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The Role of Human Factors in Home Health Care: Workshop Summary
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThe rapid growth of home health care has raised many unsolved issues and will have consequences that are far too broad for any one group to analyze in their entirety. Yet a major influence on the safety, quality, and effectiveness of home health care will be the set of issues encompassed by the field of human factors research--the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of products, processes, systems, and work environments. To address these challenges, the National Research Council began a multidisciplinary study to examine a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues resulting from the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. Its goal is to lay the groundwork for a thorough integration of human factors research with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. On October 1 and 2, 2009, a group of human factors and other experts met to consider a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues associated with the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. This book is a summary of that workshop, representing the culmination of the first phase of the study.
The Role of Laparoscopy in Emergency Abdominal Surgery
by Vincenzo MandalaThis is the first time a book about laparoscopy in emergency abdominal surgery has been published. Numerous articles have been published in specific surgical journals, but, until now, there has not been a book that collates all the aspects of this little-known field. The aim of this volume is to achieve a complete and easy presentation of all the implications associated with laparoscopy in emergency abdominal surgery. The book should be a manual that can be easily consulted by digestive, general, and specialized surgeons, especially in an emergency. The authors' contributions are founded on evidence-based medicine, which give the book scientific credibility, but this is coupled with their experience of daily practice, which adds an important complementary dimension to evidence-based medicine. This is balanced by an emphasis on clarity and accessibility, because the ultimate aim of the book is educational. We hope this book will be frequently consulted, in depth, not only by specialist practitioners, but also by undergraduate students, new graduates and surgeons in training.
The Role of Lymphokines in the Immune Response
by Stanley CohenThis book provides a broad overview of all aspects of modern lymphokine research. It begins with the ways in which lymphokines play a role in the activation of the immune response and concludes with their participation in various facets of host defense. It devotes special attention to structure, mechanism of action, and range application. In addition, this fascinating work also shows how lymphokines are involved in other physiologic responses, such as reparative reactions involving fibrosis and angiogenesis. This is an excellent resource for students and investigators in the biomedical sciences, as well as clinicians who require up-to-date information about our current understanding of immune processes.
The Role of Microbes in Autoimmune Diseases: New Mechanisms of Microbial Initiation of Autoimmunity
by Ahed J. AlkhatibThis book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the state of knowledge on the role of microbes in inducing autoimmune diseases. The initial chapters address the basic concept and clinical implications of immunology, while the following section discusses the role of genetics, epigenetics, hormones, stochastic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The third section introduces readers to various autoimmune disorders and presents the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. In closing, the book examines the role of intestinal flora in the development of autoimmune diseases, delineates the underlying mechanism responsible for autoimmunity onset, and examines the potential of microbial therapeutics in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for all scientists and clinicians working in immunology, rheumatology and autoimmune diseases.
The Role of Microbes in Common Non-Infectious Diseases
by I. W. FongThis new volume in the series Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century is a novel book on the role of microbes in the pathogenesis of common and disabling non-infectious diseases. New insights have emerged over the past several years suggesting that our commensal microflora of the gut is extremely important in regulating physiological and immune functions of the body. Covered are the perturbations of the normal composition of our endogenous microbiota, influenced by diet and genetic predispositions, as well as the mechanisms to produce common disorders such as obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer and atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Also explored is the evidence suggesting that predisposition to increasingly common afflictions such as asthma and multiple sclerosis is influenced, in combination with our genetic composition, by early life exposure to environmental microbes and the time of onset of common viral infections. Chapters provide the most recent information on these disorders with regards to epidemiology, current concepts on pathogenesis and mechanisms of their biology, recent research and data on the role of microbes, analysis of their validity and conclusive remarks and areas for future research. The Role of Microbes in Common Non-Infectious Diseases is an excellent resource for both physicians and investigators from a broad range of disciplines that will help to stimulate new concepts of disease pathogenesis and lead to the unraveling of their mechanisms of diseases and to novel treatments.
