies, wearables, and many other innovations are reshaping our society, pushing the boundaries of what was once considered impossible. However, nowhere is the impact of technology more profound than in the field of healthcare.
The Rise of the Therapeutic Society: Psychological Knowledge & the Contradictions of Cultural Change
by Katie WrightAn examination of the Western world’s contemporary fascination with psychological life, and the historical developments that fostered it. In this book, sociologist Katie Wright traces the ascendancy of therapeutic culture, from nineteenth-century concerns about nervousness, to the growth of psychology, the diffusion of an analytic attitude, and the spread of therapy and counseling, using Australia as a focal point. Wright’s analysis, which draws on social theory, cultural history, and interviews with therapists and people in therapy, calls into question the pessimism that pervades many accounts of the therapeutic turn and provides an alternative assessment of its ramifications for social, political, and personal life in the globalized West.Special Commendation, TASA Raewyn Connell Prize
The Rise of the U.S. Environmental Health Movement
by Kate Davies“Tells the story of anger, disillusionment, and determination of Americans to develop a political movement to fight chemical pollution . . . timely.” —The Huffington PostThis book, named one of Booklist’s Top 10 books on sustainability in 2014, is the first to offer a comprehensive examination of the environmental health movement, which unlike many parts of the environmental movement, focuses on ways toxic chemicals and other hazardous agents in the environment effect human health and well-being. Born in 1978 when Lois Gibbs organized her neighbors to protest the health effects of a toxic waste dump in Love Canal, New York, the movement has spread across the United States and throughout the world. By placing human health at the center of its environmental argument, this movement has achieved many victories in community mobilization and legislative reform. In The Rise of the U.S. Environmental Health Movement, environmental health expert Kate Davies describes the movement’s historical, ideological, and cultural roots and analyzes its strategies and successes.“Kate Davies’ excellent book focuses on the role of health in the environmental health movement and encourages us to consider its origins and accomplishments . . . The Rise of the U.S. Environmental Health Movement looks both back and forward to challenge us to consider our current direction. In the future this book will provide readers with an important perspective on how the environmental health movement shaped our society.” —Toxipedia“A well-done history of America’s environmental health movement . . . offers readers valuable information on how grassroots organizing prevents harm from toxic exposures and leads to safe and healthy communities.” —Lois Marie Gibbs, Executive Director, Center for Health, Environment & Justice
The Risks and Ethics of Human Gene Editing: A Philosophical Guide to the Arguments (Technikzukünfte, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft / Futures of Technology, Science and Society)
by Madeleine Hayenhjelm Christer NordlundThis Open Access book is about the risks and the ethics of human germline gene editing, i.e., the possibility to make heritable changes to the DNA of early human embryos or germ cells. Is there something particularly morally problematic about editing the human germline? Is there something unique about germline editing, and, if so, does this suggest that we ought not to edit the human germline, or only in particular circumstances or for particular purposes? What would be a wise and responsible approach to editing the human germline from a moral perspective? The book has three broad aims. First, to present an inclusive map over the current scholarly debate on the ethics of human germline gene editing. Second, to provide a philosophical and critical guide to the various ideas and arguments in this debate. Third, to apply an ethics of risk perspective and defend a morally cautious position on human germline gene editing.
The Risks of Medical Innovation: Risk Perception and Assessment in Historical Context (Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine #Vol. 21)
by Thomas Schlich Ulrich TröhlerThe risks involved in introducing new drugs and devices are amongst the most discussed issues of modern medicine. Presenting a new way of thinking about these issues, this volume considers risk and medical innovation from a social historical perspective, and studies specific cases of medical innovation, including X-rays, the pill and Thalidomide, in their respective contexts. International cases are examined through the lens of a particular set of shared questions - highlighting differences, similarities, continuities and changes, and offering a historical sociology of risk. Particularly important is the re-conceptualization of dangers in terms of risk - a numerical and probabilistic approach allowing for seemingly objective and value-neutral decisions. Read together, these papers add to our understanding of the current debate about risk and safety by providing a comparative background to the discussion, as well as a set of generally applicable criteria for analyzing and evaluating the contemporary issues surrounding medical innovation.