The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development (AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series #36)
by Nigel Langley Bozena Michniak-Kohn David W. OsborneFollowing the Semi-solid Microstructure Workshop sponsored by BASF and hosted by the Rutgers Center for Dermal Research, a pharmaceutical product development working group was formed. The group, known as the Q3 Working Group, selected the following five areas of focus: Particle/Globule Size and Distribution, Viscosity/Rheology/Spreadability, In Vitro Testing, State of API, State of Excipients. A committee was appointed for each of these five areas. The committees were tasked to review the literature, identify best practices, list experimental details required for an independent lab to duplicate the test, and propose scientific studies that may meaningfully advance this specific area of focus. Each committee has a chair (or co-chairs) that are the lead author(s) of the chapter. The Q3 Working Group members serve as the critical reviewers of each chapter, making suggestions that improve the quality of the document and that make each of the five chapters uniform in scope and content.Pharmaceutical development scientists that formulate topical products (creams, lotions, gels suspensions, foams, etc) and all the allied raw material suppliers, packaging suppliers, contract laboratories including CROs, CMOs and regulators need access to this book. Overall, the topic of semisolid microstructure is of equal importance to the generic pharmaceutical companies (filing Abbreviated New Drug Applications or ANDAs) and pharmaceutical companies filing New Drug Applications (NDAs). In addition to products applied to the skin, hair, and nails, The Role of Microstructure in Topical Drug Product Development’ crosses over and is essential reading to developers of oral suspensions, ophthalmic ointments and gels, otic suspension, vaginal semisolids and retention enemas.
The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Brain Disorders (Food Bioactive Ingredients)
by Ghulam Hussain Ali ImranOxidative stress and neuroinflammation are considered causative factors in various neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Antioxidants are chemicals that bind with oxidative species and nullify their effect from causing damage to biological molecules. Endogenous antioxidants are produced by our body, however most of them are obtained from external sources, primarily through diet, called dietary antioxidants. Major sources of antioxidants are brightly colored fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, and herbs. Other very effective sources are berries, green tea, and dark chocolate. These compounds have the potential to hinder neurodegeneration, reduce neuronal death and improve memory as well as cognitive functions. Based on the complex nature of antioxidants and oxidative stress, particular antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C or β-carotene are beneficial in protecting cells, organs and tissues against oxidative damage.The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Brain Disorders describes various neuroprotective effects and their physiological phenomenon mediated by antioxidants to maintain and regulate the general health biomarkers against brain disorders. The important role of antioxidants, diet and lifestyle in managing brain disorders is covered, as is their use in conjunction with conventional therapies against oxidative stress. Both exogenous and endogenous antioxidants are explored in full. By focusing on the role of oxidative stress as a triggering mechanism for various brain disorders and the use of antioxidant foods in conjunction with traditional therapies in combating and preventing them, this is a valuable source for researchers in food science, nutrition, health science and physiology.
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Long-Term Human Recovery After Disaster
by Anita Chandra Joie D. AcostaHuman recovery is the process of rebuilding social and daily routines and support networks that foster physical and mental health and well-being. RAND researchers conducted a facilitated discussion with Louisiana NGO leaders to capture lessons learned and challenges faced by these organizations in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The subsequent lessons also serve to inform potential policy changes and future research directions.
The Role of Nurses in Disaster Management in Asia Pacific
by Sheila Bonito Hiroko MinamiThis book documents how nurses have shown their dedication, courage, expertise and compassion in helping communities prepare for, respond to and recover from disastrous events. It aims to inspire and equip nurses and other health professionals to help people in disaster-affected areas and contribute to community resilience. The last decade (2005-2015) has been characterized by a number of overwhelming natural disasters - tropical storms, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis; and threats of emerging infectious diseases - SARS, MERSCoV and Ebola around the world. Countries from the Asia Pacific region, such as Australia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, India, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand and Vanuatu, have borne the brunt of the devastation caused by these catastrophic events. Nurses from these countries have stepped in providing emergency care in hospitals and in the field, addressing public health needs in evacuation centers, supporting epidemiologic surveillance and conducting health education, training and research, to help save lives and support communities build back better.
The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly: Evaluating Coverage of Nutrition Services for the Medicare Population
by Institute of MedicineMalnutrition and obesity are both common among Americans over age 65. There are also a host of other medical conditions from which older people and other Medicare beneficiaries suffer that could be improved with appropriate nutritional intervention. Despite that, access to a nutrition professional is very limited. Do nutrition services benefit older people in terms of morbidity, mortality, or quality of life?Which health professionals are best qualified to provide such services?What would be the cost to Medicare of such services? Would the cost be offset by reduced illness in this population?This book addresses these questions, provides recommendations for nutrition services for the elderly, and considers how the coverage policy should be approached and practiced. The book discusses the role of nutrition therapy in the management of a number of diseases. It also examines what the elderly receive in the way of nutrition services along the continuum of care settings and addresses the areas of expertise needed by health professionals to provide appropriate nutrition services and therapy.
The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence
by Institute of Medicine Board on Health Care Services Sharyl J. Nass Margie Patlak National Cancer Policy ForumRecent research suggests that obesity and excess weight can play a prominent role in the incidence and progression of various cancers. Obesity results from an energy imbalance - that is, energy intake that is higher than energy expenditure - could also influence the growth of cancers. Recognizing the impact that current findings on obesity and cancer could have on future cancer prevention and care, the National Cancer policy Forum (NCPF) of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) help a 2-day workshop on "The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence," in Washington, DC, on October 31 and November 1, 2011. The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence: Workshop Summary reviews each presenter's latest clinical evidence on the obesity-cancer link and the molecular mechanisms that might explain that link. Clinicians, researchers, cancer survivors, and policy makers also discussed potential interventions to counter the effects of obesity on cancer, and research and policy measures needed to stem the rising tide of cancer mortality predicted by an increasingly overweight and older population worldwide. The Role of Obesity in Cancer Survival and Recurrence: Workshop Summary explores the complex web of molecular mechanisms that underlie the obesity-cancer link, the ways to design future studies to acquire the information needed to guide patient care, what to advise cancer patients about weight loss, diet, exercise, and other measures to reduce their risk of cancer progression or recurrence and policy suggestions related to research, education, and dissemination of the findings on obesity and cancer.
The Role of Pendrin in Health and Disease
by Silvia Dossena Markus PaulmichlThis book reviews the current stat of knowledge on the genetics, molecular biology and physiology of pendrin, with a particular focus on pendrin dysfunction and the consequences for human health. Pendrin is a membrane transport protein expressed in the thyroid, inner ear, kidney and airways, and was recently found in a variety of other tissues and organs. Pendrin malfunction may cause a genetic disease called Pendred syndrome or non-syndromic deafness. The book provides a thorough description of the multifaceted role of pendrin in human health and disease. As such, it offers an invaluable tool for physiology and pathology researchers, while also providing essential guidance for otorhinolaryngologists and endocrinologists in the diagnosis of Pendred syndrome and pendrin-related deafness.
The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems
by HilderbrandThroughout the last three decades, a large amount of information on phosphonates has accumulated, but has not been compiled. At this time of the increasing importance of phosphonate class of molecules, this information needs to be drawn together to make a manageable volume for use as a reference text and as learning text for interested persons.
The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Health Systems Strengthening: Workshop Summary
by Engineering Medicine National Academies of SciencesOver the past several decades, the public and private sectors made significant investments in global health, leading to meaningful changes for many of the world's poor. These investments and the resulting progress are often concentrated in vertical health programs, such as child and maternal health, malaria, and HIV, where donors may have a strategic interest. Frequently, partnerships between donors and other stakeholders can coalesce on a specific topical area of expertise and interest. However, to sustain these successes and continue progress, there is a growing recognition of the need to strengthen health systems more broadly and build functional administrative and technical infrastructure that can support health services for all, improve the health of populations, increase the purchasing and earning power of consumers and workers, and advance global security. In June 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in health systems strengthening. Participants examined a range of incentives, innovations, and opportunities for relevant sectors and stakeholders in strengthening health systems through partnerships; to explore lessons learned from pervious and ongoing efforts with the goal of illuminating how to improve performance and outcomes going forward; and to discuss measuring the value and outcomes of investments and documenting success in partnerships focused on health systems strengthening. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
The Role of Purchasers and Payers in the Clinical Research Enterprise: Workshop Summary
by Sean Tunis Allan Korn Alex OmmayaIn a workshop organized by the Clinical Research roundtable, representatives from purchaser organizations (employers), payer organizations (health plans and insurance companies), and other stakeholder organizations (voluntary health associations, clinical researchers, research organizations, and the technology community) came together to explore: What do purchasers and payers need from the Clinical Research Enterprise? How have current efforts in clinical research met their needs? What are purchasers, payers, and other stakeholders willing to contribute to the enterprise?This book documents these discussions and summarizes what employers and insurers need from and are willing to contribute to clinical research from both a business and a national health care perspective.