The Risks of Prescription Drugs (A Columbia / SSRC Book (Privatization of Risk))
by Donald LightFew people realize that prescription drugs have become a leading cause of death, disease, and disability. Adverse reactions to widely used drugs, such as psychotropics and birth control pills, as well as biologicals, result in FDA warnings against adverse reactions.The Risks of Prescription Drugs describes how most drugs approved by the FDA are under-tested for adverse drug reactions, yet offer few new benefits. Drugs cause more than 2.2 million hospitalizations and 110,000 hospital-based deaths a year. Serious drug reactions at home or in nursing homes would significantly raise the total. Women, older people, and people with disabilities are least used in clinical trials and most affected.Health policy experts Donald Light, Howard Brody, Peter Conrad, Allan Horwitz, and Cheryl Stults describe how current regulations reward drug companies to expand clinical risks and create new diseases so millions of patients are exposed to unnecessary risks, especially women and the elderly. They reward developing marginally better drugs rather than discovering breakthrough, life-saving drugs. The Risks of Prescription Drugs tackles critical questions about the pharmaceutical industry and the privatization of risk. To what extent does the FDA protect the public from serious side effects and disasters? What is the effect of giving the private sector and markets a greater role and reducing public oversight? This volume considers whether current rules and incentives put patients' health at greater risk, the effect of the expansion of disease categories, the industry's justification of high U.S. prices, and the underlying shifts in the burden of risk borne by individuals in the world of pharmaceuticals. Chapters cover risks of statins for high cholesterol, SSRI drugs for depression and anxiety, and hormone replacement therapy for menopause. A final chapter outlines six changes to make drugs safer and more effective.Suitable for courses on health and aging, gender, disability, and minority studies, this book identifies the Risk Proliferation Syndrome that maximizes the number of people exposed to these risks.Additional Columbia / SSRC books on the privatization of risk and its implications for Americans:Bailouts: Public Money, Private ProfitEdited by Robert E. WrightDisaster and the Politics of InterventionEdited by Andrew LakoffHealth at Risk: America's Ailing Health System-and How to Heal ItEdited by Jacob S. HackerLaid Off, Laid Low: Political and Economic Consequences of Employment InsecurityEdited by Katherine S. NewmanPensions, Social Security, and the Privatization of RiskEdited by Mitchell A. Orenstein
The River Is in Us: Fighting Toxics in a Mohawk Community
by Elizabeth HooverWinner of the Labriola Center American Indian National Book Award 2017 Mohawk midwife Katsi Cook lives in Akwesasne, an indigenous community in upstate New York that is downwind and downstream from three Superfund sites. For years she witnessed elevated rates of miscarriages, birth defects, and cancer in her town, ultimately drawing connections between environmental contamination and these maladies. When she brought her findings to environmental health researchers, Cook sparked the United States&’ first large-scale community-based participatory research project.In The River Is in Us, author Elizabeth Hoover takes us deep into this remarkable community that has partnered with scientists and developed grassroots programs to fight the contamination of its lands and reclaim its health and culture. Through in-depth research into archives, newspapers, and public meetings, as well as numerous interviews with community members and scientists, Hoover shows the exact efforts taken by Akwesasne&’s massive research project and the grassroots efforts to preserve the Native culture and lands. She also documents how contaminants have altered tribal life, including changes to the Mohawk fishing culture and the rise of diabetes in Akwesasne.Featuring community members such as farmers, health-care providers, area leaders, and environmental specialists, while rigorously evaluating the efficacy of tribal efforts to preserve its culture and protect its health, The River Is in Us offers important lessons for improving environmental health research and health care, plus detailed insights into the struggles and methods of indigenous groups. This moving, uplifting book is an essential read for anyone interested in Native Americans, social justice, and the pollutants contaminating our food, water, and bodies.