The Role of Surface Modification on Bacterial Adhesion of Bio-implant Materials: Machining, Characterization, and Applications
by Somashekhar S. Hiremath Santhosh Kumar S.The Role of Surface Modification on Bacterial Adhesion of Bio-implant Materials: Machining, Characterization, and Applications, explores the relationship between the surface roughness of artificial implants used for hard tissue replacement and their bacterial adhesion. It summarizes the reason for the failure of implants, the mechanisms of bacterial formation on implant surfaces, and the fundamental and established methods of implant surface modification techniques. It provides readers with an organized and rational representation about implant manufacturing and mechanical surface modification. It also explores the use of developed unidirectional abrasive flow finishing processes to finish biomaterials at the nano-level. It is an invaluable guide for academics, graduate students, biomaterial scientists, and manufacturing engineers researching implants, related infections, and implant manufacturing. Key Features: Explores implant related infections Discusses surface modification techniques Contains information on the mechanical finishing processes and complete guide on developed cutting edge unidirectional abrasive flow finishing technology
The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment
by Institute of Medicine Board on Health Care Services Tracy A. LustigIn 1996, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released its report Telemedicine: A Guide to Assessing Telecommunications for Health Care. In that report, the IOM Committee on Evaluating Clinical Applications of Telemedicine found telemedicine is similar in most respects to other technologies for which better evidence of effectiveness is also being demanded. Telemedicine, however, has some special characteristics-shared with information technologies generally-that warrant particular notice from evaluators and decision makers. Since that time, attention to telehealth has continued to grow in both the public and private sectors. Peer-reviewed journals and professional societies are devoted to telehealth, the federal government provides grant funding to promote the use of telehealth, and the private technology industry continues to develop new applications for telehealth. However, barriers remain to the use of telehealth modalities, including issues related to reimbursement, licensure, workforce, and costs. Also, some areas of telehealth have developed a stronger evidence base than others. The Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) sponsored the IOM in holding a workshop in Washington, DC, on August 8-9 2012, to examine how the use of telehealth technology can fit into the U.S. health care system. HRSA asked the IOM to focus on the potential for telehealth to serve geographically isolated individuals and extend the reach of scarce resources while also emphasizing the quality and value in the delivery of health care services. This workshop summary discusses the evolution of telehealth since 1996, including the increasing role of the private sector, policies that have promoted or delayed the use of telehealth, and consumer acceptance of telehealth. The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment: Workshop Summary discusses the current evidence base for telehealth, including available data and gaps in data; discuss how technological developments, including mobile telehealth, electronic intensive care units, remote monitoring, social networking, and wearable devices, in conjunction with the push for electronic health records, is changing the delivery of health care in rural and urban environments. This report also summarizes actions that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) can undertake to further the use of telehealth to improve health care outcomes while controlling costs in the current health care environment.
The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Non Infectious Inflammation (Progress in Inflammation Research #87)
by Carlo Rossetti Francesco PeriTLR4 is one of the most important innate immunity receptors, its function mainly consisting in the activation of inflammatory pathways in response to stimulation by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage Associated Molecular Pattern molecules (DAMPs). This volume critically reviews the different types of TLR4 activators and inhibitors, discusses the role of molecular aggregates in agonism/antagonism as well as the pivotal role of the CD14 receptor in the modulation of TLR4 signal and the molecular details and actors of the intracellular cascade. The book presents the role of TLR4 in several pathologies, such as sepsis and septic shock caused by receptor activation by gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer’s diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). It reviews the role of TLR4 in neural stem cell-mediated neurogenesis and neuroinflammation and in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Cerebral Organoids and discusses the emerging role of micro-RNA (miRNA) regulation by TLR4.
The Role of Trust in Mental Health: Vulnerability and Trust-Building in Theory and Practice
by Gerard LeaveyThis book offers a comprehensive examination of trust and its relationship with mental illness and wellbeing.Engaging with a broad range of mental health research, theory, and practice through various transdisciplinary theoretical models of trust, this book highlights the social and family contexts surrounding the making and breaking of trust and mental health. It examines various sociological conceptual and theoretical frameworks of risk and trust while also engaging with evolutionary perspectives on the human need for cooperation and trust. The author describes how, in a world of constant connectivity, the drawing of boundaries assigns some people as strangers, using stigma as a form of power. The book concludes by considering the future of mental health and where trust-building may be possible. Each chapter is interspersed with observations and insights from the author’s personal research covering many populations, communities and issues over several decades.Drawing on a wide range of interdisciplinary literature, the book will be of interest to mental health practitioners, researchers, and scholars interested in the psychosocial aspects of mental illness and stigma.
The Role of Vitamins in Combating Infectious Viral Diseases
by Aditya Arya Rakesh KaushikThis book highlights the role of vitamins in preventing or reducing the pathogenesis or treatment of infectious viral diseases based on current ongoing research and past work. Using clinical evidence and trials that suggest the potential benefits of vitamin supplementation as prophylactic and therapeutic in infectious viral diseases, each individual vitamin is described in this context in separate chapters. It will be a valuable reference aid to researchers, clinicians, and medical bodies to develop improved therapeutic regimens.Key Features: Acts as a one-stop resource on the relevance of vitamins in infectious viral diseases. Provides a clinical focus on disease prevention and therapy using vitamins for clinicians and researchers. Discusses the molecular mechanisms of vitamins in COVID-19 and other viral diseases.
The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care
by Dr Helen KerrThe Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care Gain a fresh and insightful perspective on the evolving role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in the delivery of cancer services. The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care explores the dynamic and essential world of the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) in cancer care, covering both foundational and advanced topics and rooted in robust research and evidence-based practice. Trace the historical development of the CNS role while gaining invaluable patient and carer perspectives that provide essential guidance for professionals in this field Examine key aspects such as symptom management and non-medical prescribing, gaining a deeper understanding of the multifaceted responsibilities of Clinical Nurse Specialists Find vital subjects like leadership and multidisciplinary teamwork supplemented with practical tools to excel in your role Explore comprehensive coverage of specialised areas within clinical nursing, including the unique challenges of caring for young adults with cancer, navigating the complexities of COVID-19, and utilising digital tools for enhanced patient care Whether you are a registered nurse aspiring to become a clinical nurse specialist or an established CNS seeking professional growth, The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Cancer Care provides invaluable insights and development opportunities. This engaging resource is also an excellent companion for advanced practitioners specialising in cancer care, ensuring they stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in this vital field.
The Role of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Gustatory Processing
by Robert M. BradleyProviding an essential brainstem relay for three cranial nerves, the NST coordinates highly complex sensory information. While other functions of the NST have received attention, its role in gustatory processing has received little. The first reference devoted exclusively to gustatory processing, The Role of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Gus
The Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging
by Susan RodiekDiscover the physical and mental benefits of outdoor spaces for the elderlyThe Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging presents new insights on the positive role nature and the outdoors can play in the lives of older adults, whether they live in the community, in an assisted-living environment, or in a skilled nursing
The Role of the Pharmacist in Patient Care: Achieving High Quality, Cost-Effective and Accessible Healthcare Through a Team-Based, Patient-Centered Approach
by Abdul Kader MohiuddinThe goal of a high quality, cost-effective and accessible health care for patients is achieved through constructing a team-based and patient-centered health care delivery system. The expanded role of pharmacists uplifts them to patient care from dispensin
The Role of the Study Director in Nonclinical Studies
by William J. Brock Barbara Mounho Lijie FuA single-source reference with a broad and holistic overview of nonclinical studies, this book offers critical training material and describes regulations of nonclinical testing through guidelines, models, case studies, practical examples, and worldwide perspectives. The book:Provides a complete overview of nonclinical study organization, conduct, and reporting and describes the roles and responsibilities of a Study Director to manage an effective studyCovers regulatory and scientific concepts, including international testing and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), compliance with guidelines, and animal modelsFeatures a concluding chapter that compiles case studies / lessons learned from those that have served as a Study Director for many yearsAddresses the entire spectrum of nonclinical testing, making it applicable to those in the government, laboratories and those actively involved in in all sectors of industry